Koteā Te Tohi Massorétique?

TATAU aipe pe koteā te lea ʼo te Tohi-Tapu ʼaē ʼe koutou lau, ʼe mahino ko te koga ʼo te tohi neʼe fakaliliu, peʼe fakahagatonu peʼe ʼi hona tahi faʼahiga fulihi, mai te tohi Massorétique, ʼaē ʼe maʼu ai te ʼu Tohi Faka Hepeleo, peʼe ko te “Tauhi ʼĀfea.” ʼI tona fakahagatonu, ʼe lahi te ʼu tohi Massorétique. Koia ko te tohi fea ʼaē neʼe fili, pea koteā tona tupuʼaga? ʼI tona fakahagatonu, koteā te tohi Massorétique, pea e feafeaʼi hatatou ʼiloʼi ʼe feala hatatou falala kiai?

Te Folafola ʼa Sehova

Neʼe kamata te tohi ʼo te Tohi-Tapu ʼi te Moʼuga ʼo Sinai ʼi te taʼu 1513 ʼi muʼa ʼo totatou temi. ʼE ʼui fēnei mai kia tatou e Ekesote 24:3, 4: “Neʼe haʼu ia Moisese ʼo fakamatala ki te hahaʼi te ʼu folafola fuli ʼa Sehova pea mo te ʼu fakatotonu fakamāu fuli, pea neʼe tali fakatahi e te hahaʼi pea mo ʼui maʼa nātou: ‘Ko te ʼu folafola fuli pe ʼaē neʼe ʼui e Sehova, ʼe mātou lotolelei ke mātou fai.’ Pea neʼe tohi ai e Moisese te ʼu folafola fuli ʼa Sehova.”

Neʼe hoko atu pe te tohi ʼo te ʼu Tohi Faka Hepeleo lolotoga te ʼu taʼu e afe tupu, mai te taʼu 1513 ʼi muʼa ʼo totatou temi ʼo kaku ki te taʼu 443 ʼi muʼa ʼo totatou temi. Mai tona ʼaluʼaga ʼaē neʼe tuku age e te ʼAtua tona laumālie ki te kau tagata faitohi, ʼe mahino ia neʼe ina takitaki te ʼu meʼa ke feala ai he taupau fakalelei ʼo tana logo ke tuʼu agatonu aipe. (2 Samuele 23:2; Isaia 40:8) Kae, ʼe faka ʼuhiga ʼaki koa ʼe toʼo anai e Sehova te hala fuli ʼa te tagata ke ʼaua naʼa hoko he kiʼi fetogi ʼo te ʼu mataʼi tohi ʼi te ʼu hikiʼaga tohi ʼaē neʼe fai?

Neʼe Avahi Māmālie Te Matapā Ki Te Faihala

Logope ko te ʼu tagata, ʼaki he fakaʼapaʼapa lahi ki te ʼu Folafola ʼa te ʼAtua neʼe nātou hiki ʼi te ʼu taʼiake ki te taʼiake, neʼe ʼi ai te ʼu kiʼi faʼahiga hala neʼe maʼu ʼi te ʼu tohi ʼaē neʼe hiki nima. Neʼe maʼu e te kau tagata faitohi ʼo te Tohi-Tapu te laumālie ʼo te ʼAtua, kae ki te ʼu tohi ʼa te kau tagata hiki tohi neʼe mole ko he ʼu gāue ia neʼe takitaki e te laumālie ʼa te ʼAtua.

ʼI tanatou ʼosi liliu mai te ʼaunofo ʼi Papiloni ʼi te taʼu 537 ʼi muʼa ʼo totatou temi, neʼe taupau leva e te kau Sutea te faʼahiga tohi foʼou ʼaē neʼe fakaʼaogaʼi ai te ʼu mataʼi tohi ʼe tapa fā ʼaē neʼe nātou ako ʼi Papiloni. Neʼe ʼaumai ai e te fetogi lahi ʼaia te faigataʼaʼia, ʼaē ko ʼihi mataʼi tohi ʼaē ʼe tatau tonatou agaaga neʼe feala ke fai ai he faihala mo he tahi mataʼi tohi.* Mai tona ʼaluʼaga ʼaē ko te faka Hepeleo ʼe ko he lea ʼe ina fakaʼaogaʼi lahi te ʼu mataʼi tohi lalahi, pea ko te ʼu mataʼi tohi liliki ʼe hoki ʼai pe ia e te tagata lautohi ʼo mulimuli ki tana mahino ki te koga tohi, koia ko he fetogi pe ʼo he mataʼi tohi lahi ʼe faigafua pe hana fetogi te ʼuhiga ʼo te kupu. Kae ʼe lahi te ʼu ʼaluʼaga, ko te ʼu taʼi hala ʼaia neʼe maʼu pea neʼe fetogi.

