Dɛn na Yebetumi Asua Afi Tete?

“Biribiara nni hɔ a ehia abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo sen sɛ wobehu nea enti a asɛm pɔtee bi sii.”GERALD SCHLABACH, ABAKƆSƐM HO ƆBENFO ABADIAKYIRI.

ABAKƆSƐM akyerɛwfo taa bisa sɛ, Ɛyɛɛ dɛn na nsɛm bi sisii na dɛn nti na esisii? Sɛ nhwɛso no, abakɔsɛm kyerɛ sɛ Roma Ahemman no gui. Nanso, dɛn nti na ɛhwee ase? So efi amumɔyɛ anaasɛ anigyede? So na ahemman no sohwɛ yɛ den yiye na asraafo ho ka so dodo nti? So na Romafo atamfo redɔɔso anaasɛ na wɔreyɛ den dodo?

Nnansa yi ara, Europa Apuei Fam Kwasafo Man, a bere bi na Atɔe famfo suro wɔn no gui prɛko pɛ wɔ aman ahorow mu. Nanso dɛn nti na ɛbaa saa? Na dɛn na yebetumi asua afi mu? Eyi ne nsɛmmisa a abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo bɔ mmɔden sɛ wobebua. Nanso, bere a wobua no, ɛhe na adwene a wɔn ankasa kura nya wɔn gyinaesi so nkɛntɛnso kodu?

So Yebetumi De Yɛn Ho Ato Abakɔsɛm So?

Abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo te sɛ nsɛmmɔnedi mu nhwehwɛmufo sen nyansahufo. Wɔhwehwɛ nsɛm a atwam mu, bisa ho nsɛm de hu nea enti a nsɛm a ɛte saa sisii. Wɔn botae ne sɛ wobehu asɛm bi mu nokware, nanso mpɛn pii no, wontumi nhu nneɛma mu yiye. Nea enti a ɛte saa no fã bi ne sɛ wɔn nhwehwɛmu no fa nnipa ho kɛse, na abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo ntumi nhu nnipa tirim—ɛnkanka awufo. Afei nso, abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo betumi adi kan anya biribi ho adwempa anaa adwemmɔne. Enti, ɛtɔ mmere bi a, abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo bi ankasa de asɛm bi ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu ma—na ama asɛm no adi mu.

Nokwarem no, sɛ abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo bi kyerɛ n’ankasa adwene wɔ asɛm bi ho a, na ɛnkyerɛ ankasa sɛ nea waka no nni mu. Nnipa baanum na wɔkyerɛw Samuel, Ahene, ne Beresosɛm nhoma no, nanso nsonsonoe ne mfomso titiriw bi nni nsɛm a wɔkyerɛw no mu. Saa ara na ɛte wɔ Nsɛmpa anan no ho. Bible akyerɛwfo pii kyerɛw wɔn ankasa sintɔ ne wɔn mfomso a ɛkɔ akyiri ho asɛm—biribi a yɛntaa nhu wɔ wiase nhoma mu.—Numeri 20:9-12; Deuteronomium 32:48-52.

Wɔ adwene a ɛnteɛ a wonya akyi no, ade foforo a ɛho hia sɛ yesusuw ho bere a yɛrekenkan abakɔsɛm bi ne botae a ɔkyerɛwfo no kura. Michael Stanford kae wɔ A Companion to the Study of History mu sɛ: “Ɛsɛ sɛ yɛhwɛ abakɔsɛm biara a ɛfa atumfo, anaa wɔn a wɔhwehwɛ tumi, anaa wɔn nnamfo, ho no yiye kɛse. Saa ara nso na ɛsɛ sɛ yɛhwɛ abakɔsɛm a ɛkamfo ɔman ho dɔ kyerɛ denneennen no yiye kɛse. Awerɛhosɛm ne sɛ ɛtɔ da a, biribi a ɛte saa na yehu wɔ sukuu adesua nhoma mu. Aban bi hyɛe wɔ ne man mu pen sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ atirimpɔw a wɔde kyerɛ abakɔsɛm ho ade yɛ sɛ “ɛbɛma nnipa a wɔwɔ hɔ no anya ɔman no ho dɔ kɛse . . . efisɛ ɔman no abakɔsɛm a wobehu no na ɛbɛma wɔadɔ ɔman no kɛse.”

Abakɔsɛm a Wɔsakra No

Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, ɛnyɛ adwene pɔtee bi nko na wɔde kyerɛw abakɔsɛm bi, na mmom wɔsakra no nso. Sɛ nhwɛso no, Truth in History nhoma no ka sɛ kan Soviet Union no “yii Trotsky din fii kyerɛwtohɔ biara mu ma enti ne ho asɛm yerae koraa.” Na hena ne Trotsky? Ná ɔyɛ Russia Bolshevik Ɔman Anidan kannifo bi na sɛ Lenin nni hɔ a, na ɔno na ɔwɔ hɔ. Lenin wui akyi no, Stalin ne Trotsky de sii ani, na wɔpam Trotsky fii Komunis Amanyɔkuw no mu, na akyiri yi wokum no. Woyii ne din fii Sovietfo nhoma biara mu mpo. Abakɔsɛm a wokyinkyim no saa, a na ɛma wɔhyew nhoma dodow bi mpo esiane sɛ na ɛyɛ soronko wɔ afoforo ho no nti, yɛ ade a na katabaako aman taa yɛ.

