Nnɛyi Aduruyɛ—Mfaso Pa Bɛn na Ebetumi De Ama?

MMOFRA pii sua biribi bere a wosusua no: Sɛ wobetumi atew aduaba a ɛbɔ dua nkɔn mu paa no a, gye sɛ wohuruw tra wɔn nnamfo bi kɔn ho. Biribi a ɛte saa akɔ so wɔ nnuruyɛ mu nso. Nnuruyɛfo a wodii kan no aboa pii ama nnɛyi nnuruyɛ anya nkɔso kɛse.

Nnuruyɛfo a wodii kan no bi ne mmarima te sɛ Hippocrates ne Pasteur, ne mmarima te sɛ Vesalius, ne William Morton—mmarima a yɛn mu pii nnim wɔn. Nkɛntɛnso bɛn na saa mmarima yi anya wɔ nnɛyi nnuruyɛ mu?

Tete no, na wɔntaa nnyina nyansahu so na ɛsa yare, na mmom na wɔde wɔn ho to gyidihunu ne ɔsom mu amanne so. The Epic of Medicine nhoma a Oduruyɛfo Felix Marti-Ibañez kyerɛwee no ka sɛ: “Na Mesopotamiafo fa nnuruyɛ ne nyamesom mu amanne nyinaa so . . . hwehwɛ ayaresa efisɛ na wosusuw sɛ anyame no na ɛde yare twe nkurɔfo aso.” Saa ara na na Misrifo ayaresa a edii ɛno akyi bae no gyina nyamesom mu amanne so. Enti, na wodi kan de ɔsom mu nidi ma nea ɔde ayaresa rema no.

Oduruyɛfo Thomas A. Preston ka wɔ ne nhoma The Clay Pedestal mu sɛ: “Gyidi pii a na tetefo no kura wɔ nnuruyɛ ho no wɔ hɔ de besi nnɛ. Na gyidi yi mu biako ne sɛ ɔyarefo no ntumi nyɛ ne yare no ho hwee gye sɛ osumanni bi de ne ho gye mu ansa na ne ho atumi atɔ no.”

Nyansahu Kwan so Ayaresa Mfiase

Nanso, bere bi akyi no, wofii nyansahu kwan so ayaresa ase kɛse. Onipa titiriw biako a na ɔsa nyarewa wɔ nyansahu kwan so ne Hippocrates. Wɔwoo no bɛyɛ afe 460 A.Y.B. mu wɔ Greece supɔw Kos so, na nnipa pii buu no sɛ obi a ofii Atɔe fam nnuruyɛ ase. Hippocrates na ofii ɔkwampa a wɔfa so sa yare ho akwankyerɛ ase. Ɔpoo adwene a ɛne sɛ yare yɛ asotwe a efi anyame hɔ no, na ɔkyerɛe sɛ nyarewa nni honhom mu nkitahodi biara. Sɛ nhwɛso no, na wofi bere tenten agye adi sɛ otwa yɛ honhom mu yare esiane sɛ na wogye di sɛ anyame no nkutoo na wobetumi asa nti. Nanso, Hippocrates kyerɛwee sɛ: “Ɛdefa nea wɔfrɛ no Honhom mu yare ho no: mibu no sɛ emfi anyame, na ɛte sɛ nyarewa foforo a ɛbɔ nkurɔfo a enni honhom mu nkitahodi biara, na mmom biribi pɔtee na ɛde ba no.” Afei nso, Hippocrates ne oduruyɛfo a odii kan huu nea ɛde nyarewa ba na ɔyɛɛ ho kyerɛwtohɔ sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a afoforo betumi ahu ho nsɛm daakye.

Mfehaha bi akyi no, Galen, Greekni duruyɛfo bi a wɔwoo no afe 129 Y.B. mu nso yɛɛ nyansahu mu nhwehwɛmu a ɛte saa ara. Galen yɛɛ nnipa ne mmoa mu nhwehwɛmu, na ɔnam so kyerɛw nhoma a nnuruyɛfo de dii dwuma mfehaha pii! Andreas Vesalius a wɔwoo no Brussels wɔ 1514 mu no na ɔkyerɛw On the Structure of the Human Body nhoma no. Esiane sɛ na emu nsɛm pii ne Galen nhwehwɛmu no bɔ abira nti, nnipa pii kasa tiae, nanso, ɛno ne nhoma a nnɛyi akwaa mu nhwehwɛmu pii gyina so. Sɛnea Die Grossen (Nnipa a Wɔagye Din), kyerɛ no, Vesalius nam saa kwan no so bɛyɛɛ “aduruyɛ mu nhwehwɛmufo a ɔwɔ din sen obiara.”