Ko te koga lahi ʼo te kau Sutea neʼe mole toe liliu ki Iselaele ʼi te ʼosi tō ʼa Papiloni. Koia, ko ʼihi sinakoka neʼe liliu ko he fakatahiʼaga fakalaumālie ki te ʼu kautahi faka Sutea neʼe nonofo ʼi te Moyen Orient pea mo te Eulopa.a Neʼe ʼaoga he ʼu hiki ʼo te ʼu takaiga tohi ʼo te Tohi-Tapu ki te ʼu sinakoka fuli. ʼAki te fakalahi ʼo te ʼu hiki tohi, ʼe mahino ia neʼe feala ke hoko ai he ʼu hala ʼa te kau tagata hiki tohi ʼaia.

Ko Te ʼu Fakatuʼutuʼu Moʼo Molehi Te ʼu Hala

ʼI te kamataʼaga ʼo te ʼuluaki sēkulō ʼo totatou temi, neʼe faigaʼi e te kau sekelipa ʼi Selusalemi ke nātou fakatuʼu he ʼuluaki koga tohi, ʼaia ʼe feala ke fakatonutonuʼi kiai te ʼu takaiga tohi faka Hepeleo ʼaē. Kae, neʼe mole ʼi ai he fakatuʼutuʼu moʼo fakakeheʼi ai te tohi ʼuluaki pea mo te ʼu tohi neʼe hiki nima ʼaē ʼe tuʼu ai te ʼu hala ʼa te kau tagata hiki tohi. Kae, talu mai te lua sēkulō ʼo totatou temi, ʼe hage ia ko te tohi consonantique ʼo te ʼu Tohi Faka Hepeleo ʼaē neʼe fakatuʼutuʼu fakalelei pea mo fakahagatonu, logope neʼe mole heʼeki fakatuʼu maʼu ke hage ko ia ʼaē ke mulimuli kiai. Ko te ʼu palalau ʼo te Tohi Faka Hepeleo ʼe tuʼu ʼi te Talmud (ʼaē neʼe fakatahiʼi ʼi te vaha ʼo te lua sēkulō pea mo te ono sēkulō) ʼe nātou tau fakaʼiloga he haʼuʼaga kehe mo te tohi ʼaē neʼe liliu ki muli age ko te tohi Massorétique.

Ko te kupu “talatuku” ʼi te faka Hepeleo ʼe ko te Masorah peʼe ko te Masoreth. ʼI te ono sēkulō ʼo totatou temi, ko nātou ʼaē neʼe nātou taupau te talatuku ʼo te hiki fakahagatonu ʼo te ʼu Tohi Faka Hepeleo neʼe nātou logona ʼaki te higoa ʼaē ko te kau Massorètes. Ko te ʼu hiki tohi ʼaē neʼe nātou fai ʼe fakahigoaʼi ko te ʼu tohi Massorétique. Neʼe koteā te meʼa ʼaē neʼe makehe ai tanatou gāue pea mo te ʼu tohi ʼaē neʼe nātou teuteuʼi?

Neʼe mole kei liliu te lea faka Hepeleo ko he lea ʼe palalauʼi e te hahaʼi, ʼi te fenua, pea tokolahi te kau Sutea neʼe mole kei nātou fakaʼaogaʼi ʼi tanatou ʼu fai palalau. Koia, neʼe fakaʼalu ke puli te mahino lelei ki te tohi consonantique ʼo te Tohi-Tapu. Moʼo hāofaki ʼo te faʼahi ʼaia, neʼe fakatuʼutuʼu e te kau Massorètes ke nātou ʼai he ʼu voaiele ʼe fakaʼiloga ʼaki te ʼu points mo te ʼu traits, ʼaē ʼe toe fakahigoaʼi foki ko te ʼu fakaʼiloga. Neʼe ʼai te ʼu fakaʼiloga ʼaia ʼi ʼoluga pea mo lalo ʼi te ʼu consonnes. Neʼe toe fakatuʼu foki e te kau Massorètes te ʼu fakaʼiloga ʼe fakaʼaogaʼi ko he faʼahiga ponctuation pea neʼe toe ʼaoga foki he faʼahiga puʼaki totonu ʼo te ʼu kupu.