Nanso, tete no na wɔtaa yɛ nsakrae wɔ abakɔsɛm mu, ɛnkanka Misrifo ne Asiriafo bere so. Faraonom, ahemfo ne ahempɔn ahantanfo hwɛ hui bere nyinaa sɛ wɔbɛka wɔn mmɔdenbɔ ho nsɛm nkutoo wɔ ɔkwan a edi mu so. Enti, na wɔka wɔn nkonimdi ho asɛm gugu mu daa, na na wobu wɔn ani gu wɔn nkogudi ahorow so anaasɛ wɔnyɛ ho kyerɛwtohɔ biara mpo. Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira koraa no, na Israelfo abakɔsɛm a ɛwɔ Bible mu no ka ahemfo ne ɔmamma no nkogudi ne wɔn mmɔdenbɔ nyinaa ho asɛm.

Abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo yɛ dɛn hu sɛ tete asɛm bi yɛ nokware? Wɔde eyinom toto nneɛma te sɛ towtua ho kyerɛwtohɔ dedaw, mmara, nkoatɔn ho dawurubɔ, adwuma ne ankorankoro ho nkrataa, kuku ho nkyerɛwee, hyɛn mmirikatu ho kyerɛwtohɔ, ne nneɛma a wohu wɔ adamoa ne ɔboda mu, ho. Mpɛn pii no, nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi ma wohu nokwasɛm bi fa asɛm bi a wɔakyerɛw ho. Baabi a abirabɔ bi wɔ nsɛm bi mu anaasɛ nokwasɛm bi nna adi no, abakɔsɛm ho akyerɛwfo taa gye tom, ɛwom sɛ mpɛn pii no, wɔde wɔn nyansahyɛ ahorow ma de. Mpɛn pii no, akenkanfo anyansafo yɛ nhoma pii mu nhwehwɛmu de hwehwɛ nkyerɛkyerɛmu a ɛfata.

Wɔ akwanside ahorow a abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo bi hyia nyinaa akyi no, yebetumi anya ne dwumadi so mfaso pii. Abakɔsɛm nhoma bi kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ: “Ɛwom sɛ ɛnyɛ mmerɛw . . . sɛ wɔbɛyɛ adesamma abakɔsɛm ho kyerɛwtohɔ de, nanso ɛso wɔ mfaso na ɛho hia yɛn mpo.” Sɛ nsɛm a atwam a abakɔsɛm ma yehu no da nkyɛn a, etumi ma yɛte nnipa tebea a wɔwom nnɛ no ase kɛse. Sɛ nhwɛso no, ɛma yehu ntɛm ara sɛ su a na tetefo no kura no bi ara na nnipa a wɔwɔ hɔ nnɛ da so kura. Su a ɛtete saa akɔ so ada adi wɔ abakɔsɛm mu, ma ebia ɛno nti na wɔtaa ka sɛ biribi a asi pɛn no betumi asi bio no. Na so saa asɛm no wɔ nnyinaso ankasa?

So Biribi a Asi Pɛn no Si Bio?

So yebetumi agyina abakɔsɛm so akyerɛ nea ɛbɛba daakye pɛpɛɛpɛ? Nsɛm bi a asisi pɛn tumi si bio. Sɛ nhwɛso no, Henry Kissinger a bere bi na ɔyɛ U.S. Ɔman Soafo no kae sɛ: “Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ anibuei biara a na ɛwɔ hɔ kan no nni hɔ bio.” Ɔde kaa ho sɛ: “Abakɔsɛm yɛ mmɔdenbɔ a ansi hwee, botae a wɔantumi annu ho. . . . Enti, ɛsɛ sɛ abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo biara hu sɛ obetumi adi nkogu.”

Ahemman abien biara nni hɔ a egui wɔ ɔkwan koro no ara so. Mediafo ne Persiafo sɛee Babilon anadwo biako pɛ wɔ 539 A.Y.B. mu. Hela mu paapae yɛɛ ahemman dodow bi wɔ Alexander Ɔkɛseɛ wu akyi, na awiei koraa no Roma ahemman no dii so nkonim. Yennim ɔkwan pɔtee a Roma faa so hwee ase. Abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Gerald Schlabach bisa sɛ: “Bere bɛn na Roma hwee ase? Ɛhwee ase ampa? Nsakrae bi bae Europa Atɔe fam wɔ 400 Y.B. ne 600 Y.B. mu. Nanso, anso hɔ ara.”a Nokwarem no, abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm bi tumi si bio, nanso ebinom wɔ hɔ a, yɛnte ho asɛm bio.

Asuade biako a akɔ so ada adi wɔ abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu ne nkogu a nnipa nniso adi no. Wɔ abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, nneɛma te sɛ pɛsɛmenkominya, anibiannaso, adifudepɛ, nsisi, animhwɛ, ne ɛnkanka tumidi a wɔpere, asɛe nniso pa. Enti, wɔ abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, yɛahu akode, apam a wɔanni so, akodi, ɔman basabasayɛ, ohia, ne sikasɛm a ɛsɛe.

