Sika Kɔkɔɔ—Ɛho Nsɛm a Ɛyɛ Nwonwa

Sika kɔkɔɔ—efi tete na wɔabu saa dade yi a ɛyɛ mmerɛw, na ne kɔla te sɛ akokɔsrade a ɛhyerɛn no, esiane ne su ahorow a ɛda nsow nti. Ne kɔla, ne hyerɛn, komfann a ɛyɛ, ne nkannare a ɛnwe ma ɛda nsow wɔ nnade mu. Esiane sɛnea ɛsom bo ma nkurɔfo a wɔahwehwɛ no nti, sika kɔkɔɔ agye din sen dade foforo biara.

“SIKA KƆKƆƆ! Ɛyɛ sika kɔkɔɔ, meka mekyerɛ wo! Sika kɔkɔɔ!” Nkurɔfo yam ahyehye wɔn, wɔn koma abɔ paripari, na wɔn nsusuwii ayɛ pii wɔ sika kɔkɔɔ a wohui ho. Wɔahwehwɛ wɔ asase kesee so, nsubɔnten ne nsuten mu, ne asase ase mita mpempem pii mpo.

Sɛ́ agude a ne bo yɛ den no, wɔde sika kɔkɔɔ ahyehyɛ ahene ne nhemmaa. Wɔde afomfam nhengua ne ahemfie afasu ho. Wɔasom mpataa, nnomaa, mmoa, ne nneɛma foforo ahoni a wɔde sika kɔkɔɔ ayeyɛ. Nnipa ahwehwɛ sika kɔkɔɔ akɔ akyiri, na anya wɔn asetra so nkɛntɛnso kɛse.

Sika Kɔkɔɔ ne Abakɔsɛm

Wɔ tete Egypt no, faraonom somaa wɔn aguadifo ne wɔn asraafo kɔɔ akyirikyiri nsase so kɔhwehwɛɛ sika kɔkɔɔ a na wobu no sɛ Egypt anyame ne faraonom nkutoo agyapade no. Na sika kɔkɔɔ a ɛsom bo ahyɛ Tutankhamen ɔboda a wohui wɔ 1922 mu no ma. N’adaka mpo wɔde sika kɔkɔɔ nkutoo na ɛyɛe.

Sɛnea abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo bi kyerɛ no, nea ɛmaa Alexander Ɔkɛseɛ “kopuee Asia no ne Persiafo sika kɔkɔɔ nnwinne a na agye din no.” Wɔbɔ amanneɛ sɛ n’asraafo no de mmoa a wɔsoa nneɛma na ɛtwee sika kɔkɔɔ a wogye fii Persiafo no nsam kɔɔ Greece. Ne saa nti, Greece bɛyɛɛ ɔman a ɛwɔ sika kɔkɔɔ pii.

Abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo bi bɔ amanneɛ sɛ Roma “ahempɔn de sika kɔkɔɔ na ɛmaa wɔn mpanyimfo ma wodii nokware maa wɔn, na wɔde nyaa aman foforo mu atitiriw so nkɛntɛnso. Na wɔtaa de wɔn ahode pii a ɛyɛ sika kɔkɔɔ agude no siesie wɔn ho ma ɛyɛ nkurɔfo nwonwa anaasɛ ɛbɔ wɔn hu.” Nhoma bi ka sɛ, Romafo nam Spainfo a wodii wɔn so nkonim ne Spainfo nkommena a wogyei so na enyaa sika kɔkɔɔ pii.

Nanso, yentumi nka sika kɔkɔɔ ho asɛm nwie bere a yɛnhwehwɛɛ ho abakɔsɛm a mogyahwiegu ayɛ no ma no mu. Ɛyɛ nkurow a wɔko fae, atirimɔdensɛm, nkoayɛ ne awudi ho asɛm.

Abakɔsɛm a Mogyahwiegu Ayɛ no Ma

Bere a anibue nyaa nkɔanim no, wɔde po so ntamahyɛn akɛse a ɛwɔ ahoɔden kɔhwehwɛɛ nsase foforo, traa atubra aman mu hwehwɛɛ sika kɔkɔɔ. Sika kɔkɔɔ hwehwɛ gyee abɔrehufo pii adwene, a po so kwantufo dikanfo Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) ka ho.