Eduu bere bi no, Galen adwenkyerɛ a ɛfa akoma no ne sɛnea mogya bɔ ho no bɛyɛɛ nea mfaso nni so.a Engiresini duruyɛfo William Harvey de mfe pii yɛɛ mmoa ne nnomaa mu nhwehwɛmu. Ɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu huu sɛnea koma mu akwaa a mogya fa mu no di dwuma, susuw mogya dodow a ɛbɔ fi koma no mu na ɔnam so huu mogya a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu. Harvey tintim ne nhwehwɛmu no wɔ 1628 mu wɔ On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals nhoma no mu. Nkurɔfo gyee ne nhwehwɛmu no ho kyim kasa tiaa no na afoforo nso sɔre tiaa no. Nanso, nhwehwɛmu a ɔyɛe no de nsakrae kɛse baa nnuruyɛ mu—wobehuu sɛnea mogya bɔ wɔ nipadua no mu no!

Na Oyi Ti San Yɛ Oprehyɛn

Wonyaa nkɔso kɛse wɔ oprehyɛnyɛ mu nso. Wɔ Mfinimfini Mfe no mu no, na wɔn a woyi ti na wɔtaa yɛ oprehyɛn. Ɛnyɛ nwonwa koraa sɛ ebinom ka sɛ Franseni Ambroise Paré a ɔtraa ase afeha 16 mu no—na ofii nnɛyi oprehyɛnyɛ ase a na ɔsom France ahemfo baanan no nso. Paré yɛɛ nnwinnade pii a wɔde yɛ oprehyɛn nso.

Nea na ɛhaw nnuruyɛfo a wɔyɛ oprehyɛn wɔ afeha 19 mu no ne sɛ wɔbɛma yaw a obi te wɔ oprehyɛnyɛ mu no afi hɔ. Nanso, wɔ 1846 mu no, William Morton a ɔyɛ sẽ ho adwuma no yɛɛ aduru a edwudwo yaw ano wɔ oprehyɛnyɛ mu.b

Wɔ 1895 mu, bere a na Germanni abɔde mu nneɛma ho nimdefo, Wilhelm Röntgen reyɛ anyinam ahoɔden mu nhwehwɛmu no, ohui sɛ hann bi a ɛwɔ tumi fa honamdua no mu nanso entumi mfa dompe mu. Na ontumi nhu baabi a hann no fi ma enti ɔfrɛɛ no X ray, edin a aman a wɔka Engiresi no de adi dwuma besi nnɛ. (Germanfo frɛ no Röntgenstrahlen.) Sɛnea nhoma a wɔato din Die Großen Deutschen (Germanfo Atitiriw) kyerɛ no, Röntgen ka kyerɛɛ ne yere sɛ: “Nkurɔfo bɛka sɛ: ‘Röntgen abɔ dam.’” Ebinom kaa saa nso. Nanso, ne nhwehwɛmu no de nsakrae baa oprehyɛnyɛ mu. Afei de na oprehyɛnyɛfo no betumi ahu nipadua no mu a wontwa honam biara.

