Bunakristo Bwakusaanguna a Bulelo
KAKUSYEEDE buyo mawoola masyoonto kuti afwe, Jesu wakaambila basiciiya bakwe kuti: “Tamuli bayeeyi nyika, pele ndakamusala kuzwa kunyika, nkakaambo ako inyika nciimusulide.” (Johane 15:19) Pele sena eci caamba kuti Banakristo bakeelede kusulaika bweendelezi bwanyika eyi?
Tabali Banyika, Pele Tabaisulaikide
Mwaapostolo Paulo wakaambila Banakristo bakali kukkala ku Roma kuti: “Bantu boonse abalibombye kumaami aacisi.” (Ba-Roma 13:1) Mbubonya awalo mwaapostolo Petro wakalemba kuti: “Amulibombye kubwami boonse bwabantu nkaambo ka-Mwami, nokuba kumwami wacisi, mbwali mupati, nokuba kubeendelezi bakwe mbobali batumwa nguwe kuti babeteke babisya akulumbaizya bacita ciluleme.” (1 Petro 2:13, 14) Kulibombya ku Bulelo alimwi akubaiminizi bambubo ibasalidwe mumulawo yakali njiisyo iizuminidwe akati ka Banakristo bakusaanguna. Bakali kusoleka kuba bantu bamvwa milawo akukkala muluumuno abantu boonse.—Ba-Roma 12:18.
Mumakani aalaa mutwe wakuti “Cikombelo a Bulelo,” ibbuku litegwa The Encyclopedia of Religion lyaambilizya kuti: “Mumyaanda yotatwe
yakusaanguna AD icikombelo ca Bunakristo cakalizandukide kapati kubuleya bwa Roma . . . Nekuba boobo, basololi Banakristo . . . bakali kuyiisya kumvwa mulawo wa Roma akusyomeka kumwami, icakutaindilizya aazumizya bukombi bwa Bunakristo.”
Bulemu, Kutali Bukombi
Banakristo teebakali kumusulaika mwami wa Roma pe. Bakali kubulemeka bweendelezi bwakwe akumupa bulemu bwakeelede cuuno cakwe. Ilyakali kulela Mwami Nero, imwaapostolo Petro wakalembela Banakristo bakakkede mumasena-masena aakali mu Bulelo bwa Roma kuti: “Amubalemeke bantu boonse. . . . Amumulemye mwami wacisi.” (1 Petro 2:17) Ibbala lyakuti “mwami” lyakali kubelesyegwa abantu bakali kwaambaula Cigiliki kutaamba buyo bami banyinzi, pele awalo mwami wa Roma. Mwaapostolo Paulo wakalaya Banakristo bakali kukkala mumunzi mupati wa Bulelo bwa Roma kuti: “Nkaambo kaako amupe bantu boonse mbubeelede. . . . ooyo uuelede kulemekwa, amumulemeke.” (Ba-Roma 13:7) Mmasimpe mwami wa Roma wakeelede kulemeka. Mukuya kwaciindi mane wakazootalika kulailila kuti kakombwa. Pele aawa ku Banakristo kwakazooba munyinza.
Naakali kubetekwa kumweendelezi mu Roma mumwaanda wamyaka wabili C.E., Polycarp uluulwa kuti wakati: “Ndi Munakristo. . . . Swebo tulayiisyigwa kupa bulemu boonse bweelede . . . kubulelo abweendelezi boonse bubikkidwe a Leza.” Pele Polycarp wakasala kuti afwe buyo kwiinda kuti akombe mwami [wacisi]. Sikuvwuninina bukombi wamumwaanda wabili Teofile waku Antioke wakalemba kuti: “Inga ndasala kulemeka mwami [wacisi], kutali kumukomba pe, pele ikumukombela. Pesi Leza, ooyo uupona alimwi uuli ngo Leza mwini-mwini, ngwenkomba.”
Mipailo yeelede iijatikizya mwami kwiina mboyakaswaangene akukomba mwami naa kuyandisya cisi. Mwaapostolo Paulo wakapandulula mulimo wanjiyo kaamba kuti: “Kukusaanguna ndiyandisya kuti kucitilwe bantu boonse zikombyo ankumbilizyo ankombelezyo akulumba. Amukombele bami abaabo boonse bali mubwami, kuti buumi bwesu bube bwaluumuno akutontola, tukale kabotu akulemeka Leza.”—1 Timoteo 2:1, 2.
“Mumabali-Bali Aabuleya”
Oobu bukkale bwa Banakristo bakusaanguna ibwabulemu teebwakabaletela bulongwe anyika njobakakkede pe. Sikwiiya zyaciindi muna France A. Hamman uluula kuti Banakristo bakusaanguna “bakakkede mumabali-bali aabuleya.” Atwaambe kuti bakakkede mumabali-bali aamisyobo yobile yabantu, ba Juda alimwi aba Roma, koonse-koonse kabadyaamininwa akutateelelwa.
