Ndlela Leyi Vujagana Byi Veke Xiphemu Xa Misava Leyi Ha Yona
HI KU famba ka nkarhi, Mfumo wa Rhoma lowu Vukreste byo sungula byi sunguleke ka wona, wu wile. Van’wamatimu vo tala va vula leswaku ku wa koloko a ku ri nkarhi wa ku hlula loku heleleke ka Vukreste, byi hlula vuhedeni. Bixopo wa Anglican, E. W. Barnes u tsarile a phofula mavonelo yakwe lama hambaneke: “Loko mfumo lowu xiyekaka wu wa, Vukreste a bya ha vanga dyondzo leyi dumeke ya Yesu Kreste: byi ve vukhongeri lebyi tirhaka tanihi semendhe yo hlanganisa vanhu emisaveni leyi hambaneke.”—The Rise of Christianity.
Emahlweni ka ku wa koloko, eka lembe xidzana ra vumbirhi, ra vunharhu ni ra vumune C.E., matimu ma komba leswaku hi tindlela to tala lava vulaka leswaku va landzelela Yesu va tihambanisile ni vanhu va Rhoma. Kambe ma tlhela ma paluxa ku kula ka vugwinehi eka tidyondzo, mahanyelo ni fambiselo ra swilo, hi laha Yesu ni vaapostola vakwe va nga vhumbha ha kona. (Matewu 13:36-43; Mintirho 20:29, 30; 2 Vatesalonika 2:3-12; 2 Timotiya 2:16-18; 2 Petro 2:1-3, 10-22) Eku heteleleni va sungule ku ya va tihlanganisa ni Magriki ni Varhoma, naswona van’wana lava a va tivula Vakreste va nghenele vuhedeni bya vona (tanihi minkhuvo ya vona ni ku gandzela ka vona xikwembu-kati ni xikwembu xa vunharhu-un’we), filosofi ya vona (tanihi ku pfumela leswaku moya-xiviri a wu fi), ni mafambiselo ya vona ya swilo (lama vonakaka hi ku va ni ntlawa wa vafundhisi). Fambiselo leri leri thyakeke ra Vukreste hi rona leri kokeke mintshungu ya vahedeni, ku nga nchumu lowu vafumi va Rhoma eku sunguleni va ringeteke ku wu herisa, kambe endzhaku ka sweswo va pfumelelane na wona, ivi va ringeta ku wu tirhisela ku hetisisa swikongomelo swa vona.
Ku Hluriwa Hi Misava
N’wamatimu wa kereke Augustus Neander u kombise makhombo lama nga kona eka vuxaka lebyi lebyintshwa exikarhi ka “Vukreste” ni misava. Loko Vakreste va tshika ku hambana ka vona ni misava, “vuyelo bya kona ku ta va mpfilumpfilu exikarhi ka kereke ni misava . . . laha kereke a yi ta lahlekeriwa hi ku tenga ka yona, naswona hambi loko yi tikomba yi hlula, a yi ta hluriwa hi yoxe,” hi laha a tsaleke ha kona.—General History of the Christian Religion and Church, Vholumo 2, tluka 161.
Swi endlekise xileswi. Eku sunguleni ka lembe xidzana ra vumune, mufumi wa Rhoma, Constantine u ringete ku tirhisa vukhongeri bya “Vukreste” bya le sikwini rakwe leswaku a tiyisa mfumo wakwe lowu waka. Leswaku a humelela, u nyike ntshunxeko wa vukhongeri eka lava va tivulaka Vakreste ivi a hundzisela malunghelo man’wana ya vuprista bya vuhedeni eka ntlawa wa vafundhisi. The New Encyclopædia Britannica yi ri: “Constantine u hlanganise kereke ni misava, leswaku yi amukela swikhundlha etikweni ni ku endla leswaku vahedeni va nghena ekerekeni.”
Vukhongeri Bya Mfumo
Endzhaku ka Constantine, Mufumi Julian (361-363 C.E.) u endle matshalatshala yo kanetana ni Vukreste, ni yo tlherisela vuhedeni. Kambe u hlulekile, naswona endzhaku ka malembe ya kwalomu ka 20, Mufumi Theodosius wo Sungula u yirise vuhedeni ivi a nghenisa “Vukreste” byo pfumela eka Vunharhu-un’we tanihi vukhongeri bya Mfumo wa Vulawuri bya Rhoma. Hi vutshila lebyikulu, n’wamatimu wa le Furwa Henri Marrou u tsale a ku: “Eku heleni ka ku fuma ka Theodosius, Vukreste, kumbe hi ku kongoma, Vukhatoliki lebyi amukelekaka, byi hundzuke vukhongeri bya ximfumo bya tiko hinkwaro ra Rhoma.” Vukhatoliki lebyi amukelekaka byi sive Vukreste bya ntiyiso naswona byi ve ‘xiphemu xa misava.’ Vukhongeri lebyi bya Mfumo a byi hambane swinene ni vukhongeri bya valandzeri vo sungula va Yesu, lava a nga va byela a ku: “A mi xiphemu xa misava.”—Yohane 15:19, NW.
