Ougarit—Ko He Kolo ʼĀfea Neʼe Tauhi Kia Paale

ʼI TE taʼu 1928, ko te meʼa fuli kele ʼa te tagata Silia ʼe gāue kele neʼe tuta ki te foʼi maka neʼe ina puipui te faitoka neʼe tuku ai te ʼu céramiques ʼāfea. Neʼe mole mahino kia ia te maʼuhiga ʼo te meʼa ʼaē neʼe ina maʼu. ʼI tanatou logo ki te meʼa ʼaia neʼe maʼu kae neʼe mole nātou ʼamanaki kiai, ko te kau kumi alekeolosia Falani neʼe takitaki e Claude Schaeffer, neʼe nātou folau ki te koga meʼa ʼaia ʼi te taʼu neʼe hoa kiai.

Mole tuai, pea neʼe maʼu te meʼa neʼe tohi neʼe ina faka fealagia ai ki te kau gāue ke nātou ʼiloʼi te ʼu toega kolo ʼaē ʼe nātou keli ʼaki ʼonatou tulele. Neʼe ko Ougarit, “neʼe ko he kolo maʼuhiga ʼi te kolo ʼāfea ʼo te Proche-Orient.” Neʼe ʼui fēnei e te tagata faitohi ko Barry Hoberman: “ ʼE mole ʼi ai nei he maʼu faka alekeolosia, māʼia foki mo te ʼu Takaiga Tohi ʼo Te Tai Mate, ʼe lahi age tona maʼuhiga ki tatatou mahino ki te Tohi-Tapu.”​—The Atlantic Monthly.

Ko He Felāveʼiʼaga

Ko Ougarit neʼe tuʼu ʼi te koga meʼa ʼiloa ko Ras Shamra, ʼi te ʼu matafenua ʼo Metitelanea ʼi te potu noleto ʼo Silia ʼo te temi nei, pea neʼe ko he kolo koloaʼia pea mo fefioʼaki ai te ʼu lanu kehekehe ʼi te ʼu taʼu lua afe ʼi muʼa ʼo totatou temi. Neʼe mafola te kolo ia kilometa e 60 mai te Moʼuga ʼo Casius ʼi te potu noleto ʼo aʼu ki te Sia ko Sukas ʼi te potu saute, pea ia kilometa e 30 ki te 50 mai Metitelanea ʼi te potu uesite ʼo aʼu ki te Vaitafe ʼo Oronte ʼi te potu esite.

Neʼe maʼuli lelei te faga manu ʼi te fenua ʼaele mokomoko ko Ougarit. Neʼe maʼu ʼi te koga meʼa ia te ʼu fulumeto mo te lolo oliva, mo te vino pea mo te ʼakau lelei ki te gāue tufuga ʼakau​—ko he meʼa ʼe mole maʼu ʼi Mesopotamia pea mo Esipito. Pea tahi ʼaē meʼa, ko te tuʼuʼaga ʼo te kolo ʼi te maga ʼo te ʼu ala fakatau koloā, neʼe ina fakaliliu te kolo ʼo kau ki te ʼu ʼuluaki taulaga lahi faka malamanei. ʼI Ougarit, ko te hahaʼi faifakatau mai Égée, mo Anatolie, mo Papiloni, mo Esipito, pea mo te tahi ʼu koga meʼa ʼo te Moyen-Orient, neʼe nātou fakatau te ʼu ukamea kehekehe, mo te ʼu meʼa mata, pea mo te tahi ʼu tuʼuga meʼa neʼe faʼu ʼi te fenua.

Logope tona koloaʼia, kae ko Ougarit neʼe ko he puleʼaga neʼe maluʼi e te tahi puleʼaga. Neʼe ko te kolo tali tau ʼaia ʼi te potu noleto ʼo te Puleʼaga Esipito ʼo aʼu ki tana hū ki te Puleʼaga Itite ʼi te 14 sēkulō ʼi muʼa ʼo totatou temi. Neʼe fakamaʼua kia Ougarit ke ina totogi he tukuhau pea mo foaki he kau solia ki te ʼu puleʼaga ʼaē neʼe pule kiai. ʼI te kamata ʼohofi ʼo Anatolie (Tulukia) pea mo te potu noleto ʼo Silia e te “Hahaʼi ʼo Te Tai,”a ko te kau solia ʼo Ougarit pea mo tana fua vaka neʼe fakaʼaogaʼi e te kau Itite. Ko te meʼa neʼe hoko, neʼe mole kei ʼi ai he puipui ʼa Ougarit, pea koia neʼe molehi katoa ʼi te lagi taʼu 1200 ʼi muʼa ʼo totatou temi.