Mucikozyanyo, ciindi naakatamikizigwa abasololi ba Juda, mwaapostolo Paulo mukulivwuninina wakaambila mweendelezi muna Roma kuti: “Nsikabisizye cintu, nuuba mulao waba-Juda, nemuba muntempele, naba Kaisara. . . Ndalisisya kuli-Kaisara.” (Incito 25:8, 11) Mbwaakabwene kuti bama Juda bakali kukanza kumujaya, Paulo wakasisya mulandu wakwe kuli Nero, katondezya munzila eyi kuti ulabuzumina bweendelezi bwamwami wa Roma. Aboobo, kulubeta lwakwe lwakusaanguna ku Roma, kulibonya kuti Paulo wakalekwa. Pele kumbele alimwi wakazi kwaangwa, alimwi kuluulwa kuti kujaigwa kwakwe kwakalaililwa a Nero.
Kumakani aabuyumuyumu bwaciimo ncobakajisi Banakristo mubukkale bwa Roma, sikwiiya zyabukkale azya Leza Ernst Troeltsch wakalemba kuti: “Milimo yoonse a micito yoonse eyo yalo yakalaa mbwiiswaangene abukombi bwamituni, naa kukomba Mwami [wacisi], naa eeyo iijatikizya kutila bulowa naa cisubulo calufwu kuli basimilandu munzila iili yoonse, niiba yeeyo yakali kunga Banakristo ilabapa kubaa lubazu mukutalilemeka kwabuhedeni kwakali kukasyigwa.” Sena eci ciimo cakalujaila limwi luumuno akulemekana akati ka Banakristo a Bulelo?
Kupa Kaisara “Iceelede” Nguwe
Jesu wakapa mulawo walo wakali kunoozooendelezya bukkale bwa Banakristo ku Bulelo bwa Roma, naa twaambe kuti, kufwumbwa mfwulumende imbi, ciindi naakaambilizya kuti: “Amupe Kaisara zintu zya-Kaisara, akwa-Leza zintu zya-Leza.” (Matayo 22:21) Oolu lulayo lwa Jesu kuli basikumutobela lwakaliindene loko aciimo cakajisi banji bama Juda bayandisya cisi cakwabo, balo bakabusulide bulelo bwa Roma alimwi bakali kuzumbauzya naa kutela kubweendelezi bwabamuzwakule kuleendelana amulawo.
Kuciindi cimbi kumbele, Paulo wakaambila Banakristo bakali kukkala ku Roma kuti: “Nkaambo kaako kuleelede kulibombya, teensi nkaambo kabukali bulike, pele nkaambo kamanjezeezya aalo. Nciconya eco ncimutelela mutelo, nkaambo mbibasimilimo ba-Leza, bajatisya mulimo oyo nguwenya. Nkaambo kaako amupe bantu boonse mbubeelede. Oyo uueledwe mutelo, amumupe mutelo; oyo uueledwe bulumbu, amumupe bulumbu.” (Ba-Roma 13:5-7) Nokuba kuti Banakristo teebakali banyika, bakali kweelede kuba bantu basyomeka, batela mitelo, ikubbadelela milimo Bulelo njobwakali kubabelekela.—Johane 17:16.
Pele sena majwi aa Jesu akali kugolela buyo kumitelo? Mbokunga Jesu takwe naakasimpya kupandulula zintu zya Kaisara alimwi azintu zya Leza, kuli zintu zimwi zili kuminyinza zyalo izyeelede kusala kweendelana azibalo zisindikizya naa kweendelana a Bbaibbele lyoonse. Munzila imbi inga kwategwa, ikusala zintu Munakristo nzyanga wapa Kaisara zimwi ziindi kwakali kunoozoojatikizya manjezeezya aakwe Munakristo, mbuli mbwaayiisidwe anjiisyo zya Bbaibbele.
