So Europa Aman—Betumi Ayɛ Biako Ampa?

SƐ ƐYƐ den ma wo sɛ wubegye adi sɛ Europa aman awe ahinam so sɛ wɔbɛka abom a, nea ehia sɛ woyɛ ara ne sɛ wobɛtra ahye a ɛdeda aman no ntam no bi. Seesei nkurɔfo tumi nantew Europa Nkabom Aman (EU) no mu baabiara a obiara nka wɔn hwee. Twɛn a na ɛsɛ sɛ obi twɛn wɔ aman yi ahye so kosi bere a wɔbɛma kwan ma watwam no nyinaa afi hɔ. Nokwarem no, akwantufo ani agye eyi ho—nanso ɛnyɛ wɔn nkutoo na wobenya eyi so mfaso. Seesei ɔman mma a wɔwɔ EU aman mu no betumi asua ade, ayɛ adwuma, na wɔabue nnwuma wɔ EU aman no mu baabiara. Eyi abue hokwan ama aman a wɔwɔ Kuw yi mu a na wodi hia no ma wɔanya nkɔso wɔ wɔn sikasɛm mu.

Ɛda adi sɛ tra a wotumi tra ahye yi a obiara nka hwee no yɛ nsakrae kɛse. Nanso, so ɛsɛ sɛ eyi ma yɛde asɛm no ba awiei sɛ Europa aman aka wɔn ho abom ma enti nkabom ho akwanside biara nni hɔ bio? Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, akwanside ahorow da wɔn anim, a emu bi mpo yɛ ahodwiriw. Nanso ansa na yɛbɛka eyinom ho asɛm no, momma yensusuw mmɔden akɛse a ɛde besi saa bere yi wɔabɔ de ahwehwɛ nkabom no mu biako ho. Wɔ saa kwan no so no yebetumi ate nea enti a nkurɔfo wɔ biakoyɛ mu ahotoso saa no ase yiye.

Sikasɛm Mu Biakoyɛ Ho Mmɔden a Wɔabɔ

Ahye a wɔbɛma atra hɔ no betumi ayɛ nea ne bo yɛ den. Bere bi a atwam no, afe biara na sika a aman 15 a wɔwɔ EU mu no tua wɔ ahyetra ho nhyehyɛe ho no bɛyɛ euro ɔpepepem 12. Ɛnyɛ nwonwa sɛ, nsakrae foforo a aba wɔ Europa aman ahye so no akanyan sikasɛm mu nkɔso. Sɛ wohwɛ sɛnea nnipa ɔpepepem 370 a wɔtete EU no mu no tumi tutu akwan kɔ amanaman so a obiara nka wɔn hwee na wodi sika koro no a, na ɛda adi sɛ wɔn sikasɛm ho nhyehyɛe no da nsow koraa. Dɛn na ɛmaa saa nkɔso no tumi bae?

February 1992 mu na aban mpanyimfo tuu anammɔn bi a ɛbɛma biakoyɛ aba, denam Europa Aman Nkabom anaa Maastricht Apam a wɔde wɔn nsa hyɛɛ ase no so. Saa apam no too nhyɛase maa aman a ɛwɔ Europa bɛyɛɛ biako wɔ aguadi mu, nyaa sikakorabea biako a ebedi wɔn sikasɛm ho dwuma, ne sika biako a wɔn nyinaa bedi. Nanso, na biribi foforo a ɛho hia wɔ hɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ: sika sesa bo a ɛkɔ soro ba fam a na ɛsɛ sɛ woyi fi hɔ no. Anyɛ yiye koraa no, bo a wobegyina so asesa sika ɔkyena no betumi aka aguadi nhyehyɛe a ɛbɛkɔ so nnɛ.

Wɔnam Sikasɛm Mu Nkabom Nhyehyɛe (EMU) a wɔde sii hɔ ne euro a wɔdaa no adi sɛ sika koro a aman a wɔwɔ Europa nyinaa bedi no so yii akwanside a na ebetwintware biakoyɛ ananmu no fii hɔ. Seesei wɔayi sika sesa nhyehyɛe afi hɔ, na ɛho nhia bio sɛ wɔbɔ nnwuma ahorow ho ban wɔ sika sesa ho asiane ho. Nea afi eyi mu aba ne nnwuma a wɔmmɔ ho ka pii nanso ebue amanaman ntam aguadi pii ho kwan. Eyi nso bɛma wɔabue nnwuma pii ma nnipa pii anya adwuma ayɛ—a ɛbɛboa obiara.