ʼI te ʼu faʼahi ʼaē neʼe hage ia ki te kau Massorètes ko te koga tohi neʼe fetogi peʼe neʼe mole tohi fakaleleiʼi e te ʼu taʼiake ʼi muʼa atu ʼo te kau sekelipa, neʼe mole nātou fetogi te koga tohi kae neʼe nātou tohi te ʼu nota ʼi te tapaʼi tohi. Neʼe nātou tohi te ʼu faʼahiga kupu pea mo te ʼu faʼahiga fakatahi ʼo he ʼu kupu ʼe mole fai māhani pea mo te tuʼa fia ʼo tonatou tuʼu ʼi he tohi e tahi peʼe ʼi te ʼu Tohi Faka Hepeleo katoa. Neʼe toe tohi foki mo te tahi ʼu fakamatala moʼo tokoni ki te kau hiki tohi ʼi tanatou sivisivi te koga tohi. Ko te ʼu faʼahiga “codes” ʼe tohi fakanounou, neʼe fakatuʼu moʼo fakamatala te logo ʼaia ʼaki he ʼu kiʼi kupu fakanounou pe. ʼI te tapaʼi pepa ʼaē ʼe tafa ki ʼoluga ʼo feiā mo ʼaē ʼe tafa ki lalo, neʼe tuʼu ai he kiʼi tānakiʼaga veliveli ʼo te ʼu koga ʼo te ʼu vaega ʼaē ʼe ʼi ai, ʼaē neʼe fakamatalatala ʼi te ʼu nota ʼaē ʼe ʼi te ʼu tapaʼi pasina ʼaē ʼi te ʼu faʼahi.

Ko te fakatuʼutuʼu ʼaē ʼe ʼiloa ʼaupito neʼe gaohi fakaleleiʼi e te ʼu Massorètes ʼi Tipelio, ʼi te Tai ʼo Kalilea. Ko te ʼu famili ʼo Ben Asher pea mo ʼaē ʼo Ben Naphtali ʼo te hiva pea mo te hogofulu sēkulō, ʼaē neʼe lagi ko te kau Karaïtes, neʼe nātou liliu tāfito ko he ʼu hahaʼi maʼuhiga.b Logope neʼe ʼi ai te ʼu kehekehe ʼi te ʼu faʼahiga fakatuʼutuʼu ʼo ʼuhiga mo te ʼu puʼaki ʼo te ʼu kupu pea mo te ʼu nota ʼi te ʼu tapaʼi pasina ʼaē neʼe fai e te ʼu kalasi ʼaia e lua, neʼe mole fakalaka ʼi te tuʼa hogofulu te kehekehe ʼo te ʼu consonnes ʼo tanatou ʼu tohi mo te ʼu Tohi Faka Hepeleo katoa.

Ko te ʼu kalasi ʼaia e lua ʼa te kau Massorètes, ʼo Ben Asher pea mo ʼaē ʼo Ben Naphtali, neʼe nā fai te tokoni lahi ki te ako ʼo te koga tohi ʼi tonā temi. ʼI te ʼosi fakavikiviki e Maimonides (ko he tagata poto maʼuhiga ʼo te Talmud ʼo te 12 sēkulō) te koga tohi ʼo Ben Asher, ko ʼihi neʼe nātou leleiʼia age te koga tohi ʼaia. Ko te tupuʼaga la ʼaē ʼo te mole maʼu he koga tohi ʼa Ben Naphtali ʼi te temi nei, ʼuhi ko te leleiʼia ʼaē ʼo te koga tohi ʼo Ben Asher. Ko te meʼa fuli pe ʼaē ʼe kei toe ʼo te koga tohi ʼa Ben Naphtali, ko te ʼu lisi ʼaē ʼe tuʼu ai te kehekehe ʼo te ʼu kalasi ʼaia e lua. ʼI meʼa faka fia kata foki, ko te fakamatala ʼa Maimonides neʼe tohi fakahāhā, ohage ʼe tuʼu fakavaha te ʼu palakalafe, pea neʼe mole fai ia ki te ʼu koga maʼuhiga ʼo te fakaliliu ʼaē ʼe totonu.

