Imuzeezo Wanjila Mubukombi Bwaci Juda, bwa Kristendomu Alimwi Abwa Izilamu
“Ibukombi abwalo ninzila imwi yakuzibya bantu kuti bumwi buzuba beelede kufwa, babe acisyomezyo cabuumi bubotu lwainda lufwu naa kuzyalululwa noziba zyoonse zyobile.”—GERHARD HERM, IMULEMBI MUNA GERMAN.
1. Mpaalusyomo nzi zikombelo zinji mpozijisi cisyomezyo cabuumi buzumanana muntu afwa?
IZIKOMBELO zyoonse nozisyomezya buumi buzumanana muntu afwa, ziyaama alusyomo lwakuti muntu ulaabuumi butafwiki alimwi akuti muntu afwa bulazwa akuunka kubusena bumbi naa kuzwa akuya mucilenge cimbi. Mbubwenya mbuli mbutwabona mucibeela cainda, ilusyomo lwakutafwika kwamuntu ndolupati muzikombelo zya Kujwe kuzwa nozyakatalikwa. Pele ino mbuti kumakani aabukombi bwaci Juda, bwa Kristendomu alimwi abwa Izilamu? Ino eci ciyiisyo cakaba buti musemu walusyomo olu?
Ibukombi Bwaci Juda Bwabweza Mizeezo Yaba Giliki
2, 3. Ikweelana a Encyclopaedia Judaica, sena malembe aa Cihebrayo aasetekene akali kuyiisya kutafwika kwabuumi?
2 Ibukombi bwaci Juda bwakatalika myaka 4,000 yainda kuciindi ca Abrahamu. Imalembe aasetekene aa Cihebrayo akatalika kulembwa mumwaanda wamyaka wa 16 B.C.E., elyo akalimanizidwe kale ciindi Socrates a Plato nobakatalisya muzeezo wakutafwika kwabuumi. Sena Magwalo aya akali kuyiisya kutafwika kwabuumi?
3 Encyclopaedia Judaica ilaingula ategwa: “Nocakainda ciindi ca Bbaibbele nceciindi nolwakalibonya lusyomo lwini-lwini mukutafwika kwabuumi . . . akuba akati kanjiisyo zipati mulusyomo lwaba Juda alimwi a Banakristo.” Alimwi ilaamba: “Kuciindi ca Bbaibbele, iciimo camuntu cakali kulangwa kuti ngomuntu woonse mbwabede. Aboobo ibuumi bwamuntu teebwakali kwaandaanizigwa pe amubili wakwe.” Alimwi eyo encyclopedia yaamba kuti bama Juda bakusaanguna bakali kusyoma mububuke bwabafwide aboobo eci “ceelede kwaandaanizigwa alusyomo . . . mukutafwika kwabuumi.”
4-6. Ino ciyiisyo cakutafwika kwabuumi cakazyooba buti “cimwi caziisyo zipati” zyabukombi bwaba Juda?
4 Ino ono ciyiisyo eci cakaba buti “cimwi caziiyisyo” zyabukombi bwaba Juda? Imakani aazyaciindi alaingula. Mu 332 B.C.E., Alexander Mupati wakabweza cibeela cipati ca Middle East kwiinda mukucizunda mukulaba buyo kwalisyo. Naakasika mu Jerusalem, bama Juda bakamutambula camaanza obile. Ikweelana asikwiiya zyakaindi wamumwaanda wamyaka wakusaanguna imu Juda, Flavius Josifasi, ategwa mane bakamutondezya abusinsimi kuzwa mubbuku lya Daniele ilyakalembwa myaka iinda ku 200 musyule bwalo bwakapandulula kabotu-kabotu kuzunda kwa Alexander walo wiiminina “mwami waba-Helene.” (Daniele 8:5-8, 21) Ibakalya busena bwa Alexander bakazumanana amakanze aakumwaya bu Helene koonse-koonse ikutola mulaka waba Giliki muzibeela zyoonse zyabwami, izilengwa alimwi abusongo. Ikusangana kwazilengwa zyamasi aya obile—zyaba Giliki alimwi aba Juda—kunyina mbokwakali kweelebwa pe.