N’wamatimu ni mutivi wa filosofi wa le Furwa Louis Rougier u tsarile: “Loko byi ri karhi byi hangalaka, Vukreste byi hundzuke hi ndlela leyikulu ku fikela laha byi nga ha vonakiki. . . . Kereke ya khale ya swisiwana, leyi a yi hanya hi mihlengo, yi hundzeke muhluri, yi pfumelelana ni vafumi lava a yi nga swi koti ku va lawula.”
Eku sunguleni ka lembe xidzana ra vuntlhanu C.E., “Mukwetsimi” Augustine wa Rhoma Khatoliki u tsale buku-nkulu yakwe leyi nge The City of God. Eka yona u hlamusele madoroba mambirhi, “ra Xikwembu ni ra misava.” Xana buku leyi yi ku kandziyisile ku hambana exikarhi ka Makhatoliki ni misava? E-e. Profesa Latourette u ri: “Augustine u swi vone kahle [leswaku] madoroba lawa mambirhi, ra la misaveni ni ra le tilweni, ma pfanganisiwa.” Augustine u dyondzise leswaku “Mfumo wa Xikwembu se wu sungurile emisaveni leyi hi ku vumbiwa ka kereke ya [Khatoliki].” (The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Macropædia, Vholumo 4, tluka 506) Xisweswo, ku nga khathariseki leswaku xikongomelo xo sungula xa Augustine a ku ri xihi, mianakanyo yakwe yi nghenise Kereke ya Khatoliki swinene etimhakeni ta politiki ta misava leyi.
Mfumo Lowu Avaneke
Hi 395 C.E., loko Theodosius wo Sungula a fa, Mfumo wa Rhoma a wu avane hi le xikarhi. Mfumo wa le Vuxeni kumbe wa Byzantium, ntsindza wa wona a wu ri le Constantinople (laha a ku ri Byzantium, sweswi i Istanbul) naswona Mfumo wa le Vupela-dyambu, wu ve ni ntsindza wa wona (endzhaku ka 402 C.E.) le Ravenna, Italy. Hikwalaho ka sweswo, Vujagana byi avanile hi tlhelo ra politiki ni ra vukhongeri. Malunghana ni vuxaka exikarhi ka Kereke ni Mfumo, kereke ya le Mfun’weni wa le Vuxeni yi landze mianakanyo ya Eusebius wa Khezariya (munghana wa Constantine Lonkulu). Hi ku honisa nawu wa Vukreste wa ku hambana ni misava, Eusebius u ehlekete leswaku loko mufumi ni mfumo va va Vakreste, Kereke ni Mfumo a swi ta va vandla rin’we ra Vukreste, mufumi a va muyimeri wa Xikwembu la misaveni. Hakanyingi, vuxaka lebyi, bya Kereke ni Mfumo byi landzeleriwile eka malembe xidzana yo tala hi tikereke ta le Vuxeni ta Orthodox. Timothy Ware, bixopo wa Orthodox ebukwini yakwe leyi nge The Orthodox Church, u kombe vuyelo bya kona: “Vutiko byi ve xidlayi xa Orthodox eka malembe xidzana ya khume lama hundzeke.”
Le Vupela-dyambu mufumi wo hetelela wa Rhoma u wutleriwe vuhosi hi 476 C.E., hi tinxaka ta Majarimani leti lwaka. Leswi swi funghe ku hela ka Mfumo wa Rhoma wa le Vupela-dyambu. Mayelana ni ku pfumaleka ka politiki loku veke kona, The New Encyclopædia Britannica yi ri: “Ku vumbiwe mfumo lowuntshwa: Kereke ya Rhoma, kereke ya bixopo wa Rhoma. Kereke leyi a yi tilanguta tanihi yona yi sivaka Mfumo wa Rhoma lowu feke.” Encyclopedia leyi yi ya emahlweni yi ku: “Vapapa va Rhoma . . . va vule leswaku hulumendhe i ya kereke ku katsa ni le handle ka mindzilakana ya tiko ra kereke, ivi va vumba dyondzo ya matlharhi mambirhi, va vula leswaku Kreste a nga nyikanga vapapa matimba ya moya ntsena ehenhla ka kereke, kambe ni matimba yo lawula mimfumo ya misava.”