Europa Aman Sikakorabea biako a wɔde sii hɔ wɔ 1998 mu no nso yɛ ɔkwan biako a ɛho hia a wɔfaa so ma wotumi dii sika koro. Saa sikakorabea a Europa Aman no mu biara nni so tumi, a ɛwɔ Germany kurow Frankfurt mu no, wɔ aban biara a ɛka Europa aman nkabom no ho no sikasɛm so tumi. Ɛhwɛ sɛ ɛmma nneɛma bo nkɔ soro wɔ nea wɔfrɛ no Europa mpɔtam, a aman 11 na ɛwom no mu,a na ama euro no ne dɔla, ne yen no bo ayɛ pɛ.

Enti sɛ sikasɛm ba a, biakoyɛ kɛse aba. Nanso, sikasɛm koro yi ara na ɛma yehu mpaapaemu a ɛwɔ Europa aman no mu.

Sikasɛm Ho Nhyehyɛe Pii

Aman a wodi hia wɔ EU mu no wɔ wɔn haw ahorow. Wɔte nka sɛ aman a wodi yiye wɔ Europa aman nkabom no mu no mfa wɔn ahonyade no bi mmoa wɔn sɛnea ɛsɛ. Aman a ɛwɔ Europa aman nkabom no mu biara gye tom sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔboa aman a wodi hia wɔ Europa aman nkabom no mu no. Nanso aman a wodi yiye no susuw sɛ wɔwɔ ntease pa nti a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔtwe san.

Fa Germany sɛ nhwɛso. Anigye a saa ɔman no de yɛɛ sɛ wobetua Europa nkabom no ho ka biara no abrɛ ase seesei, efisɛ n’ankasa sikasɛm mu haw akɔ soro. East Germany ne West Germany nkabom no ho ka a wotua no nkutoo nna fam—wotua bɛyɛ dɔla ɔpepepem ɔha afe biara. Ɛno yɛ sika a wɔde di ɔman mũ no nyinaa ahiade ho dwuma no anan mu biako! Eyi ama ɛka a Germany de no akɔ soro araa ma ɛsɛ sɛ Germany bɔ mmɔden sɛ ebedu gyinapɛn a EMU de asisi hɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ ɔman bi du ho ansa na wɔagye no atom no ho.

Aman Foforo a Wɔpɛ sɛ Wɔbɛka EU Ho

Wɔn a wɔkamfo sika koro di kyerɛ no wɔ anidaso sɛ, bere tiaa mu no, EU aman a wonnya mmaa EMU mu no bedi wɔn akwanside ahorow so ansa na afe 2002 adu, bere a wɔde euro sika dwetɛ ne nkrataa besi sika ahorow a Europafo di no nnɛ ananmu no. Sɛ Britain, Denmark, ne Sweden gyae wɔn ho a wɔretwetwe no a, euro bɛba abesi pounds, kroner, ne kronor, sika a nnipa a wɔwɔ saa nsase no so di no ananmu.

Yɛrekasa yi, Europa aman asia na wɔpɛ sɛ wɔbɛka EU ho. Eyinom ne Cyprus, Czech Adehyeman, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, ne Slovenia. Aman foforo anum nso retwɛn sɛ wɔbɛba abɛka ho, na saa aman yi ne Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, ne Slovakia. Ɛrenyɛ mmerɛw sɛ saa aman yi bɛba abɛka ho. Wobu akonta sɛ efi afe 2000 kosi 2006 no, ɛsɛ sɛ EU de euro ɔpepepem 80 boa aman foforo du a wofi Europa Apuei fam a wɔabɛka EU ho no.

Nanso, sika a ɛsɛ sɛ aman foforo yi tua ansa na wɔatumi abɛka EU ho no boro mmoa a wobenya afi EU hɔ no so bebree. Sɛ nhwɛso no, ɛsɛ sɛ Hugary sɛe euro ɔpepepem 12 ansa na wɔatumi asiesie wɔn kar ne keteke akwan. Ɛho behia sɛ Czech Adehyeman no sɛe bɛboro euro ɔpepem 3.4 wɔ wɔn nsu a wobesiesie nkutoo ho, na ɛsɛ sɛ Poland sɛe euro ɔpepepem 3 ansa na wɔatumi abrɛ mframa a kar ne mfiridwuma wusiw sɛe no no ase. Ɛno mpo no, wɔn a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔkɔdɔm EU no te nka sɛ mfaso a wobenya no boro sika a wɔbɛsɛe no no. Ade biako ne sɛ, ɛbɛma gua a wɔne EU aman di no akɔ soro. Nanso, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔn a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔdɔm EU no twɛn kakra ansa. Sɛnea nkurɔfo kyerɛ nnansa yi no, ɛsɛ sɛ EU hwɛ toto n’ankasa sikasɛm wie ansa na ama afoforo kwan ma wɔabɛdɔm.