Ayaresa Mu Nkonimdi

Wɔ abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, nsanyare te sɛ borɔmpete atu ahyeta na ama nkurɔfo abɔ hu na akunkum afoforo nso. Wobu Ar-Rāzī, Persiani a ɔtraa ase afeha a ɛto so akron mu no sɛ oduruyɛfo a ɔsen biara wɔ Nkramosom mu a odii kan huu borɔmpete ano aduru. Nanso, mfe ɔha akyi ansa na Britaniani duruyɛfo Edward Jenner huu ɔkwan a wɔfa so sa. Jenner hui sɛ sɛ obi nya mpete a egu anantwi—a ɛnyɛ hu—a, borɔmpete ntumi ngu no. Jenner gyinaa nhwehwɛmu a ɔyɛ faa mpete a egu nantwi ho yi so huu aduru a etumi sa borɔmpete. Eyi sii wɔ 1796 mu. Wɔsɔre tiaa Jenner kasa tiaa no te sɛ nea wɔyɛɛ afoforo a wodii n’anim no ara. Nanso aduru a ɔnam so yɛe no ne ade a awiei koraa no wotumi de ko tiaa yare no na ɛbɛyɛɛ ɔkwampa a wɔfa so sa yare no wɔ aduruyɛ mu.

Franseni Louis Pasteur nam nnuru a wɔde wɔ paane so saa nkraman ne anatwi yare. Ɔdaa no adi nso sɛ mmoawa bi na wɔtaa de nyarewa ba. Wɔ 1882 mu no, Robert Koch huu mmoawa a ɛde nsamanwaw ba, yare a abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo bi kae sɛ “edii awu kɛse wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so dunkron mu” no. Bɛyɛ afe akyi no, Koch huu mmoawa a ɛde kɔlera ba no. Life nsɛmma nhoma ka sɛ: “Dwuma a Pasteur ne Koch dii no maa nyansahufo huu sɛnea mmoawammoawa nketenkete de nyarewa ba ne ɔkwan a wɔfa so sa nyarewa a ɛte saa ne ahotew nhyehyɛe ma enti atumi ama nnipa nkwa nna aware asen nyansahu mu nkɔso biara a wɔanya pɛn wɔ mfe 1,000 a abɛsen kɔ no mu.”

Afeha Aduonu Mu Aduruyɛ

Wɔ afeha 20 no mfiase no, nnuruyɛfo gyinaa nkurɔfo a wɔn ho akokwaw na wɔwɔ nimdeɛ kɛse no nhwehwɛmu no so na wɔyɛɛ wɔn nhwehwɛmu ahorow. Efi saa bere no nnuruyɛ anya nkɔanim kɛse—insulin a wɔde sa asikreyare, aduru soronko bi a ano yɛ den a wɔde sa kokoram, aduru a wɔde ma nkwammoaa nya ahoɔden, nnuru a wɔde sa nsamanwaw, chloroquine a wɔde sa atiridiinini binom, nnuru ahorow bi a wɔde sa asaabo mu nyarewa, ne oprehyɛn a wɔyɛ wɔ koma mu, ne honam akwaa bi a woyi de foforo si ananmu, sɛ yɛbɛbobɔ kakraa bi a.

Nanso afei a yɛahyɛn afeha 21 mu yi, ɔkwan bɛn so na yebetumi aka sɛ wɔnam nnuruyɛ so rema “wiase nnipa nyinaa anya akwahosan a ɛsɛ”?

Botae a Wontumi Nnu Ho?

Mmofra nim sɛ sɛ wɔforo tra obi kɔn ho mpo a, ɛnyɛ aduaba biara na wɔn nsa betumi aso atew. Aduaba a ɛyɛ fɛ paa no bi bɛda so ara abɔ dua no nkɔn mu a wontumi ntew. Saa ara na nnuruyɛ anya nkɔanim nkakrankakra denam nneɛma pii a wɔatumi ayɛ so. Nanso, botae a ɛho hia paa—akwahosan pa a obiara benya—no yɛ nea wontumi nnuu ho.

Enti, wɔ 1998 mu no, Europa Nkabom Bagua No bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ: “Europafo nnyin nkyɛ na wonni akwahosan pa” Ɛde kaa ho sɛ: “Sɛ yeyi nnipa baanum si nkyɛn a, wɔn mu biako bewu bere a onnii mfe 65. Kokoram bekunkum nnipa yi mu ɔha mu 40, komayare bekunkum emu ɔha mu 30 . . . Ɛsɛ sɛ wonya ɔkwampa a wɔbɛfa so asiw nyarewa a ɛreba foforo no ano.”