Tikereke Ta Tiko Ta Protestente
Eka Malembe hinkwawo ya le Xikarhi, vukhongeri bya Orthodox ni bya Rhoma Khatoliki byi hambete byi katseka swinene eka tipolitiki, vuxisi bya misava ni le tinyimpini. Xana Ndzhundzunuko wa Protestente wa lembe xidzana ra vu-16 a wu vula ku vuya ka Vukreste bya ntiyiso, lebyi hambaneke ni misava?
E-e. Eka The New Encyclopædia Britannica ha hlaya: “Vahundzuluxi va Protestente, va Lutere, va Vu-calvin ni va mindhavuko ya Anglican . . . va namarhele swinene mavonelo ya Augustine, loyi a va rhandza dyondzo yakwe swinene. . . . Wun’wana ni wun’wana wa mindhavuko yinharhu leyikulu ya Protestente ya lembe xindzana ra vu-16 le Yuropa . . . wu seketeriwe hi vafumi va tiko le Saxony [Jarimani xikarhi], Switzerland na Nghilandhi naswona wu tshame eka xiyimo lexi fanaka, wu phikizana ni mfumo ku kotisa kereke ya le malembeni ya le xikarhi.”
Ematshan’wini yo vuyisa Vukreste bya xiviri, Ndzhundzunuko wu tise tikereke ta ntsandza-vahlayi ta matiko kumbe swifundzha, leti ti ti endleleke vito ni mimfumo ya politiki naswona ti yi seketele hi matimba etinyimpini ta yona. Entiyisweni, tikereke ta Khatoliki ni ta Protestente ti pfuxe tinyimpi ta vukhongeri. Ebukwini yakwe leyi nge An Historian’s Approach to Religion, Arnold Toynbee u tsale leswi malunghana ni tinyimpi to tano: “Va kombise Makhotoliki ni Maprotestente le Furwa, eNetherlands, eJarimani ni le Ireland ni mimpambukwa leyi lwaka ya Protestente le Nghilandhi ni le Scotland, ma ri karhi ma lwa hi tihanyi ku ringeta ku tsongahata van’wana hi ku tirhisa matlharhi.” Hasahasa ya manguva lawa leyi pandzaka Ireland ni khale ka Yugoslavia yi komba leswaku tikereke ta Rhoma Khatoliki, Orthodox ni ta Protestente ta ha nghene hi vuenti etimhakeni ta misava leyi.
Xana leswi hinkwaswo swi vula leswaku Vukreste bya ntiyiso, lebyi hambaneke ni misava, a bya ha ri kona emisaveni? Xihloko lexi landzelaka xi ta hlamula xivutiso xexo.
[Bokisi/Xifaniso lexi nga eka tluka 10, 11]
NDLELA LEYI “VUKRESTE” BYI VEKE VUKHONGERI BYA MFUMO HA YONA
VUKRESTE a byi nga fanelanga ku va xiphemu xa misava leyi. (Matewu 24:3, 9; Yohane 17:16) Kambe, tibuku ta matimu ti hi byela leswaku eka lembe xidzana ra vumune C.E., “Vukreste” byi hundzuke vukhongeri lebyikulu bya Tiko eMfun’weni wa Rhoma. Xana leswi swi endlekise ku yini?
Ku sukela eka Nero (54-68 C.E.) ku ya fika eka lembe xidzana ra vunharhu C.E., vafumi hinkwavo va Rhoma va xanise Vakreste hi ku kongoma kumbe va pfumelela leswaku va xanisiwa. Gallienus (253-268 C.E.) a a ri mufumi wo sungula wa Rhoma ku humesa xileriso xa leswaku va tshikiwa. Hambi ku ri enkarhini wolowo, Vukreste a byi ri vukhongeri lebyi siveriweke emfun’weni hinkwawo. Endzhaku ka Gallienus, nxaniso wu ye emahlweni, naswona ehansi ka Diocletian (284-305 C.E.) ni lava va n’wi tlhandlameke, wu ye wu biha ngopfu.
Ku hundzuka ku ve kona eku sunguleni ka lembe xidzana ra vumune hi leswi swi vitaniwaka ku hundzuka ka Mufumi Constantine wo Sungula a va Mukreste. Malunghana ni “ku hundzuka” loku, buku ya Xifurwa leyi nge Théo—Nouvelle encyclopédie catholique (Théo—New Catholic Encyclopedia) yi ri: “Constantine a a tivula leswaku i mufumi wa Mukreste. Kahle-kahle u khuvuriwe a ri kusuhi ni ku fa.” Hambi swi ri tano, hi 313 C.E., Constantine na Licinius mufumi-kulobye, va humese xileriso lexi nyikeke Vakreste ni vahedeni ntshunxeko wa vukhongeri. New Catholic Encyclopedia yi ri: “Ku tisa ka Constantine ntshunxeko eka vugandzeri bya Vakreste, leswi vuleke leswaku Vukreste a byi tekiwa ximfumo tanihi religio licita [vukhongeri bya le nawini] ku fana ni vuhedeni, a ku ri ku hundzuka lokukulu ka swilo.”