Ko He Toe Lagaʼi Mai ʼo Te ʼu Meʼa ʼo Te Temi Kua Hili

ʼI te ʼosi molehi ʼaia ʼo Ougarit, neʼe kei toe ai te ʼu tuʼuga kele ko tona māʼoluga ko meta e 20 ʼo mafola ia eketa e 25. Ko te vaega pe e tahi ʼi te ono ʼo te faʼahi ʼaia kua keli. ʼI te ʼu toega ʼo te kolo ʼaia, neʼe maʼu e te kau gāue alekeolosia te toe fale hau mo ʼona koga fale e teitei teau, mo tona ʼu malaʼe, ʼo mafola ʼaia ia meta kale e 10 000. Neʼe ʼi ai te puleʼaki ki te faka hali ʼo te vai, mo te ʼu fale maʼanu, pea mo te puleʼaki moʼo fakaʼalu ʼo te ʼu vai ʼuli. Ko te ʼu meʼa kehekehe ʼo te fale neʼe teuteuʼi ʼaki te aulo, mo te maka maʼuhiga ʼe higoa ko te lapis lazuli, pea mo te ivoire. Neʼe maʼu foki mo te ʼu pano ivoire neʼe togi ʼo faigataʼa te mahino ki te meʼa ʼaē neʼe togi. ʼI te fale ʼaia, neʼe ʼi ai mo tona ʼōloto neʼe ʼāʼā mo tona tānakiʼaga vai neʼe tuʼu ai, ʼo hikihiki ai te matalelei ʼo te fale.

Neʼe tuʼu lahi ʼi te kolo pea mo te koga meʼa halafalafa ʼaia ia te ʼu fale lotu kia Paale pea mo Takane.b ʼI te ʼu tule ʼo te ʼu fale lotu ʼaia, neʼe ʼi ai te hūʼaga ʼe ina taki ki he koga fale loto ʼe tuʼu ai te paki ʼo te ʼatua. Ko te tuʼuga ʼe ina taki ki he fakaheketālaʼa neʼe takitaki ai te ʼu toʼotoʼoga kehekehe e te hau. ʼI te pōʼuli peʼe ʼi te temi afā, ʼe fakamū te mālama ʼi te tumutumu ʼo te ʼu fale lotu ke takitaki haohaoa ai te ʼu vaka ki te taulaga vaka. Ko te kau tautai ʼaē neʼe nātou lau ko tanatou liliu haohaoa mai neʼe tupu ko te ʼatua ʼo te afā ko Paale-Hatate, neʼe nātou fai tonatou mōlaga ko te ʼu foʼi tau e 17 ʼo te ʼu vaka neʼe maʼu ʼi tona sagatualio.

Ko He Maʼu Maʼuhiga ʼo Te ʼu Meʼa Neʼe Tohi

Ko te ʼu lauʼi afe lauʼi maka ʼumea neʼe maʼu ʼi te ʼu toega kolo ko Ougarit. Ko te ʼu koga tohi faka ekonomika, faka lao, faka puleʼaga neʼe maʼu ʼi te ʼu lea e valu, neʼe tohi ki te ʼu faʼahiga tohi e nima. Neʼe maʼu e te kūtuga ʼa Schaeffer te ʼu meʼa neʼe tohi ʼi te lea ʼo aʼu mai ki te temi nei ʼe mole heʼeki ʼiloʼi peʼe koteā te lea​—neʼe faka higoaʼi ko te lea faka Ougarit​—ʼe ina fakaʼaogaʼi te ʼu faka ʼiloga kehekehe e 30, ʼo lau nei ko te ʼu mataʼi tohi ʼāfea ʼaupito kua maʼu.

ʼO hilifaki atu ki te ʼu fakamatala ʼo te ʼu meʼa ʼe hoko ʼi te ʼaho fuli, ʼe tuʼu ʼi te ʼu koga tohi faka Ougarit ʼaia ia te ʼu tahi ʼu mālama foʼou ʼo ʼuhiga mo te ʼu manatu pea mo te ʼu aga faka lotu ʼaē neʼe fai ʼi te temi ʼaia. ʼE ʼiloga ia ko te lotu ʼi Ougarit neʼe lahi tona ʼu faʼahi neʼe tatau mo te lotu ʼa te kau Kanaane ʼi tonatou ʼu tafaʼaki. ʼE ʼui e Roland de Vaux, ko te ʼu koga tohi ʼaia “ ʼe nātou fakahāhā lelei te maʼuli ʼi te fenua ʼo Kanaane ʼi muʼa ʼo tona ʼohofi e te kau Iselaele.”