Bere a na Columbus rehwehwɛ sika kɔkɔɔ no, na asase no sofo nkwa ho nhia no. Bere a Columbus reka nsɛm a esisii wɔ supɔw bi so akyerɛ Spain hene ne ɔhemmaa no, ɔkyerɛwee wɔ ne nhoma mu sɛ: “Nea ehia ma obi adi tumi wɔ ha ara ne sɛ onii no bɛtra ha, na wadi ɛhafo a wɔayɛ krado sɛ wobedi ahyɛde biara so no so tumi. . . . Indiafo no . . . deda adagyaw, na wonni ahobammɔ biara, enti ɛnyɛ den sɛ wobɛhyɛ mmara ama wɔn ma wɔadi so.” Na Columbus gye di sɛ Onyankopɔn nhyira wɔ ne so. Na sika kɔkɔɔ nnwinne bɛboa Spain ma wɔde atua n’akodi kronkron no ho ka. Bere bi a wɔkyɛɛ no sika kɔkɔɔ nkatanim no, ɔkae sɛ: ‘Onyankopɔn nhu me mmɔbɔ ma minnya sika kɔkɔɔ.’

Ɔhene Ferdinand a ofi Spain hyɛɛ Spainfo akofo a wɔde po so ahyɛn kɔhwehwɛɛ sika kɔkɔɔ wɔ Columbus bere so no sɛ: “Momfa sika kɔkɔɔ mmrɛ me! Sɛ ɛbɛyɛ yiye a, monhwehwɛ no timmɔbɔ so. Nanso momfa mmrɛ me ɔkwan biara so.” Abɔrehufo atirimɔdenfo no kunkum asase no sotefo mpempem pii a wɔkɔtoo wɔn wɔ Mexico ne Amerika Mfinimfini ne Kesee fam no. Na mogya resosɔ sika kɔkɔɔ a wɔde guu po so ahyɛn mu kɔɔ Spain no ho wɔ sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so.

Afei po so adwowtwafo nso sɔree a na wɔmfa ɔman biara frankaa nsi wɔn ahyɛn so. Wɔfow Spainfo po so ahyɛn a na wɔde fa sika kɔkɔɔ ne nnwinne foforo a ɛsom bo no mu nneɛma wɔ po bun mu. Mpɛn pii na ɛyɛ a na atuo ne nnipa kakraa bi pɛ na ɛwɔ ahyɛn a wɔde fa sika kɔkɔɔ no mu, ma enti na wontumi nnyina po so adwowtwafo a wɔde akode ahyehyɛ wɔn ho yiye no anim. Ɛpo so dwowtwa bɛyɛɛ po so haw wɔ mfeha a ɛto so 17 ne 18 no mu, wɔ West Indies ne Amerika mpoano titiriw.

Ahopere a Wɔde Hwehwɛɛ Sika Kɔkɔɔ Wɔ Afeha a Ɛto so 19 no Mu

Wɔ 1848 mu no, wohuu sika kɔkɔɔ pii wɔ Sacramento Valley, wɔ California. Ankyɛ na ɛho asɛm trɛwee, na nnipa pii kɔɔ hɔ kɔhwehwɛɛ wɔn de. Afe a edi hɔ mu no, na wɔn a wɔde “ahopere kɔhwehwɛɛ sika kɔkɔɔ wɔ 1849 mu”—wɔn a wɔhwehwɛɛ agyapade—no ɔpedudu pii fi wiase afanan nyinaa akɔhyɛ California ma. Nnipa dodow a wɔwɔ California kɔɔ soro fi bɛyɛ 26,000 wɔ 1848 mu koduu bɛyɛ 380,000 wɔ 1860 mu. Akuafo gyaw wɔn mfuw hɔ, po so ahyɛn mu adwumayɛfo gyaee ahyɛn mu adwuma, asraafo guan fii sraadi mu—tutuu akwan kɔhwehwɛɛ sika kɔkɔɔ. Wɔkaa ebinom ho asɛm sɛ wɔyɛ “ahuhufo mogyapɛfo.” Wɔ beae a nnipa ahorow dii afra saa no, nsɛmmɔnedi ne basabasayɛ sɔree wɔ hɔ. Wɔn a wɔn ani gyee ho sɛ wobenya sika kɔkɔɔ nanso wɔampɛ sɛ wɔyɛ ho adwuma no bɛdanee adwowtwafo, wowiawiaa nteaseɛnam ne keteke mu nneɛma.

