Satan Ɔyɛ Anansesɛm mu Nnipa Anaasɛ—Ɔbɔnefo a Ɔwɔ Hɔ Ankasa?
FAAKO a bɔne fi bae ho asɛm ahia nyansapɛfo fi teteete. A Dictionary of the Bible a James Hastings kyerɛwee no ka sɛ: “Efi nnipa mfiase pɛɛ na tumi bi a ontumi nni so ne no adi asi, na epira no anaa enya no so nkɛntɛnso bɔne.” Nhoma koro no ara ka nso sɛ: “Adesamma a wodi kan no hwehwɛɛ nea ɛde bae, na wɔkyerɛkyerɛɛ adebɔ mu tumi ne nneɛma foforo a esisii mu sɛ ɛno ankasa na ɛba.”
Sɛnea abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo kyerɛ no, adaemone anyame ne ahonhommɔne mu gyidi fi tete Mesopotamia abakɔsɛm mu tɔnn. Ná tete Babilonfo gye di sɛ Nergal, onyame tirimɔdenfo bi a wɔfrɛ no “ogya wura” na na odi ahonhom wiase, anaa “owu kurom” so. Na wosuro adaemone a wɔbɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔnam nyankomade so bɛpata wɔn no nso. Wɔ Misrifo atetesɛm mu no, na Set ne bɔne nyame a na “wɔyɛ ne mfonini sɛ aboa kɛse bi a n’ano te sɛ ako ano, n’aso gyinagyina hɔ sɛ sofi, na ne bodua te sɛ adinam.”—Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology.
Ɛwom sɛ na Helafo ne Romafo wɔ anyame a wodi asɛmpa ne wɔn a wonni asɛmpa de, nanso na wonni nyame bɔne titiriw biara. Wɔn nyansapɛfo no kyerɛkyerɛe sɛ nnyinasosɛm ahorow abien a edi asi na ɛwɔ hɔ. Empedocles fam no, na wɔne Ɔdɔ ne Akameakame. Plato fam no, na wiase no wɔ “Akra” abien, biako di asɛmpa na ɔfoforo no di asɛmmɔne. Sɛnea Georges Minois ka wɔ ne nhoma Le Diable (Ɔbonsam) mu no, “na tete [Hela ne Roma] abosonsomfo no nnim Ɔbonsam biara.”
Wɔ Iran no, Zoroaster akyidifo kyerɛkyerɛe sɛ, nyame a ɔkorɔn Ahura Mazda, anaa Ormazd, na ɔbɔɔ Angra Mainyu, anaa Ahriman, a ɔpawee sɛ ɔbɛyɛ bɔne ma enti ɔbɛyɛɛ Honhom a Ɔsɛe Ade, anaa Ɔdesɛefo no.
Wɔ Yudasom mu no, wɔka Satan ho asɛm sɛ Onyankopɔn Tamfo a ɔde bɔne bae. Nanso mfehaha pii akyi no, wɔde abosonsomfo nsusuwii bɛfrafraa mu. Encyclopaedia Judaica ka sɛ: “Nsakrae kɛse aba . . . wɔ mfehaha a edi akyiri A.Y.B no mu. Saa bere yi mu no, [Yudafo] som . . . nyaa gyidi ahorow abien a emu na ahonhommɔne adaadaafo a wɔwɔ tumi ko tiaa Onyankopɔn ne ahonhom a wodi asɛmpa ne nokware wɔ soro ne asase so no. Ɛte sɛ nea Persiafo som na ɛde nkyerɛkyerɛ yi bae.” The Concise Jewish Encyclopedia no ka sɛ: “Sɛ obi bɛbɔ ne ho ban afi adaemone ho a, gye sɛ ɔnam mmara nsɛm ne suman a ɔde bedi dwuma so.”