Te Lotu ʼi Te Kolo ʼo Paale

Ko ʼatua tagata mo fafine e 200 tupu ʼe tuʼu ʼi te ʼu koga tohi ʼo Ras Shamra. Ko te ʼatua lahi ko El, ʼaē ʼe lau ko te tāmai ʼo te ʼu ʼatua pea mo te tagata. Pea ko te ʼatua ʼo te afā ko Paale-Hatate neʼe “ko ia ʼe heka ʼi te ʼu ʼao pea mo ina taki” pea neʼe “ko te ʼaliki ʼo te kele.” ʼE paki ko El ʼe ko te tagata matuʼa ʼaupito, ʼe poto pea ʼe kaukava hina. ʼI te tahi faʼahi, ko Paale ʼe ko he ʼatua mālohi pea mo fia maʼu tuʼulaga, ʼe ina faigaʼi ke ina puleʼi te ʼu ʼatua fuli pea mo te malamanei.

Neʼe lagi lau te ʼu koga tohi ʼaē neʼe maʼu lolotoga te ʼu fakafiafia faka lotu, ohage ko te taʼu foʼou peʼe ko te taʼukai. Kae, ʼe mole ʼiloʼi lelei tona fakamahino. ʼI te tahi fakamatala fakatuketuke ʼo ʼuhiga mo te fihi neʼe hoko ʼo ʼuhiga mo te maʼu ʼo te tuʼulaga pule, ʼe mālo ia Paale ʼi te foha ʼofaina ʼo El, ia te ʼatua ʼo te tai ko Yamm. Ko te mālo ʼaia neʼe lagi fakatupu ai ia te maʼu ʼo te loto falala ʼi te kau tautai ʼo Ougarit, ko Paale ʼe ina puipui anai ia nātou ʼi tanatou feʼoloʼaki ʼi te tai. ʼI tana tau ʼo fakafeagai kia Mot, neʼe lavā ia Paale pea neʼe hifo ki te lalo kele. Neʼe hoko ai te taʼi laʼā, pea neʼe gata ai te ʼu gāue fuli ʼa te tagata. Ko te ʼohoana ʼo Paale, ʼaē ko tona tuagaʼane ko Anat​—te ʼatua fafine ʼo te manako pea mo te tau​—neʼe ina matehi ia Mot pea neʼe ina fakatuʼuake ki te maʼuli ia Paale. Neʼe fakapogi e Paale ia te ʼu tama ʼa te ʼohoana ʼo El, ʼaē ko Athirat (Ashérah), pea neʼe ina toe maʼu tona ʼu tuʼulaga pule. Kae neʼe toe tuʼuake ia Mot hili kiai taʼu e fitu.

ʼE faka ʼuhiga e ʼihi ko te fakamatala fakatuketuke ʼaia ʼe ko te fakatā ʼo te fetogitogi fasiga taʼu ʼi te taʼu fuli, ʼaē ʼe pulinoa ai te ʼu ʼua ʼaē ʼe nātou fakatupu te maʼuli kae hoko mai te taʼi laʼā ʼo te temi vela, pea toe liliu ki te temi fakatō lau. ʼE lau e ʼihi ko te ʼu taʼu e fitu ʼe fakapipiki ki te tuʼania ki te hoge pea mo te taʼi laʼā. ʼI te ʼu ʼaluʼaga ʼaia e lua, neʼe faka ʼuhigaʼi te tuʼulaga māʼoluga ʼo Paale ko he faʼahi ia ʼe maʼuhiga ki te fua lelei ʼo te ʼu faiga ʼa te tagata. ʼE tala fēnei e te tagata poto ko Peter Craigie: “Neʼe ko te fakatuʼutuʼu ʼa te lotu ʼa Paale, ke taupau te ʼuhiga māʼoluga ʼo tonatou ʼatua; koteʼuhi neʼe tui ia te hahaʼi tauhi ʼe fua lelei ai te kele pea mo maʼuli lelei te faga manu maʼa te maʼuli ʼa te tagata.”