Wɔ 1851 mu, bere a wɔde ahopere kɔhwehwɛɛ sika kɔkɔɔ wɔ California akyi pɛɛ no, wɔtee sɛ wɔahu sika kɔkɔɔ pii wɔ Australia. Amanneɛbɔ no bae sɛ “mfaso a wonyae wɔ hɔ no yɛɛ nwonwa.” Bere tiaa bi akyi no, Australia bɛyɛɛ ɔman a wotu sika kɔkɔɔ wom sen biara wɔ wiase. Ankyɛ na wɔn a na wɔatu akɔtra California no bi sesaa wɔn nneɛma sian kɔɔ Australia. Nnipa dodow a na wɔwɔ Australia no kɔɔ soro—wofi 400,000 wɔ 1850 mu koduu bɛboro 1,100,000 wɔ 1860 mu. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ kuadwuma ne nnwuma foforo gui, bere a nnipa pii de ahopere kɔhwehwɛɛ sika kɔkɔɔ no.

Ɛrekɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 no awiei no, mmirikaden a nkurɔfo tu kɔhwehwɛɛ sika kɔkɔɔ no de wɔn kopuee Yukon ne Alaska, bere a wohuu sika kɔkɔɔ wɔ saa mmeae no. Nnipa mpempem pii kɔɔ Kusuu Fam Akyirikyiri, koduu Klondike mantam mu ne Alaska, kogyinaa awɔw a ano yɛ den ano traa asase a sika kɔkɔɔ wɔ so no so.

Nnwinne a Ɛhyehyɛ Nsu Ase

Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 no mu no, bere a asukɔdɔ baa so no, wɔn a wɔhwehwɛ sika kɔkɔɔ no dan wɔn adwene kɔɔ po ase. Wɔhwehwɛɛ po so ahyɛn a agu asu mu nnwinne a ɛhyehyɛ nsu ase—sika kɔkɔɔ agude ne nnwinne foforo a wɔyɛe wɔ mfehaha pii a atwam no.

Wɔ September 20, 1638 no, Spain po so hyɛn a wɔde fa sika kɔkɔɔ, Concepción, guu asu wɔ Pacific Po mu wɔ Saipan mpoano, bere a ahum bi a ano yɛ den pia kɔpem abotan bi no. Na ɛsõ sika kɔkɔɔ ne nnwinne foforo a ne bo bɛyɛ dɔla ɔpepedudu pii nnɛ. Nnipa 400 a na wɔwom no mu dodow no ara wuwui. Asukɔdɔfo ahu sika kɔkɔɔ kɔnmuade 32, a emu biara tenten bɛyɛ anammɔn anum, na emu duru yɛ kilogram pii wɔ hyɛn a agu asu no mu. Sɛ wɔka ne nyinaa bom a, asukɔdɔfo no ayiyi sika kɔkɔɔ agude mmiako mmiako 1,300—kɔnmuade, mmeamudua, pɔtwom, nkapo, mpɛtea, ne bɛlt ano nnade.

Wɔahu po so ahyɛn a agu asu foforo nso. Wɔ 1980 mu no, asukɔdɔfo a wɔwɔ Florida mpoano wɔ United States no huu Spainfo po so hyɛn a wɔde fa sika kɔkɔɔ, Santa Margarita, a eguu asu wɔ afeha a ɛto so 17 mu no. Eduu afe a edi hɔ awiei no, na asukɔdɔfo no ayiyi sika kɔkɔɔ amapa bɛboro kilogram 44, ne sika kɔkɔɔ nnwinne foforo.