Kristofo Awaefo Nyamekyerɛ
Yudasom mpo gyee Satan ne adaemone ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu a enni Bible mu no toom, na Kristofo awaefo nso trɛw nkyerɛkyerɛ a ennyina Kyerɛwnsɛm so no mu. The Anchor Bible Dictionary ka sɛ: “Tete nyamekyerɛ mu nsusuwii a ɛkɔɔ akyiri kɛse no mu biako ne sɛ Onyankopɔn nam biribi a otua maa Satan so na egyee ne nkurɔfo.” Irenaeus (afeha a ɛto so abien Y.B.) na ɔde nsusuwii yi bae. Origen (afeha a ɛto so abiɛsa Y.B.) a ɔkae sɛ “Ɔbonsam nam mmara kwan so anya nnipa so tumi,” ne wɔn a wobuu “Kristo wu no . . sɛ agyede a wotua maa Ɔbonsam” no na ɔtrɛw mu.—History of Dogma, a Adolf Harnack kyerɛwee.
Sɛ yɛbɛfa The Catholic Encyclopedia asɛm aka a, “bɛyɛ mfirihyia apem ni [adwene a ɛne sɛ wotuaa agyede no maa Ɔbonsam no] dii akoten wɔ nyamekyerɛ abakɔsɛm mu” na ɛkɔɔ so yɛɛ asɔre nkyerɛkyerɛ fã. Asɔre Agyanom afoforo a Augustine (afeha a ɛto so anan Y.B.) ka ho no na wogyee adwene a ɛne sɛ wotuaa agyede no maa Satan no toom. Awiei koraa no, ebeduu afeha a ɛto so 12 Y.B. no, Katolek nyamekyerɛfo Anselm ne Abelard kae sɛ wɔammɔ Kristo afɔre no amma Satan na mmom wɔbɔ maa Onyankopɔn.
Mfinimfini Mmere mu Gyidihunu Ahorow
Ɛwom sɛ Katolek Asɔre bagua ahorow no yɛɛ dinn wɔ asɛm a ɛfa Satan ho no ho de, nanso wɔ 1215 Y.B. mu no, Lateran Bagua a Ɛto so Anan no de nea New Catholic Encyclopedia frɛ no “gyidi mpaemuka kronkron” no too gua. Gyidikasɛm 1 no ka sɛ: “Onyankopɔn bɔɔ Ɔbonsam ne adaemone afoforo no sɛ abɔfo pa, nanso wɔn ankasa na wɔbɛyɛɛ wɔn ho abɔnefo.” Ɛde ka ho sɛ wɔn ani abere denneennen sɛ wɔbɛsɔ nnipa ahwɛ. Asɛm a etwa to yi gyee nnipa pii adwene wɔ Mfinimfini Mmere no mu. Satan na na biribiara a ɛbɛkɔ so a wɔnte ase te sɛ yare a wonhu nea efi, ɔpatuwu, anaa nnɔbae a ansow no fi no. Wɔ 1233 Y.B. no, Pope Gregory IX hyɛɛ popefo mmara tiaa ɔsom mu awaefo, a nea etia Lucifafo a wosusuw sɛ wɔsom Ɔbonsam no nso ka ho.
Gyidi a na ɛne sɛ na Ɔbonsam anaa n’adaemone no betumi ahyɛn nkurɔfo mu no maa nnipa pii bɔɔ hu—na wosuro asumansɛm ne abayisɛm. Efi afeha a ɛto so 13 kosi 17 mu no, abayifo ho suro faa Europa nyinaa, na Europa atubrafo no ma ekoduu Amerika Atifi fam. Protestantfo sesɛwfo Martin Luther ne John Calvin mpo gyee abayifo a wotu wɔn so sa toom. Wɔ Europa no, na wogyina atesɛm anaa atosɛm biara so di abayifo asɛm wɔ atirimɔden asenni anaa ɔmanfo asɛnnibea ahorow. Mpɛn pii no na wɔyɛ nkurɔfo ayayade sɛnea ɛbɛma wɔaka wɔn “anum asɛm.”
Sɛ wobu wɔn fɔ a, na wotumi bu wɔn kumfɔ ma wɔhyew wɔn anaasɛ, wɔ England ne Scotland no, na wɔsɛn wɔn. Ɛdefa nnipa dodow a wokum wɔn ho no, The World Book Encyclopedia ka sɛ: “Sɛnea abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo binom kyerɛ no, efi 1484 kosi 1782 no, Kristofo asɔre no kunkum mmea bɛyɛ 300,000 wɔ abayisɛm ho.” Sɛ Satan na na ɔhyɛ mfinimfini mmere mu awerɛhosɛm yi akyi a, henanom na na ɔde wɔn di dwuma—wɔn a wokunkum wɔn no anaa nyamesom ataafo a na wɔyɛ katee no?
