Kasi Viyowoyero Vyose Vikambira Pa “Babele”?
“Yehova wakaŵafumyapo na kuŵamwalaliskira pa caru cose, ndipo ŵakaleka kuzenga msumba. Kwa cifukwa ici zina lake likathyika Babele, cifukwa penepapo Yehova wakatimbanizga mazgu gha caru cose.”—Genesis 11:8, 9.
KASI nkhani ya mu Baibolo iyi njanadi? Kasi ŵanthu ŵakamba nadi kuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambana pa nyengo yimoza? Ŵanji ŵakuti ivyo Baibolo likuyowoya pa nkhani ya umo viyowoyero vikambira na kuthandazgika ni vyautesi. Mwanalume munyake wakati: “Nkhani ya ivyo vikacitika pa Babele njimoza mwa nkhani zautesi izo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya.” Msambizgi munyake Waciyuda nayo wakati, “ŵanthu ŵakujisuzga waka para ŵakuyezga kulongosora umo viyowoyero vikambira.”
Cifukwa wuli ŵanthu ŵakuti ivyo vikacitika pa Babele ni vyautesi? Ŵakuti vikususkana na visambizgo vinyake ivyo vikulongosora umo viyowoyero vikambira. Mwaciyelezgero, nkhwantha zinyake zikusacizga kuti viyowoyero vikamba mwamabuci yayi, kweni vikasinthanga pacokopacoko kufuma ku ciyowoyero cimoza. Ŵanji ŵakuti ciyowoyero cilicose cikamba pacekha. Cifukwa ca visambizgo ivi na vinyake ivyo vikususkana, ŵanandi ŵakukolerana na ivyo Profesa W. T. Fitch wakalemba. Iyo wakati: “Mpaka sono zgoro leneko lindasangike.”—The Evolution of Language.
Kasi ŵanthu awo ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵali kusanga vici pa nkhani ya umo viyowoyero vikambira? Kasi ivyo ŵali kusanga vikukolerana na ivyo ŵanji ŵakusambizga? Kasi vikukolerana na nkhani ya ivyo vikacitika pa Babele? Cakwamba, tiyeni tiwone ivyo Baibolo likuyowoya.
KASI VIKACITIKIRA NKHU, NDIPO PAKAŴA PAWULI?
Baibolo likuti vikacitikira ku “caru ca Shinara.” Yehova wakatimbanizga ciyowoyero ca ŵanthu na kuŵambininiska. Ndipo caru ici pamasinda cikamba kucemeka kuti Babuloni. (Genesis 11:2) Kasi vikacitika pawuli? Baibolo likuti mu mazuŵa gha Pelegi “caru cikagaŵika.” Pelegi wakaŵako vyaka 250 pambere Abrahamu wandaŵeko. Ntheura, vinthu ivi vikwenera kuti vikacitika vilimika 4,200 ivyo vyajumpha.—Genesis 10:25; 11:18-26.
Nkhwantha zinyake zikusambizga kuti viyowoyero vyamazuŵa ghano vili kufuma ku ciyowoyero cimoza ico ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga kale nkhanira.a Ŵanji ŵakuti viyowoyero vyamazuŵa ghano, vikuyanako na viyowoyero ivyo vikayowoyekanga vilimika 6,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Kweni kasi nkhwantha za viyowoyero zikumanya wuli viyowoyero vyakale ivyo pasono kulije? Magazini yinyake yikati: “Nchakusuzga kumanya, cifukwa nkhwantha izi zilije vinthu ivyo vingawovwira kumanya vinthu vyakale.” (Economist magazine) Magazini iyi yikatiso nkhwantha yinyake yikusanda vinthu mwakucita kughanaghanira waka.
Ndipouli, vinthu vyakale vyakukhwaskana na viyowoyero vilipo. Kasi vinthu ivi ni vici, ndipo vikuvumburaci pa nkhani ya ivyo vikacitika kuti paŵe viyowoyero vinandi? Buku linyake likuti: “Ukaboni wakukhwaska na viyowoyero uwo ulipo ngwa mu vilimika vya m’ma 4,000 panji 5,000 ivyo vyajumpha.” (The New Encyclopædia Britannica) Kasi nkhwantha zakufukura vinthu vyakale zikawusanga nkhu ukaboni uwu? Ku Mesopotamiya, ku malo agho kale ghakacemekanga kuti Shinara.b Nakuti ukaboni uwu, ukukolerana na ivyo Baibolo likuyowoya.
KUPAMBANA VIYOWOYERO NA KAGHANAGHANIRO WUWO
Baibolo likuti Ciuta ‘wakatimbanizga ciyowoyero cawo, mwakuti ŵaleke kupulikana yunji na munyake.’ (Genesis 11:7) Ntheura, ŵanthu “ŵakaleka kuzenga msumba” wa Babele ndipo ŵakambininikira “mu caru cose.” (Genesis 11:8, 9) Lekani Baibolo likuyowoyapo yayi kuti viyowoyero vyose vikafumira ku “ciyowoyero cimoza.” M’malo mwake likuti viyowoyero viphya vikamba mwamabuci. Ndipo cilicose cikaŵa cakupambana na cinyake.
Ciphapha ca dongo ico cili na vilembo vyakale comene vya ku Mesopotamiya vya m’ma 3000 B.C.E.