5 Kumatalikilo aamwaanda wamyaka watatu B.C.E., ikusandulula kwakusaanguna kwa Magwalo aa Cihebrayo kwaatola mu Cigiliki aaitwa kuti Septuagint, kwakatalikwa. Ikwiinda mulingayo, Bamasi banji bakacilemeka cikombelo caba Juda akuciziba kapati mane bamwi bakasanduka akusanduka. Pele bama Juda balo bakaiziba kapati mizeezo yaba Giliki aboobo bamwi bakaba basibusongo, icintu catakazibidwe pe kuli mbabo. Philo iwaku Alexandria, wamumwaanda wamyaka wakusaanguna C.E., wakali umwi wabasibusongo ba Juda bali boobu.
6 Philo wakali kumulemeka kapati Plato aboobo wakasolekesya kupandulula bukombi bwaba Juda munzila yabusongo bwaba Giliki. Ibbuku litegwa Heaven—A History, lyaamba kuti, “Ikwiinda mukuswaanganya busongo bwa Plato alimwi azilengwa zya Bbaibbele munzila iilibedelede, Philo wakajula mulyango ku Banakristo basongo bakalikuza kumbele [kubikkilizya abama Juda].” Ino Philo wakali kusyoma buti kujatikizya buumi? Eli bbuku lilazumanana ategwa: “Kweelanaa mbwaakali kusyoma, ilufwu lupilusya buumi obu kumatalikilo, kuciimo cakutanazyalwa. Mbwaanga buumi bwalo mbwakunyika yamuuya, mumubili buba buyo bwakaindi kasyoonto alimwi kanjikanji bwamapenzi.” Bama Juda bambi basongo ibakali kusyoma mukutafwika kwabuumi bakali kubikkilizya Isaac Israeli imusilisi wakazibidwe kapati mumwaanda wamyaka wa 10 alimwi a Moses Mendelssohn sibusongo muna German alimwi mu Juda wamumwaanda wamyaka wa 18.
7, 8. (a) Ino bbuku lya Talmud libwaamba buti buumi? (b) Ino mabbuku aajatikizya zyamasalamuzi aakazyoolembwa kumbele aaba Juda aamba nzi kujatikizya buumi?
7 Alimbi bbuku lyaijatikizya kapati mizeezo abukkale bwaba Juda ndilyeelyo litegwa Talmud—mulawo wakulwiidwa uulembedwe mubufwaafwi antoomwe atwaambo alimwi abupanduluzi bwamulawo oyu walo wakabikkwa antoomwe abamayi bamumwaanda wamyaka wabili C.E. kusika kuli bakuciindi caakati-kati. Encyclopaedia Judaica, yaamba kuti, “Bamayi ba Talmud bakali kusyoma kuti buumi bulazumanana muntu afwa.” Mane eli bbuku lya Talmud lyaamba kuti bafwu balabandika abantu bapona. Ibbuku lya Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, lyaamba kuti, “[Bamayi] bakali kusyoma kuti ibuumi bulatalika muntu katanaba ambweni akaambo kakuyunga kwaziyiisyo zya Plato.”
8 Mpoonya ibbuku lijatikizya zyamasalamuzi lyabama Juda ilitegwa Cabala, mane lilayiisya aciyiisyo cakuzyalululwa. Ikujatikizya lusyomo olu, The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia yaamba kuti: “Oyu muzeezo uboneka kuti wakatalikila ku India . . . Mu Kabbalah oyu muzeezo iwakali kuzuminwaa basimasalamuzi, iwakajisi lubazu lupati mubusyomi alimwi amumabbuku aaba Hasidi ulabonwa lwakusaanguna mubbuku lya Bahir mpoonya ulabonwa mu Zohar kuyakumbele.” Sunu mu Israyeli, iciyiisyo cakuzyalululwa cilazuminwa kuti nciyiisyo caci Juda.
9. Ino nciimo nzi ncobajisi banji bali mubukombi bwaba Juda sunu kujatikizya kutafwika kwabuumi?
9 Aboobo, imuzeezo wakutafwika kwabuumi wakanjila mubukombi bwaba Juda kwiinda mukuyunga kwabusongo bwaba Giliki alimwi ibunji bwabasibukombi obu sunu balauzumina. Ino ncinzi cikonzya kwaambwa kujatikizya kunjila kwaciyiisyo eci mu Kristendomu?