Emu Gyidi a Wɔkyerɛ Anaa Akyinnye a Wogye Ɛnnɛ
Nsusuwii mu nyansapɛ a na wɔfrɛ no Nhumu no nyaa nkɔso wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 no mu. Encyclopædia Britannica ka sɛ: “Wɔbɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔde Nhumu ho nyansapɛ ne nyamekyerɛ bepia ɔbonsam ho adwene a na wɔkyerɛ sɛ efi Mfinimfini Mmere mu atetesɛm mu no afi Kristofo adwenem.” Roma Katolek Asɔre no kasa tiaa eyi na wɔhyɛɛ gyidi a na wɔwɔ sɛ Satan Ɔbonsam wɔ hɔ ankasa no mu den wɔ Vatican Bagua a Edi Kan (1869-70) no ase, nanso wɔantumi ansi eyi so dua yiye wɔ Vatican Bagua a Ɛto so Abien (1962-65) no ase.
Sɛnea New Catholic Encyclopedia gye tom no, “Asɔre no nnyaee gyidi a ɛne sɛ abɔfo ne adaemone wɔ hɔ no mu.” Nanso Franse Katoleksom nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma, Théo, gye tom sɛ “Kristofo a wɔwɔ hɔ nnɛ pii nnye nni sɛ bɔne a ɛwɔ wiase no fi ɔbonsam.” Nnansa yi, Katolek nyamekyerɛfo ayɛ anifere, na wɔyɛ ahwɛyiye wɔ Katolek nkyerɛkyerɛ ne nnɛyi nsusuwii ho. Encyclopædia Britannica ka sɛ: “Kristofo Nyamekyerɛ a Ɛma Biribiara Ho Kwan no de Bible asɛm a ɛfa Satan ho no di dwuma sɛ ‘biribi a wɔayɛ ho mfonini wɔ adwenem,’ na ɛnyɛ biribi a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔfa no paa—mmom no ɛyɛ mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ wɔnam anansesɛm so bɛkyerɛ sɛnea bɔne te ne faako a akodu wɔ amansan yi mu ankasa.” Wɔ Protestanfo fam no, nhoma koro no ara ka sɛ: “Ɛnnɛyi Protestantsom a ɛma biribiara ho kwan no taa gye ɔbonsam ankasa a ɔwɔ hɔ no ho kyim.” Nanso, so ɛsɛ sɛ nokware Kristofo susuw nea Bible ka fa Satan ho no ho sɛ “biribi a wɔayɛ ho mfonini wɔ adwenem” ara kwa?
Nea Kyerɛwnsɛm no Kyerɛkyerɛ
Nnipa nyansapɛ ne nyamekyerɛ ntumi mfaa faako a bɔne fi ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu a eye sen nea ɛwɔ Bible mu no mmae. Nea Kyerɛwnsɛm no ka fa Satan ho no boa ma yɛte faako a bɔne ne nnipa amanehunu fi bae, ne nea enti a basabasayɛ a wontumi nte ase no mu yɛ den afe biara no ase.
Ebia ebinom bebisa sɛ: ‘Sɛ Onyankopɔn ne Ɔbɔadeɛ a ne yam ye na ɔwɔ dɔ no a, dɛn nti na ɔbɔɔ honhommɔne te sɛ Satan?’ Bible kyerɛkyerɛ nnyinasosɛm a ɛne sɛ Yehowa Nyankopɔn nnwuma nyinaa yɛ pɛ, ne sɛ n’abɔde a wonim nyansa nyinaa wɔ hokwan sɛ wɔpaw nea wɔpɛ no mu. (Deuteronomium 30:19; 32:4; Yosua 24:15; 1 Ahene 18:21) Enti, ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔbɔɔ honhom abɔde a ɔbɛyɛɛ Satan no pɛ na ɔhyɛɛ da wae fii nokware ne trenee ho.—Yohane 8:44; Yakobo 1:14, 15.