Viyowoyero vya mazuŵa ghano ke, vikuyanako panji vikupambana? Lera Boroditsky, uyo wakusanda vya maghanoghano gha ŵanthu wakati: “Nkhwantha zikati zasanda viyowoyero vicoko waka zikasanga kuti vikupambaniranathu. Pa viyowoyero (7,000, zikasandapo vicoko waka).” Nangauli viyowoyero ivyo vili mu gulu limoza vingaŵa vyakuyanako, kweni vikupambana comene na vya mu gulu linyake.
Ciyowoyero cikukhwaska umo tikughanaghanira kweniso umo tikuwonera vinthu. Mwaciyelezgero, munthu wa ciyowoyero cinyake wangayowoya kuti, “Pa woko lako lamalyero pali mphandupandu.” Kweni wa ciyowoyero cinyake wangati, “pa woko lako lakumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi pali mphandupandu.” Apa cingaŵa cakusuzga kuti ŵanthu ŵanthena aŵa ŵapulikane makora, nakuti ivi ni viyelezgero vicoko waka. Lekani cikaŵa cakusuzga kuti ŵanthu ŵalutilire kuzenga cigongwe ca Babele.
KASI VIYOWOYERO VIKACITANGA KUSINTHA PACOKOPACOKO?
Kasi ciyowoyero cakwambilira cikaŵa wuli? Baibolo likuti munthu wakwamba Adamu, wakathyanga mazina vinyama na vyakuduka vyose. Ici cikulongora kuti wakasazganga mazgu kuti wapange mazina. (Genesis 2:20) Adamu wakalemba powemu yakulongora umo wakawoneranga muwoli wake. Muwoli wake nayo wakalongosora makora ivyo Ciuta wakaŵalangura, kweniso ivyo vingacitika para ŵaleka kumupulikira. (Genesis 2:23; 3:1-3) Ntheura, ciyowoyero cakwamba cikaŵa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakapulikananga makora ndipo ŵakayowoyanga vyakusingo.
Ciyowoyero cikati catimbanizgika pa Babele, mahara gha ŵanthu ghakatimbanizgika, ntheura ŵakatondeka kucita vinthu mwakukolerana. Ndipouli, ŵakapulikananga para ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero viphya, nga umo vikaŵira na ciyowoyero cakwambilira. Vilimika vikati vyajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵakazenga misumba yikuruyikuru, ŵakaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵankhongono, kweniso ŵakacitanga malonda na vyaru vinyake. (Genesis 13:12; 14:1-11; 37:25) Ŵalekenge kupulikana mphanyi vyose iyi vikacitika yayi. Baibolo likulongora kuti ciyowoyero cakwambilira, kweniso ivyo vikambika pa Babele vikaŵa vyakupulikikwa makora.
Ŵakusanda ŵanji ŵa mazuŵa ghano, ŵakukolerana nayo fundo iyi. Buku linyake lakukhwaskana na viyowoyero likati: “Fuko lililose lili na ciyowoyero ico ŵeneko ŵakupulikana nanga lingaŵa lakukhalira wuli.” Profesa Steven Pinker wa pa Koleji yinyake wakati: “Palije ciyowoyero ico ŵeneko ŵakuleka kupulikana nanga cingaŵa cakale wuli.”—The Language Instinct.
CIYOWOYERO CAMUNTHAZI
Mu nkhani iyi, tawona nyengo iyo vinthu vyakale vikalembekera kweniso uko vikasangika. Tawonaso kuti viyowoyero vikupambana kweniso kuti viyowoyero vyakale navyo vikaŵa vyakupulikikwa. Kweni kasi fundo njakuti wuli? Ŵanandi ŵakuti nkhani ya mu Baibolo iyi yakulongosora za ivyo vikacitika pa Babele njanadi.
Baibolo likutiphalira kuti Yehova Ciuta wakatimbanizga ciyowoyero ca ŵanthu pa Babele cifukwa cakuti ŵakamugalukira. (Genesis 11:4-7) Ndipouli, wali kulayizga kuti wazamuzgora “kayowoyero ka ŵanthu kuŵa kayowoyero katuŵa, mwakuti wose ŵacemenge pa zina la Yehova na kumuteŵetera Iye na mtima umoza.” (Zefaniya 3:9) “Kayowoyero katuŵa” aka, ako ni unenesko wakufuma mu Mazgu gha Ciuta, kakovwira kuti pa caru cose ŵanthu ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana. Ntheura tingagomezga kuti kunthazi Ciuta wazamovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana. Ŵazamuŵa na ciyowoyero cimoza ndipo wazamumazga nthimbanizgo iyo yikacitika pa Babele.
a Kanandi nkhwantha izi zikughanaghanira waka kuti ŵanthu ŵali kufuma ku vinyama. Kuti mumanye vinandi pa nkhani iyi, wonani burosha la mutu wakuti, The Origin of Life—Five Questions Worth Asking, peji 27 mpaka 29, lakupharazgika na Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova.
b Nkhwantha zakufukura vinthu vyakale zili kusanga vigongwe, na vinthu vinyake vyakuzengeka nga ni mapiri, vyakucemeka piramidi kufupi na Shinara. Baibolo likuti cigongwe ca Babele ŵakazengeranga njerwa zakocha, malibwe yayi ndipo ŵakazengeranga ulambwe wakunyata. (Genesis 11:3, 4) Buku linyake likuti “malibwe ghakasangikanga viŵi yayi ku Mesopotamiya,” kweni ulambwe ukaŵa unandi.—The New Encyclopædia Britannica.