Menasepɔ, Ɔmampɛ, ne Adwuma a Wonnya Nyɛ

Mmɔden a wɔabɔ sɛ wɔbɛyɛ biako nyinaa akyi no, nneɛma foforo a ɛfa Europa Asasepɔn no nkɔso ho wɔ hɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔhwɛ di ho dwuma. Mmusua ntam ntawntawdi a wontumi nni ho dwuma te sɛ nea apaapae Balkan mantam no mu nso wɔ hɔ—nea edi kan ne Bosnia akodi no ne afei Kosovo ntawntawdi no. Aman a wɔdɔm EU no adwene ntaa nhyia wɔ ɔkwan a wɔbɛfa so asiesie akodi a ɛkɔ so wɔ Europa ne n’akyi no ho. Esiane sɛ EU nkabom aman no nni ɔman mmara biako a wɔn nyinaa di so nti, mpɛn pii no nea ɛbɛma aman a wɔdɔm no mu biara adi yiye no na aman no mu biara de di kan. Ɛda adi pefee sɛ, nea ɔman biara susuw sɛ ɛbɛma adi yiye no yɛ akwanside kɛse ma ‘Europa Aman Nkabom No.’

Europa wɔ ɔhaw foforo a egye ntɛmpɛ nso—nnipa pii a wonnya adwuma nyɛ. Sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, nnipa a wotumi yɛ adwuma no ɔha mu 10 na wonnya adwuma nyɛ. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ nnipa bɛboro ɔpepem 16 na wonni adwuma yɛ. Wɔ aman pii so no, mmerante ne mmabaa a wɔn dodow yɛ nnipa dodow a wɔwɔ EU mu anan mu biako no, abɔ mmɔden biara sɛ wobenya adwuma ayɛ nanso wonnyaa bi. Ɛnyɛ nwonwa sɛ nnipa pii te nka sɛ adwuma a wonnya nyɛ a wobesiw ano no yɛ asɛnnennen biako a Europa rehyia! Ɛde besi saa bere yi no, mmɔden a wɔabɔ sɛ wɔbɛma nnipa a wotumi yɛ adwuma no anya adwuma ayɛ no nyɛɛ yiye.

Nanso, nkabom no ho akwanside kɛse bi wɔ hɔ.

Hena na Ɛsɛ sɛ Odi So?

Tumidi da so ara yɛ Europa nkabom no ho akwanside kɛse. Ɛsɛ sɛ aman a wɔdɔm no ma wɔn adwene hyia na wobu wɔn ani gu ɔman ko a ɛsɛ sɛ edi EU aman no so tumi no so. EU botae ne sɛ ɛbɛhyehyɛ tumidi bi a ebedi Europa aman no nyinaa so. Le Monde ka sɛ, nhyehyɛe yi antumi amma mu a, ɛnde na euro a wɔde aba no bɛyɛ “bere tiaa mu nkonimdi bi kɛkɛ.” Nanso, ɛyɛ den ma aman a wɔdɔm no bi sɛ wobeyi ɔman ko a ɛsɛ sɛ odi tumi no ho adwene afi wɔn tirim. Sɛ nhwɛso no, EU aman no mu biako kannifo kae sɛ “wɔwoo ne man no sɛ ɛmmɛyɛ amanaman kannifo na ɛnyɛ amanaman kyidifo.”

Sɛnea ntease wom no, aman nketewa a ɛdɔm EU no suro sɛ awiei koraa no, aman akɛse no besisi gyinae ama wɔn na wɔapo sɛ wobegye gyinaesi ahorow a ebetumi ahaw wɔn ankasa yiyedi no atom. Sɛ nhwɛso no, aman nketewa no ntumi nhu ɔkwan a wɔbɛfa so akyerɛ aman ko a wɔbɛpaw de EU adwumayɛbea ti no nkorabata ahorow akɔ so. Eyi yɛ gyinaesi a ɛho hia efisɛ saa nkorabata ahorow yi na wɔbɛboa ma aguadi nhyehyɛe a ɛwɔ ɔman a nkorabata yi bi wom mu no anya nkɔso.

Bere a saa akwanside ahorow yi—sikasɛm mu ahokyere, akodi, adwuma a wonnya nyɛ, ne ɔmampɛ honhom—wɔ hɔ no, ebetumi ayɛ mmerɛw sɛ Europa aman biakoyɛ a wɔrepɛ no bedi huammɔ. Nanso, nokwasɛm ne sɛ, wɔatumi anya nkɔso bi a ɛyɛ nwonwa. Nkɔso ahorow a aka a ɛda wɔn anim de, yennim. Ɔhaw ahorow a egye wɔn a wɔrebɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛka Europa abom no asabawmu no, saa ɔhaw koro no ara na egye nnipa nniso ahorow no asabawmu.