Hambi swi ri tano, The New Encyclopædia Britannica yi ri: “[Constantine] a nga endlanga Vukreste byi va vukhongeri bya mfumo.” N’wamatimu wa Mufurwa Jean-Rémy Palanque, xirho xa Vandla ra le Furwa, wa tsala: “Hambi swi ri tano, Mfumo wa Rhoma . . . wu tshame wu ri wa vuhedeni, hi nawu. Naswona Constantine, loko a namarhela eka vukhongeri bya Kreste, a nga xi herisanga xiyimo xexo.” Ebukwini leyi nge The Legacy of Rome, Profesa Ernest Barker u te: “[Ku hlula ka Constantine] a ku tisanga ku simekiwa ka xihatla ka Vukreste tanihi vukhongeri bya Mfumo. Constantine a swi n’wi enerisa ku languta Vukreste tanihi byin’wana bya vugandzeri bya mfumo. Emalembeni ya nkombo lama landzeleke mikhuva ya khale ya vuhedeni a yi endliwa ximfumo le Rhoma.”
Kutani hi nkarhi lowu “Vukreste” a byi ri vukhongeri bya le nawini le Mfun’weni wa Rhoma. Hi mongo lowu heleleke, xana byi sungule rini ku va vukhongeri bya Mfumo hi nawu? Eka New Catholic Encyclopedia ha hlaya: “Nawu wa [Constantine] wu landzeriwe hi vatlhandlami vakwe, handle ka Julian [361-363 C.E.], loyi ku xanisa ka yena Vakreste ku nga hela xikan’we-kan’we loko a fa. Eku heteleleni, eka kotara yo hetelela ya lembe xidzana ra vumune, Theodosius Lonkulu [379-395 C.E.] u endle Vukreste byi va vukhongeri bya le nawini bya Mfumo, naswona u herise ku tirhisiwa ka vugandzeri bya vuhedeni erivaleni.”
Loko a kandziyisa leswi ni ku paluxa leswi vukhongeri lebyi bya Mfumo a byi ri swona, mudyondzi wa Bibele tlhelo n’wamatimu, F. J. Foakes Jackson u tsarile: “Ehansi ka Constantine Vukreste ni mfumo wa Rhoma swi hlanganisiwile. Swi hlanganisiwile ehansi ka Theodosius. . . . Ku sukela kwalaho vito ra Khatoliki a ri ta va ra vanhu lava va gandzelaka Tatana, N’wana ni Moya lowo Kwetsima hi xichavo lexi ringanaka. Nawu hinkwawo wa vukhongeri wa mufumi loyi, wu tirhisiwile leswaku ku hetisiwa leswi, naswona wu endle leswaku Vukhatoliki byi hundzuka vukhongeri byin’we bya le nawini bya Marhoma.”
Jean-Rémy Palanque u tsarile: “Theodosius, loko a ri karhi a lwisana ni vuhedeni, u tlhele a seketela Kereke ya [Khatoliki]; xileriso xakwe xa 380 C.E. xi lerise vanhu vakwe hinkwavo leswaku va va ni ripfumelo eka Mupapa Damasus na bixopo wa [Vunharhu-un’we] wa le Alexandria naswona u tsone van’wana ntshunxeko wa vugandzeri. Huvo leyikulu ya Constantinople (381) yi tlhele yi yirisa tidyondzo hinkwato ta vugwinehi naswona mufumi u vule leswaku ku nga vi na bixopo ni un’we la ti seketelaka. Vukreste bya le Nicaea [Vunharhu-un’we] byi ve vukhongeri bya Mfumo hakunene . . . Kereke a yi hlangane swinene ni Mfumo naswona yi tsakele nseketelo wa yona lowu hlawulekeke.”
Xisweswo, a ku nga ri Vukreste lebyi nga thyakisiwangiki, bya le masikwini ya vaapostola, lebyi byi veke vukhongeri bya Tiko eMfun’weni wa Rhoma. A ku ri Vukhatoliki bya lembe xidzana ra vumune bya Vunharhu-un’we, lebyi nghenisiweke hi nkani hi Mufumi Theodosius wo Sungula naswona a byi tirhisiwa hi Kereke ya Rhoma Khatoliki, leyi a yi ri xiphemu xa misava khale koloko, ni sweswi ya ha riki xona.
[Xihlovo Xa Kona]
Emperor Theodosius I: Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid (Foto Oronoz)
[Laha Xifaniso Xi Humaka Kona eka tluka 8]
Scala/Art Resource, N.Y.