Kristendomu Watobela Mizeezo ya Plato
10. Ino haabupampu uudumide muna Spain wakaamba buti kujatikizya lusyomo lwa Jesu lwakutafwika kwabuumi?
10 Ibunakristo bwini-bwini bwakatalika a Kristo Jesu. Ikujatikizya Jesu, haabupampu muna Spain wamumwaanda wamyaka wa 20 Miguel de Unamuno wakalemba kuti: “Wakali kusyoma mububuke bwamubili mbubwenya mbuli ba Juda ikutali mukutafwika kwabuumi mbuli ciyiisyo caba [Giliki] ca Plato . . . Izisinizyo zyakaambo aka zilakonzya kubonwa mubusanduluzi boonse bwakasimpe.” Wakamanizya akuti: “Ikutafwika kwabuumi . . . nciyiisyo cabantu cakubeja.”
11. Ino busongo bwaba Giliki bwakatalika lili kunjila mu Bunakristo?
11 Ino ndilili alimwi mbuti mbocakanjila mu Bunakristo eci “ciyiisyo cabantu cakubeja”? Ibbuku lya New Encyclopædia Britannica lyaamba kuti: “Ikuzwa akati-kati kamwaanda wamyaka wabili AD, Ibanakristo bakayiisidwe busongo bwaba Giliki bakatalika kulimvwa kuti beelede kutondezya lusyomo lwabo muzintu zyaambwaa busongo obu ikutegwa balikkomanisye beni alimwi akuti basandule bahedeni bayiide. Ibusongo bwakabakkomanisya kapati mbwa Plato.”
12-14. Mulimo nzi ngobakabeleka ba Origen a Augustine mukusanganizya busongo bwa Plato mu Bunakristo?
12 Basibusongo bobile bakusaanguna bali boobu bakayunga kapati muziyiisyo zya Kristendomu. Umwi wabo wakali Origen waku Alexandria (c. 185-254 C.E.) elyo umwi wakali Augustine waku Hippo (354-430 C.E.). Ikujatikizya mbabo, New Catholic Encyclopedia yaamba kuti: “Ngu Origen Kujwe alimwi a St. Augustine Kumbo ibakakkazikizya muzeezo wakuti muntu ujisi cintu cuumi icili muciimo camuuya mpoonya kwakaletwa muzeezo wakusola kupandulula ciimo cancico.” Ino ncinzi ba Origen a Augustine cakabagwasilizya kujana bupanduluzi kujatikizya buumi?
13 Origen wakali sicikolo wa Clement waku Alexandria walo New Catholic Encyclopedia ngoyaamba kuti “ngowakali wakusaanguna akati kabama Fwala ibakatobela cilengwa caba Giliki kujatikizya buumi. Imizeezo ya Plato kujatikizya buumi yeelede kuti yakamujatikizya kapati Origen. Sikwiiya zya Bbaibbele Werner Jaeger mubbuku litegwa The Harvard Theological Review wakaamba kuti: “[Origen] wakabunjizya kapati bumpiyompiyo bujatikizya buumi muciyiisyo ca Bunakristo bwalo mbwaakajana kuli Plato.”
14 Ibantu bamwi mu Kristendomu balanga Augustine kuti ngusibusongo wiinda boonse iwansiku. Kali amyaka yakuzyalwa iili 33 katanasanduka kuba “Munakristo,” Augustine wakali kubuyandisya kapati busongo bwabantu elyo wakazyooba muna plato muciimo cimbi cipya alimwi caandeene.a Naakasandulwa wakazumanana kuba muna plato mumizeezo yakwe. The New Encyclopædia Britannica yaamba kuti: “Imizeezo yakwe bwakali busena mwalo ibukombi bwa Cizuminano Cipya mubwakasanganizidwe kapati acilengwa cabusongo bwaba Giliki ica Plato.” New Catholic Encyclopedia ilazumina kwaamba kuti “iciyiisyo ca Augustine [cijatikizya buumi] calo cakaba ncecitobelwa Kumbo kusikila kumamanino aamwaanda wamyaka wa 12, cakasumpulwa boobo akaambo . . . kamizeezo ya plato yakacincululwa.”