Sɛ nhwɛso no, hwɛ sɛnea The Columbia History of the World aka nkɛntɛnso a Atɔe fam aman anya wɔ wiase nkae no so ho asɛm: “Bere a Columbus ne Cortes maa Europa Atɔe famfo huu nneɛma ani so no, wobenyaa ɔpɛ sɛ wɔbɛsakra nkurɔfo, wobenya mfaso, na wɔagye din, na wɔhyɛɛ wiase nyinaa ma wɔde Atɔe fam anibuei dii dwuma. Esiane sɛ wɔkɔɔ so de atuo a edi mu paa hyɛɛ afoforo so nti, ɛmaa wiase nkae no de wɔn ho hyɛɛ Europa atumfoɔ no ase . . . Sɛ yebetwa no tiaa a, wɔn a na wɔtete nsasepɔn yi [Afrika, Asia, ne Amerika] so no huu amane kɛse ne aninyanne pii.” Hwɛ sɛnea Bible mu asɛm a ɛwɔ Ɔsɛnkafo 8:9 no yɛ nokware fa: “Onipa di onipa so tumi ma ɛdan no bɔne”!

Ebia awerɛhosɛm yi na ɛmaa German nyamekyerɛfo bi kae sɛ ade a yesua fi abakɔsɛm mu ara ne sɛ nnipa nnyaa mfaso biara mfii abakɔsɛm mu no. Yeremia 10:23 ka sɛ: “Onipa kwan nni ne nsam, enni ɔbarima nsam sɛ ɔbɛkyerɛ n’anammɔn kwan.” (The Jerusalem Bible) Ɛsɛ sɛ tumi a yentumi nkyerɛ yɛn anammɔn kwan no haw yɛn kɛse. Dɛn ntia? Efisɛ ɔhaw a ɛreto yɛn no so bi mmae da. Enti yɛbɛyɛ dɛn agyina ɔhaw no ano?

Ɔhaw a Ebi Mmae Da

Wɔ nnipa abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, ɛnnɛ paa ne bere a wɔrebu nnua gu kɛse, sɛe asase, tɔre mmoa ase na wɔretu nnua ase, sɛe nnuru a ɛsɔn owia ahoɔden so, efi abu so, wim reyɛ hyew kɛse, ɛpo reyow, na nnipa redɔɔso kɛse.

A Green History of the World nhoma no ka sɛ: “Ɔhaw foforo a nnipa rehyia nnɛ ne sɛnea wiase no resakra ntɛmntɛm no.” Ed Ayres a ɔyɛ World Watch nsɛmma nhoma no samufo no ka sɛ: “Yɛrehu biribi a yenhuu bi da na yɛnte ase, ɛmfa ho sɛ yetumi hu ɛho mpopoe pii no. ‘Dekode’ no ne sɛnea wɔresɛe asase a ɛbɔ yɛn nkwa ho ban no.”

Esiane ɔhaw ahorow yi nti, abakɔsɛm kyerɛfo Pardon E. Tillinghast ka sɛ: “Wiase no resakra ntɛmntɛm wɔ ɔkwan soronko koraa so, na nea efi mu ba no ma yɛn mu pii bɔ hu. Akwankyerɛ bɛn na abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo betumi de ama nnipa a wɔn adwenem ayɛ wɔn nãã nnɛ no? Ɛte sɛ nea wontumi nkyerɛ wɔn ɔkwampa biara.”

Ebia abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo ntumi nhu nea wɔnyɛ anaasɛ wontumi mfa afotu pa biara mma, nanso eyi nte saa koraa wɔ yɛn Bɔfo no fam. Nokwarem no, ɔka siei wɔ Bible mu sɛ, nna a edi akyiri no, “mmere a emu yɛ den bɛba.” (2 Timoteo 3:1-5) Nanso, Onyankopɔn ayɛ biribi foforo mpo a abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo ntumi nyɛ—wakyerɛ ɔhaw no ano aduru, sɛnea yebehu wɔ asɛm a edi hɔ no mu no.

[Ase hɔ asɛm]

[Asɛm a wɔafa aka wɔ kratafa 5]

“Ɛsɛ sɛ yɛhwɛ abakɔsɛm biara a ɛfa atumfoɔ . . . ho no yiye kɛse.”—MICHAEL STANFORD, ABAKƆSƐM KYERƐWFO

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 4]

Ɔhempɔn Nero

[Asɛm Fibea]

Roma, Musei Capitolini

[Mfonini ahorow wɔ kratafa 7]

‘Onipa adi onipa so tumi ma adan no bɔne’ wɔ abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu

[Nsɛm Fibea]

“The Conquerors,” by Pierre Fritel. Includes (left to right): Ramses II, Attila, Hannibal, Tamerlane, Julius Caesar (center), Napoléon I, Alexander the Great, Nebuchadnezzar, and Charlemagne. From the book The Library of Historic Characters and Famous Events, Vol. III, 1895; planes: USAF photo