ʼE Feala Hatatou Maʼu He Tohi Massorétique ʼe “Maʼa”?

ʼE lahi te ʼu fihi ʼi te kau tagata popoto ʼo ʼuhiga mo te ʼiloʼi ʼaē peʼe ko te codex fea ʼaē ʼe maʼu ʼi te temi nei, ʼe ko te koga tohi ʼa Ben Asher ʼaē ʼe “maʼa,” ohage neʼe ʼi ai he tohi massorétique ʼe “moʼoni.” ʼI tona fakahagatonu, neʼe mole heʼeki ʼi ai ʼi he temi he koga tohi e tahi, pea mo “maʼa” ʼo te tohi Massorétique. Kae neʼe lahi te ʼu tohi Massorétique, ʼo tahi ʼalu pe mo tona kiʼi kehekehe. Ko te ʼu codex fuli ʼaē ʼe maʼu ʼi te temi nei, ʼe ko he ʼu koga tohi neʼe fio, mai te koga tohi ʼa Ben Asher pea mo ʼaē ʼa Ben Naphtali.

Ia ʼaho nei, ko te gāue ʼaē ʼe felāveʼi mo he tahi ʼe gāue ki te fakaliliu ʼo te ʼu Tohi Faka Hepeleo ʼe ko he meʼa fakaofoofo ia. ʼE mole tonu pe ke fakamāmāhani mo te tohi faka Hepeleo kae ʼe toe maʼua foki ke fakamāmāhani mo te ʼu koga tohi kehekehe fuli ʼe matatonu, e lagi neʼe fetogi ʼaki he hala ʼa he tagata hiki tohi peʼe ko he tahi faʼahiga meʼa age. Logope ko te ʼu tohi Massorétique kehekehe ʼe fakaʼaogaʼi ohage ko he fakatafito, ʼe ʼaoga ia kia ia ʼaē ʼe gāue ki te fakaliliu ke ina vakaʼi ʼihi matapuna ʼe maʼu e lagi ʼe nātou fakahā ai he ʼu fakaliliu ʼo te tohi consonantique.

ʼI te ʼu ʼuluaki palalau ʼo tana tohi The Text of the Old Testament, ʼe fakamahino fēnei e Ernst Würthwein: “Ka tou felāveʼi mo he koga tohi ʼe faigataʼa, ʼe mole feala pe ke tou tānaki fakatahi mai te ʼu koga tohi kehekehe pea mo tou fili te koga tohi ʼaē ʼe hage ʼe tou maʼu anai te puleʼaki ʼaē ʼe faigafua age, ʼo tou fili te koga tohi faka Hepeleo, pea ʼi ʼihi lakaga ko te Septante, pea ko ʼihi lakaga leva ko te Targum faka Alamea. Ko te ʼu koga tohi ʼaē ʼe fakaʼaogaʼi moʼo fakamoʼoni, ʼe mole tatau fuli tanatou tau mo te falala. ʼE tahi ʼalu pe te koga tohi mo tona faʼahiga tohi pea mo tona hisitolia. ʼE tonu ke tou fakamāmāhani mo te ʼu meʼa ʼaia mo kapau ʼe tou fakaʼamu ke tou fakamamaʼo te ʼu puleʼaki ʼaē ʼe mole totonu.”

ʼE tou maʼu te fakatafito mālohi ʼo ʼuhiga mo te falala katoa ʼaē ko Sehova neʼe ina puipui tana Folafola. ʼAki te ʼu faiga fakamalotoloto ʼa te ʼu tagata tokolahi lolotoga te ʼu sēkulō, kua tou maʼu gafua te kakano ʼo te tohi, mo te ʼu fakamatalatala ʼo te logo ʼa te Tohi-Tapu. ʼE mole he kiʼi fetogi ʼo he mataʼi tohi peʼe ko he kupu neʼe mole hona mafuliʼaga ki tatatou lava mahino ki te Tohi-Tapu. ʼI te temi nei, ko te fehuʼi ʼaē ʼe maʼuhiga age ko ia ʼaenī, ʼE tou maʼuliʼi anai koa te Folafola ʼa te ʼAtua, te Tohi-Tapu?

[Nota ʼi te lalo pasina]

[Paki ʼo te pasina 26]

ʼE maʼu ʼi te Codex ʼo Aleppo te tohi Massorétique

[Haʼuʼaga ʼo te paki]

Bibelmuseum, Münster