15, 16. Sena kuyandisisya ziyiisyo zya Aristotle kwamumwaanda wamyaka wa 13 kwakacinca ciimo cacikombelo kujatikizya ciyiisyo cakutafwika kwabuumi?
15 Mumwaanda wamyaka wa 13, iziyiisyo zya Aristotle zyakatalika kuduma mu Europe akaambo kakuti bunji bwamabbuku aakaliko aakalembwaa aba Arab balo bakabandika kapati kujatikizya malembe aa Aristotle akali muci Latin. Haabupampu wa Katolika wazina lya Thomas Aquinas wakakukkomanina kapati kuyeeya kwabuna Aristotle. Akaambo kamalembe aa Aquinas, imizeezo ya Aristotle yakaziyunga kapati ziyiisyo zyacikombelo kwiinda bwakacita ya Plato. Nokuba boobo eci cilengwa kunyina nocakajatikizya ciyiisyo cakutafwika kwabuumi.
16 Aristotle wakali kuyiisya kuti buumi bwakaliswaangene amubili alimwi akuti teebwakali kuzumanana kubawo bulikke muntu afwa akuti buumi buteeli cakali ncintu cakwaamba buyo, citali camasimpe. Ikulanga buumi munzila eyi teekwakali kweendelana abusyomi bwacikombelo bwakuti buumi bulazumanana muntu afwa. Aboobo, Aquinas wakaucinca muzeezo wa Aristotle wabuumi akwaamba kuti ikutafwika kwabuumi kulakonzya kusinizigwa. Aboobo ilusyomo lwacikombelo kujatikizya kutafwika kwabuumi lwakacaala mboolubede.
17, 18. (a) Sena Ikucinca kwamumwaanda wamyaka wa 16 kwakaleta kucinca kuciyiisyo cakutafwika kwabuumi? (b) Ino bunji bwazikombelo zya Kristendomu zyaamba buti kujatikizya kutafwika kwabuumi?
17 Mumyaanda yamyaka ya 14 a 15 kumatalikilo Aaciindi Caluzibo, yakatalisigwa alimwi mizeezo ya Plato. Imukwasyi wa Medici uzibidwe kapati mu Italy mane wakagwasya ikutalisya cikolo mu Florence ikutegwa basumpule lwiiyo lwabusongo bwa Plato. Mumyaanda yamyaka ya 16 a 17 iluyandisisyo lwakutobela mizeezo ya Aristotle lwakaceya. Alimwi Kucinca kwakaboola mumwaanda wamyaka wa 16, kunyina nokwakaleta kucinca muciyiisyo cijatikizya buumi. Nokuba kuti ba Pulotestanti bakacikazya ciyiisyo ca puligatolyo bakauzumina muzeezo wakupenzegwa kutamani naa kulumbulwa.
18 Aboobo iciyiisyo cakutafwika kwabuumi nkocili mubunji bwazikombelo zya Kristendomu. Naakabona boobu, haabupampu muna Amelika wakalemba kuti: “Atwaambe, ibukombi kubunji bwabantu ba luzubo lwesu bwaamba kutafwika kakunyina cimbi pe. Leza nguwakaleta kutafwika.”
Ikutafwika Abukombi bwa Izilamu
19. Ino bukombi bwa Izilamu bwakatalika lili, alimwi nguni wakabutalisya?
19 Ibukombi bwa Izilamu bwakatalika ciindi Muhammad naakaitwa kuti abe musinsimi naakali amyaka yakuzyalwa iitandila ku 40. Iba Mozilemu basyoma kuti wakasikilwa ziyubunuzyo mukumana kwaciindi cilampa myaka iili 20 naa 23, ikuzwa ambweni mu 610 C.E. kusikila ciindi naakafwa mu 632 C.E. Ezi ziyubunuzyo zililembedwe mu Koran, ibbuku lisalala lyaba Mozilemu. Ikusika kuciindi bukombi bwa Izilamu nobwakatalika, ibukombi bwaba Juda alimwi abwa Kristendomu bwakanjidwe kale amuzeezo wa Plato uujatikizya buumi.