German akwahosan ho nsɛmma nhoma Gesundheit bɔɔ amanneɛ November 1998 mu sɛ nsanyare te sɛ kɔlera ne nsamanwaw afi ase retrɛw kɛse. Dɛn ntia? Nnuru ahorow no “ntumi nkum yare mmoawa no bio. Anyɛ yiye koraa no, yare mmoawa pii tumi ko tia nnuru a wɔtaa de di dwuma no bi; na sɛ mmoawa no pae a, wotumi ko tia nnuru pii.” Yare dedaw pii a ɛresan aba no da nkyɛn a, afoforo te sɛ AIDS nso abɛka ho. German nnuruyɛ ho nhoma Statistics ‘97 da no adi sɛ: “Yenni ɔkwan pɔtee a yɛfa so sa nyarewa—bɛyɛ 20,000—a ɛwɔ hɔ no mu abiɛsa biara mu abien.”

So Awosu Mu Nkwaadɔm Foforo Betumi Asiw Ɔhaw no Ano?

Nokwarem no, wɔrenya nkɔanim wɔ ɔkwan a wɔfa so sa yare no mu. Sɛ nhwɛso no, nnipa pii susuw sɛ awosu mu nkwaadɔm a wobehu sɛnea wɔte no bɛma yɛanya akwahosan pa. Wɔ nhwehwɛmu bi a Oduruyɛfo W. French Anderson yɛe wɔ United States wɔ 1990 mfe no mu akyi no, wobegye toom sɛ awosu mu nkwaadɔm foforo a wɔde bɛma obi no yɛ “aduruyɛ kwan foforo a mfaso wɔ so kɛse.” Heilen mit Genen (Awosu mu Nkwaadɔm a Wɔde Sa Yare) ka sɛ ɛdenam awosu mu nkwaadɔm so no “nkɔso foforo betumi aba nnuruyɛ mu ankasa. Ne titiriw no, wobetumi afa saa kwan yi so asa nyarewa a ɛde besi nnɛ wonnyaa ano aduru no.”

Nyansahufo hwɛ kwan sɛ bere bi bɛba a wobetumi de awosu mu nkwaadɔm ama obi a ɔyare ma wanya ahotɔ. Wɔkyerɛ mpo sɛ wobetumi ama yare mmoawa a edi awu te sɛ nea ɛde kokoram ba no ankasa akunkum wɔn ho. Ɛnnɛ, wotumi yɛ awosu mu nhwehwɛmu hu yare ko a ebetumi abɔ obi. Ebinom ka sɛ biribi foforo a wobetumi ayɛ daakye bi ne sɛ wɔbɛyɛ aduru bi a ebetumi asakra sɛnea obi awosu mu nkwaadɔm te no. Nhwehwɛmufo bi a wagye din ka sɛ bere bi bɛba a nnuruyɛfo betumi “ahu nea ɛrehaw wɔn a wɔyare no na wɔde awosu mu nkwaadɔm a ɛsɛ asa wɔn yare no.”

Nanso, ɛnyɛ obiara na ogye di sɛ awosu mu nkwaadɔm betumi ama wɔanya ‘ayaresa ɔkwan biara so.’ Nokwarem no, sɛnea nhwehwɛmu bi kyerɛ no, ɛnyɛ obiara na ɔpɛ sɛ wɔyɛ n’awosu mu nkwaadɔm mu nhwehwɛmu mpo. Nnipa pii nso suro sɛ wɔn awosu mu nkwaadɔm a wɔbɛyɛ mu nhwehwɛmu no betumi anya wɔn nipasu so nkɛntɛnso bɔne.

Daakye na yebehu sɛ ebia awosu mu nkwaadɔm a wɔde ma ayarefo anaa nyansahu mu nkɔso a wɔanya no betumi ama wɔadi wɔn bɔhyɛ akɛseakɛse no ho dwuma anaa. Nanso, biribi wɔ hɔ a yebetumi agyina so ayi yɛn adwene afi anidaso hunu so. The Clay Pedestal nhoma no kyerɛkyerɛ nokwasɛm bi mu sɛ: “Aduru foforo bi ba, wɔbɔ ho dawuru kɛse wɔ nnuruyɛfo nhyiam ase ne wɔn nhoma ahorow mu. Wɔn a ɛnam wɔn so ba no gye din wɔ nnuruyɛfo mu, na nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔfo kamfo wɔn mmɔdenbɔ no kɛse. Anigye a wonya ne kyerɛwtohɔ a edi mu a wɔyɛ wɔ anwonwaduru yi ho akyi bere tenten bi no, wofi ase nya adwenem naayɛ bi wɔ ho. Afei wonya aduru foforo, ma enti amonom hɔ ara nea ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw no yɛ nea mfaso biara nni so.” Nokwarem no, bere kakraa bi a atwam ni no, na nnuru a nnuruyɛfo mfa nni dwuma bio nnɛ no yɛ nea edi mu.