Wɔ akwan pii so no, Satan atuatew no ne “Tiro hene” a wɔkaa ne ho asɛm anwensɛm kwan so sɛ ‘n’ahoɔfɛ wie pɛyɛ’ na ‘odii mũ n’akwan mu, fi da a wɔbɔɔ no ara de kosii da a wohuu ne mu abusude no’ di nsɛ. (Hesekiel 28:11-19) Satan annye korɔn a Yehowa korɔn anaa Ɔbɔadeɛ a ɔyɛ no ho kyim. Ɛbɛyɛ dɛn na Satan atumi ayɛ saa bere a Onyankopɔn na ɔbɔɔ no no? Nanso, Satan kasa tiaa ɔkwan a Yehowa nam so di ne tumi no ankasa. Wɔ Eden turo mu no, Satan nam anifere kwan so kae sɛ Onyankopɔn de biribi a nnipa baanu a wodi kan no wɔ ho kwan na wɔn yiyedi gyina so rekame wɔn. (Genesis 3:1-5) Otumi maa Adam ne Hawa tew atua tiaa Yehowa tumidi a ɛteɛ no, na wɔde bɔne ne owu baa wɔne wɔn asefo so. (Genesis 3:6-19; Romafo 5:12) Enti Bible da no adi sɛ nnipa amanehunu nyinaa fi Satan.
Bere bi ansa na Nsuyiri no reba no, abɔfo afoforo bɛkaa Satan ho wɔ atuatew mu. Wɔdan wɔn ho faa nipadua too wɔn ho so na ama wɔatumi de nnipa mmabea adwudwo nna ho akɔnnɔ a na wɔwɔ no ano. (Genesis 6:1-4) Bere a Nsuyiri no bae no, abɔfo bɔne yi san kɔɔ honhom atrae hɔ nanso wɔantumi ankɔ “wɔn ankasa trabere” a ɛwɔ Onyankopɔn nkyɛn wɔ soro no. (Yuda 6) Wɔde wɔn siee sum kabii bon bi mu. (1 Petro 3:19, 20; 2 Petro 2:4) Wɔbɛyɛɛ adaemone, a na wɔnsom wɔ Yehowa tumidi ase bio, na mmom wɔbɛhyɛɛ Satan ase. Bere a ɛte sɛ nea adaemone yi ntumi nnan wɔn ho nnipa bio no, wɔda so ara nya nnipa adwene ne wɔn asetra so nkɛntɛnso kɛse, na akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ wɔn na wɔhyɛ basabasayɛ a yɛrehu wɔ wiase nnɛ no akyi.—Mateo 12:43-45; Luka 8:27-33.
Satan Nniso Awiei Abɛn
Ɛda adi pefee sɛ ahonhommɔne reyɛ adwuma wɔ wiase nnɛ. Ɔsomafo Yohane kyerɛwee sɛ: “Wiase nyinaa da ɔbɔne no mu.”—1 Yohane 5:19.
Nanso Bible nkɔmhyɛ a anya mmamu kyerɛ sɛ Ɔbonsam rema wiase haw mu ayɛ den efisɛ onim sɛ bere a aka a ɔde bedi nsɛmmɔne ansa na wɔde no ato afiase no “yɛ tiaa.” (Adiyisɛm 12:7-12; 20:1-3) Sɛ Satan nniso no ba awiei a, wiase foforo a osu, owu, ne yaw ‘nni mu bio’ na ɛbɛba. Ɛno ansa na Onyankopɔn pɛ bɛyɛ wɔ “asase so, sɛnea ɛyɛ ɔsoro.”—Adiyisɛm 21:1-4; Mateo 6:10.
[Mfonini ahorow wɔ kratafa 4]
Babilonfo gyee Nergal (benkum so nohoa), onyame a ɔyɛ basabasa dii; Plato (benkum so) gyee “Akra” abien a edi asi dii
[Nsɛm Fibea]
Cylinder: Musée du Louvre, Paris; Plato: National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greece
[Mfonini ahorow wɔ kratafa 5]
Irenaeus, Origen, ne Augustine kyerɛkyerɛe sɛ wotuaa agyede no maa Ɔbonsam
[Nsɛm Fibea]
Origen: Culver Pictures; Augustine: From the book Great Men and Famous Women
[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 6]
Abayifo ho suro maa wokunkum nnipa ɔpehaha pii
[Asɛm Fibea]
From the book Bildersaal deutscher Geschichte