Kuceeleka Kabotu Icilwaninwa Bantu Bobile Kuzwa Kulindiswe
Bamwi bantu balaluba kuti naakamana kwaamba kuti zintu zya Kaisara zyeelede kupegwa kuli Kaisara, Jesu wakayunguzya akwaamba kuti: “Akwa-Leza zintu zya-Leza.” Mwaapostolo Petro wakatondezya uubikkwa ambele ku Banakristo. Amane buyo kulailila kulibombya “[ku]mwami,” naa kumuleli, alimwi a “beendelezi” bakwe, Petro wakalemba ategwa: “Mbomuli balubusi, mutasanduli bulubusi bwanu kuba bwakusisa bubi, pele amucite mbuli bazike ba-Leza. Amubalemeke bantu boonse. Amuyande babunyina. Amumuyoowe Leza. Amumulemye mwami wacisi.” (1 Petro 2:16, 17) Mwaapostolo wakatondezya kuti Banakristo mbazike ba Leza, kutali babantu baleli. Nokuba kuti beelede kupa bulemu bweelede kubaiminizi ba Bulelo, beelede kucicita eci mukuyoowa Leza, walo uuli nguulaa milawo mipati kwiinda.
Myaka iili mbwiibede iyakaindide, Petro wakali watondezya kale mbuli mbuuli mupati mulawo wa Leza kwiinda wamuntu. Inkuta Mpati Yaba Juda yakali mbunga yabweendelezi yalo ba Roma njobakapede bweendelezi bwamfwulumende alimwi abwabukombi. Iciindi noyakalailila batobeli ba Jesu kuti baleke kuyiisya muzina lya Kristo, Petro abaapostolo bambi bakaingula cabulemu pele bakaamba cakusimpya ikuti: “Tuleelede kumvwa Leza kwiinda bantu.” (Incito 5:29) Kulalibonya kuti Banakristo bakusaanguna bakeelede kweeleka kabotu akati kakumvwida Leza akulibombya bweelede kubweendelezi bwabantu. Tertullian wakacaamba boobu kumatalikilo aamwaanda wamyaka watatu C.E.: “Ikuti zyoonse zyaba zya Kaisara, ino ulasyaalilwa nzi Leza?”
Kumvwana a Bulelo
Mbocakali kuyaabuya ciindi, iciimo cakasalide Banakristo bamumwaanda wamyaka wakusaanguna kujatikizya Bulelo bucebuce cakali kuyaabuubauba. Luleyo ilwakaambilizigwa a Jesu alimwi abaapostolo bakwe lwakakomena mumwaanda wamyaka wabili awatatu C.E. (Matayo 13:37, 38; Incito 20:29, 30; 2 Ba-Tesalonika 2:3-12; 2 Petro 2:1-3) Bunakristo bwaluleyo bwakamvwana amusyobo wa Roma, bwakaiya ziyanza zyawo zyabuhedeni alimwi abusongo bwawo, alimwi bwakazumina kutali buyo kubelekela buleya, pele mane abusikalumamba.
Professor Troeltsch wakalemba ategwa: “Kuzwa mumwaanda mwamyaka watatu akuya kumbele izintu zyakaindila kukatazya, nkaambo Banakristo bakatalika kuvwula muzyuuno zyalupati-pati mu Buleya amumilimo iilemenede, alimwi amubusikalumamba amubweendelezi. Muzibalo zili mbozibede zya Bunakristo [izitali zyamu Bbaibbele] kulatongookwa kapati ikutola lubazu muzintu eezi; pele alimwi tulajana ambokwakali kusolekwa kumvwana—ibupanduluzi bwakali bwakukombelezya baabo bakakatazyidwe manjezeezya . . . Kuzwa kuciindi ca Konstantini buyumuyumu obu bwakazimaana; kukwelana ikwakaliwo akati ka Banakristo abahedeni kwakamana, alimwi maopesi oonse aa Bulelo akajulwa bukwazi.”
Ikuya kumamanino aamwaanda wamyaka wane C.E., ooyu musyobo wa Bunakristo uusofweede, uunyongene bwakaba mbobukombi bwacisi mu Bulelo bwa Roma.
Lyoonse kuzwa kaindi, Kristendomu—kayiimininwa azikombelo zyaba Katolika, ba Orthodox, aba Prostestanti—yazumanana kumvwana a Bulelo, kiitola lubazu lupati mumapolitikisi aambubo alimwi amukugwasilizya munkondo zyambubo. Cakutadooneka, basizikombelo banji ibatyompwa kumakani aaya inga bakkomana kuziba kuti sunu nkobali Banakristo ibakakatila muciimo ca Banakristo bamumwaanda wamyaka wakusaanguna mukweendelezyanya a Bulelo. Izibalo zyobile zitobela ziyoolomya kukabandika kaambo aka.
[Cifwanikiso icili apeeji 5]
Kaisara Nero walo ngwaakalemba Petro kuti: “Amumulemye mwami wacisi”
[Kulumba]
Musei Capitolini, Roma
[Cifwanikiso icili apeeji 6]
Polycarp wakasala kufwa muciindi cakukomba mwami wacisi
[Cifwanikiso icili apeeji 7]
Banakristo bakusaanguna bakali bantu baluumuno, ibasyomeka, ibaatela