20, 21. Ino ba Mozilemu basyoma nzi kujatikizya Buumi buzumanana lwainda lufwu?
20 Iba Mozilemu basyoma kuti lusyomo lwabo lujisilidi aziyubunuzyo zyakapegwa kubana Hebrayo basyomeka alimwi a Banakristo bansiku. Ibbuku lya Koran lilaamba Magwalo aa Cihebrayo alimwi aa Cigiliki. Pele kujatikizya ciyiisyo cakutafwika kwabuumi, Koran lilaayenguluka malembe aya. Ibbuku lya Koran liyiisya kuti muntu ulijisi cintu cuumi cizumanana kupona afwa. Alimwi lilakwaamba akubuka kwabafwide, ibuzuba bwalubeta alimwi abusena kuunka cintu cuumi—kube kubuumi mumuunda wakujulu waparadaiso naa kuyakusubulwa mumulimo wahelo.
21 Ba Mozilemu basyoma kuti ibuumi bwamufwu buunka ku Barzakh naa ku “Kwaandanizigwa” “ibusena nkobayooba bantu baakufwa alimwi aciindi kalutanasika lubeta.” (Surah 23:99, 100, The Holy Qur-an, tubala twakunsi) Ibafwu balapona nkaambo mubusena obo kulacitwa cilengwa ciitwa kuti “Ikusubula Cuumbwe” ikuti naa muntu wakali mubyaabi alimwi kulaba kukkomana kuti naa wakali kusyomeka. Pele abalo basyomeka beelede kusubulwa bulanga akaambo kazibi zisyoonto nzyobakacita nobakacili baumi. Mubuzuba bwalubeta, aumwi ulaankwaya kwamamanino calo camanizya ciimo eco caakati.
22. Mizeezo nzi yaandeene yakaambwaa basibusongo bamwi bama Arab kujatikizya cicitika kubuumi?
22 Mubukombi bwaba Juda abwa Kristendomu, imuzeezo wabuumi butafwiki wakanjila akaambo kakuyunga kwa Plato pele oyu muzeezo wakakomena mubukombi bwa Izilamu nkukwenya kumatalikilo. Oku takuli kwaamba kuti bahaabupampu bama Arab teebakasola kusanganya ziyiisyo zya Izilamu alimwi abusongo bwaba Giliki. Atwaambe, inyika yaba Arab yakayungwa kapati amulimo wa Aristotle. Alimwi bahaabupampu bazibidwe bama Arab mbuli Avicenna a Averroës, bakabandika akupandulula mizeezo ya Aristotle. Nokuba boobo, nobakali kusola kweendelanya mizeezo yaba Giliki aziyiisyo zyaba Mozilemu kujatikizya buumi bakajana ziyiisyo zyaandeene. Mucikozyanyo, Avicenna wakaamba kuti buumi tabufwi pe. Pele Averroës wakaukazya muzeezo oyo. Nokuba kuti kuli mizeezo iili boobu, ikutafwika kwabuumi kulazumanana kuba lusyomo lwaba Mozilemu.
23. Ino bukombi bwaba Juda, bwa Kristendomu alimwi abwa Izilamu bwaamba nzi kujatikizya kutafwika kwabuumi?
23 Aboobo cakutadooneka, ibukombi bwaba Juda, ibwa Kristendomu alimwi abwa Izilamu boonse buyiisya ciyiisyo cakutafwika kwabuumi.
Bupanduluzi buyungizidwe
a Sikutobela mizeezo ya Plato yakacincululwa, mizeezo mipya yabusongo bwa plato iyakasumpulwaa Plotinus mumwaanda wamyaka watatu mu Roma.
[Cifwanikiso icili apeeji 14]
Ikuzunda kwa Alexander Mupati kwakapa kuti kube kusangana kwazilengwa zyaba Giliki aba Juda
[Zifwanikiso izili apeeji 15]
Origen, atala, alimwi a Augustine bakasola kusanganya busongo bwa Plato a Bunakristo
[Zifwanikiso izili apeeji 16]
Avicenna, atala, wakaamba kuti buumi tabufwiki. Averroës wakaukazya muzeezo oyo