So nniso bi betumi aba a ebeyi ɔhaw ahorow te sɛ mmusua ntam ntawntawdi, adwuma a nnipa pii nnya nyɛ, ohia, ne akodi afi hɔ? So nyansa wom sɛ yebedwen wiase bi a nnipa de biakoyɛ bɛtra ase ho? Asɛm a edi hɔ no de mmuae bi a ebetumi ama wo ho adwiriw wo bɛma.

[Ase hɔ asɛm]

[Adaka wɔ kratafa 6]

Wɔafi Ase Redi Euro No!

Ɛwom sɛ wɔde sika a aman a wɔdɔm Europa aman nkabom kuw de tɔ ade mprempren no bɛkɔ so adi dwuma akosi 2002 de, nanso wɔafi ase de sika foforo (euro) no redi dwuma wɔ aguadi nhyehyɛe mu dedaw a wɔnhyɛ da mfa sika no ankasa ntɔ ade. Saa sikasɛm nhyehyɛe yi abɛyɛ asɛm ama sikakorabea ahorow. Ɛde besi saa bere yi no, wɔama aman a wɔdɔm Europa aman nkabom kuw no ahu sika dodow a ɛsɛ sɛ wotua wɔ euro mu bere a wɔretɔ ade no. Nnwuma a wɔhwɛ ma afoforo tua sika kɔ nnwumakuw bi mu ma wɔnam so bɛyɛ saa nnwumakuw no wuranom no hwɛ sɛ wobetua sika no wɔ euro mu. Seesei wɔn a wɔtɔn nneɛma ne nnwumakuw pii tɔn wɔn nneɛma gye sika dedaw a Europa aman di ne euro nyinaa.

Aguadi a ɛte saa no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nsakrae pii—titiriw no ma wɔn a wɔn mfe akɔ anim, a wontumi mfa deutsche mark, franc, anaa lira a wonim no ntɔ ade bio no mu pii. Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ mfiri a wɔde bu nneɛma a wɔtɔ ne nsesa ho akontaa ne mfiri a ɛma wotumi yi sika wɔ sikakorabea wɔ simma kakraa bi mu no nyinaa foforo. Nea ɛbɛyɛ na saa nhyehyɛe yi atumi ayɛ adwuma yiye no, wɔayɛ dawurubɔ nhyehyɛe titiriw na aboa nkurɔfo ma wɔahu sɛnea wɔde euro a aba no bedi dwuma.

Ɛmfa ho nsɛnnennen biara a aka no, wobedi euro no. Nokwasɛm ne sɛ, wɔafi ase retwa euro sika no dedaw. Na ɛyɛ adwumaden ankasa. Wɔ ɔman ketewa te sɛ Netherlands, a emu nnipa bɛyɛ ɔpepem 15 mu mpo no, ebegye nnwuma a etwa sika no mfe abiɛsa ansa na wɔatumi atwa dwetɛ sika ɔpepepem 2.8 ne krataa de ɔpepem 380 ansa na January 1, 2002 adu. Sɛ wɔde saa sika yi nyinaa toatoa so a, ne tenten bɛyɛ sɛ kilomita 20!

[Adaka wɔ kratafa 7]

“Euro Ho Nsɛnnennen”?

Wɔ 1999 afe no mfiase no, ɛkaa kakraa bi ma Europa Bagua, boayikuw a ɛhwɛ Europa Aman Nkabom Kuw (EU) so no, hyiaa huammɔdi kɛse bi. Wɔbɔɔ bagua yi sobo wɔ amimdi, sikadi, ne nnipa animhwɛ ho. Wotuu boayikuw bi sɛ wɔnhwehwɛ sobo ahorow a wɔde abɔ wɔn no mu. Bere a boayikuw no de adapɛn asia yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛkɔ akyiri wiei no, wobehui sɛ Europa Bagua no adi sika na wɔayɛ nneɛma nso basaa. Nanso, boayikuw a ɛhwehwɛɛ asɛm no mu no annya adanse biara a ɛkyerɛ sɛ bagua no mu mpanyimfo na adi sika no.

Bere a boayikuw no de wɔn amanneɛbɔ too gua no, wɔn a na wɔwɔ Europa Bagua no mu nyinaa gyaee adwuma wɔ March 1999—ade a ɛntaa nsi. Eyi de ahokyere kɛse brɛɛ EU. Time nsɛmma nhoma no frɛɛ no “Euro ho nsɛnnennen.” Gye sɛ bere bi twam ansa na yɛatumi ahu sɛnea saa nsɛnnennen yi bɛka Europafo biakoyɛ no.

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 5]

Seesei ayɛ mmerɛw sɛ wɔbɛtra ahye a ɛwɔ Europa

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 7]

Wosii Europa Sikakorabea biako a edi wɔn sikasɛm ho dwuma a ɛwɔ Frankfurt, Germany no, wɔ 1998 mu