Ɛwom sɛ wɔmfa nyamesom mu nidi mma nnuruyɛfo a wɔwɔ hɔ nnɛ te sɛ nea na wɔyɛ tete no de, nanso ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wobu nnuruyɛfo sɛ nkurɔfo a wɔwɔ tumi na wosusuw sɛ ɔkwan biara so no wobetumi afa nyansahu so anya adesamma nyarewa ano aduru. Nanso, awerɛhosɛm ne sɛ, wɔrentumi nnu botae a ɛte saa no ho. Ɔbenfo Leonard Hayflick ka wɔ ne nhoma How and Why We Age mu sɛ: “Wɔ 1900 mu no, nnipa a wɔwɔ United States no mu ɔha mu 75 anni mfe aduosia anum ansa na wɔrewuwu. Ɛnnɛ, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ nokwasɛm a ɛte saa no adan: nnipa bɛyɛ ɔha mu 70 di mfe aduosia anum ansa na wɔawuwu.” Dɛn na ɛde onyinkyɛ yi bae? Hayflick kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ “nea ɛmaa ɛbaa saa ankasa ne nnipa dodow a wowu wɔ mmofrabere mu a ɛso tewee no.” Ɛnde, fa no sɛ seesei nnuruyɛfo atumi asiw nyarewa atitiriw a ekunkum nkwakoraa ne mmerewa no ano—komayare, kokoram, ne mmubui. So ɛno betumi asiw owu ano? Dabida. Ɔbenfo Hayflick ka sɛ sɛ ɛba saa mpo a, “nnipa dodow no ara betumi adi mfe ɔha pɛ.” Ɔde ka ho sɛ: “Wɔn a wobetumi adi mfe ɔha no mpo renkyene boɔ. Ɛnde, dɛn na ɛbɛma wɔawuwu? Wɔbɛgow nkakrankakra kosi sɛ wobewuwu.”

Ɛmfa ho nkɔso akɛse a wɔanya wɔ nnuruyɛ mu no, owu da so ara yɛ ade a wontumi nyi mfi hɔ. Dɛn nti na ɛte saa? So entumi nyɛ yiye sɛ obiara benya akwahosan pa?

[Ase hɔ nsɛm]

[Asɛm a wɔafa aka wɔ kratafa 4]

“Gyidi pii a natetefo no kura wɔ nnuruyɛ ho no wɔ hɔde besi nnɛ.”—The Clay Pedestal

[Mfonini ahorow wɔ kratafa 4, 5

Hippocrates, Galen, ne Vesalius na wofii nnɛyi aduruyɛ ase

Nsɛm Fibeas]

Kos Island, Greece

Courtesy National Library of Medicine

Woodcut by Jan Steven von Kalkar of A. Vesalius, taken from Meyer’s Encyclopedic Lexicon

[Mfonini ahorow wɔ kratafa 6]

Ambroise Paré fii oprehyɛnyɛ ase, na na ɔsom France ahemfo baanan nso

Persian duruyɛfo Ar-Rāzī (benkum), ne Britania duruyɛfo Edward Jenner (nifa)

[Nsɛm Fibea]

Paré and Ar-Rāzī: Courtesy National Library of Medicine

From the book Great Men and Famous Women

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 7]

Franceni Louis Pasteur kyerɛe sɛ mmoawammoawa na wɔde nyarewa ba

[Asɛm Fibea]

© Institut Pasteur

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 8]

Sɛ wotumi siw nyarewa pii a ɛde owu ba no ano mpo a, nnipa bɛbobɔ nkwakoraa ne mmerewa na wɔawuwu