Ɔko Mmere Mu Sika Kɔkɔɔ

Bere a wodii Germanfo nniso no so nkonim wɔ 1945 mu akyi no, Aman a wɔko tiaa Germany no asraafo huu biribi a ɛyɛ nwonwa wɔ Kaiseroda nkyemmena mu wɔ Thuringia, Germany. Sɛnea The Atlanta Journal kyerɛ no, “wonyaa sika amapa, nnwinne, sika ne agyapade ho nkrataa a na ano si dɔla ɔpepepem 2.1.” Nneɛma foforo a wohui nso ne bag ahorow a na sika kɔkɔɔ ne dwetɛ nneɛma ayeyɛ no ma, a ɛyɛ nea wogye fii nnipa a wowuwui wɔ Okunkɛse no mu hɔ a na wɔanan emu bi dedaw no. Saa sika kɔkɔɔ pii a na wɔde asie yi na ɛboaa Nasi akofo no ma wonyaa sika de bɔɔ ɔko no ho ka. Journal bɔ amanneɛ sɛ wɔde sika kɔkɔɔ a ne bo bɛyɛ dɔla ɔpepepem 2.5 no asan kɔ aman bɛyɛ du a Hitler kofae no mu. Esiane sɛ wogye di yiye sɛ ɛnyɛ Nasifo sika kɔkɔɔ a wɔde siei nyinaa na wɔahu nti, wogu so rehwehwɛ.

Nokwarem no, sika kɔkɔɔ som bo. Nanso, te sɛ ahonyade foforo a aka no, Bible ka sika kɔkɔɔ ho asɛm sɛ entumi mma wɔn a wɔhwehwɛ no nkwa. (Dwom 49:6-8; Sefania 1:18) Bible mu bɛ bi ka sɛ: “Nyansa nya ye sen sika dɛn ara.” (Mmebusɛm 16:16) Nokware nyansa fi Ɔbɔadeɛ Yehowa Nyankopɔn hɔ, na wohu wɔ N’asɛm Bible mu. Obi a ɔhwehwɛ nyansa a ɛte saa no nam Onyankopɔn Asɛm sua so tumi hu Ne mmara, nnyinasosɛm, ne n’afotu, na afei ɔde di dwuma wɔ n’asetra mu. Enti, nyansa a wonya wɔ saa kwan yi so no ye sen sika kɔkɔɔ a onipa anya pɛn nyinaa. Nyansa a ɛte saa no betumi ama woanya asetra pa mprempren ne daa nkwa daakye.—Mmebusɛm 3:13-18.

[Kratafa 23 adaka]

Sika Kɔkɔɔ Ho Nokwasɛm Ahorow Bi

• Sika kɔkɔɔ ne nnade nyinaa mu nea ɛyɛ komfann na ɛsɔ. Wobetumi aboro atwe mu ma ne kɛse ayɛ makromita 0.1. Wobetumi aboro sika kɔkɔɔ a emu duru yɛ gram 28 ma atrɛw ayɛ mita ahinanan 17. Wobetumi atwe sika kɔkɔɔ a emu duru yɛ gram 28 mu ma ne tenten adu kilomita 70.

• Esiane sɛ sika kɔkɔɔ amapa yɛ mmerɛw nti, wɔtaa de nnade foforo fra na ama ayɛ den ma wɔatumi de ayɛ agude ne sika kɔkɔɔ nneɛma foforo. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ sika kɔkɔɔ dodow a ɛwɔ dade mfrafrae mu yɛ 24 mu nkyekyem 1, na wɔfrɛ no karat; enti sika kɔkɔɔ mfrafrae karat-12 yɛ sika kɔkɔɔ ɔha mu 50, sika kɔkɔɔ mfrafrae karat-18 yɛ sika kɔkɔɔ ɔha mu 75, na karat-24 yɛ sika kɔkɔɔ nkutoo.

• Aman a wotu sika kɔkɔɔ wom sen biara ne South Africa ne United States.

[Mfonini Fibea wɔ kratafa 21]

Alexander the Great: The Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore

[Kratafa 22 mfonini ahorow]

Mfonini a ɛkyerɛ bere a Christopher Columbus duu Bahamas wɔ 1492 mu kɔhwehwɛɛ sika kɔkɔɔ nnwinne no

[Asɛm Fibea]

Courtesy of the Museo Naval, Madrid (Spain), and with the kind permission of Don Manuel González López