Ko He Puipui Mai Te Lotu Pagani

ʼE ʼiloga lelei ʼi te ʼu koga tohi ʼe maʼu ake, ia te fakalialia ʼo te lotu ʼo Ougarit. ʼE fakamatala fēnei e te tohi The Illustrated Bible Dictionary: “ ʼE fakahā e te ʼu koga tohi te ʼu fua fakalialia ʼo te tauhi ki te ʼu ʼatua ʼaia; ʼe faka ʼiloga lelei ai te tau, te ʼu aga faka paomutu taputapu, te manako ʼaē ʼe fakanekeneke ai te ʼu holi fakasino pea mo te iku ai ki te pulinoa ʼo te aga lelei.” ʼE fakatokagaʼi fēnei e Roland De Vaux: “Ka kita lau te ʼu fakamatala fakatuketuke ʼaia, ʼe kita mahino ai ki te fakalialia ki te tauhi ʼaia ia te kau tauhi moʼoni ʼaē kia Iave pea mo te kau polofeta lalahi.” Ko te Lao ʼaē neʼe foaki e te ʼAtua ki te Iselaele ʼāfea neʼe ko he puipui ki te faʼahiga lotu hala ʼaia.

Ko te ʼu meʼa neʼe lahi tona fai ʼi Ougarit, neʼe ko te fai fakakikite, ko te lau ʼo te ka haʼu ʼaki te ʼu fetuʼu ʼo te lagi, ko te gaohi meʼa fakamanamana. Neʼe mole gata pe te kumi ʼo he ʼu fakaʼiloga ki te ʼu sino fakalaumālie, kae neʼe kumi foki ki te ʼu fuaʼi moa mahaki pea mo te ʼu toʼotoʼoga ʼo te ʼu manu neʼe matehi. ʼE fakamatala e te fafine fai hisitolia ko Jacqueline Gachet: “Neʼe ʼui ia, ko te ʼatua ʼaē neʼe mōlagaʼi age kiai he manu neʼe sakilifisioʼi ʼo mulimuli ki he ʼu naunau, neʼe ina tuku ifo tona laumālie ki te manu ʼaia. Ko te meʼa neʼe hoko ai, ʼaki te fakatokagaʼi ʼo te ʼu fakaʼiloga ʼi te ʼu toʼotoʼoga ʼaia ʼo te manu, neʼe feala he mālama ai ki te finegalo ʼo te ʼu ʼatua, ʼaē neʼe lau ʼe nātou tuku mai he tali, peʼe lelei peʼe kovi, ki he fehuʼi ʼo ʼuhiga mo he ʼu meʼa ka hoko ʼi te temi ka haʼu, peʼe ko te ʼiloʼi ʼo te aga ʼe tonu ke fai ʼi he faʼahiga ʼaluʼaga.” (Le pays dʼOugarit autour de 1200 av.J.C.) Kae neʼe tonu ke fakamamaʼo te kau Iselaele mai te ʼu taʼi aga ʼaia.​—Teutalonome 18:​9-​14.

Neʼe tapuʼi e te Lao ʼa Moisese ia te fai ʼo he ʼu felāveʼi fakasino mo he ʼu manu. (Levitike 18:23) Neʼe faka ʼuhiga feafeaʼi te taʼi aga ʼaia ʼi Ougarit? ʼI te ʼu koga tohi ʼaē neʼe maʼu, ʼe tuʼu ai ko Paale ʼe felāveʼi fakasino mo te pipi fafine kei mui. Neʼe ʼui fēnei e te tagata gāue alekeolosia ko Cyrus Gordon: “Kapau ʼe lau ko Paale ko tona sino ko te vitulo, kae ʼe mole feala ia ke tou palalau feiā ʼo ʼuhiga mo tana kau pelepitelo ʼaē neʼe nātou toe fakamaʼuli ia te fagana ʼaia.”

Neʼe fakatotonu fēnei ki te kau Iselaele: “ ʼE mole tonu ke koutou hifihifi tokotou sino maʼa he tahi kua mate.” (Levitike 19:28) Kae ʼi te mate ʼa Paale, ko El “neʼe ina hifi tona kili ʼaki te hele, pea mo ina hifi ʼaki te mataʼi tele; neʼe ina hifi tona ʼu kauʼahe mo tona kumukumu.” ʼE ʼiloga ko he hifi ʼo mulimuli ki he naunau faka lotu neʼe ko he agamāhani ia ʼa te kau tauhi kia Paale.​—1 Hau 18:28.

ʼE fakahā e te tahi fakamatala fakatuketuke ko he fakamoho ʼo he tao ʼe kei fāgai e tana faʼe neʼe ko he koga ʼo te naunau māhani ʼo te fanaunau ʼi te lotu Kanaane. Kae neʼe fakatotonu fēnei e te Lao ʼa Moisese ki te kau Iselaele: “ ʼE mole tonu anai ke ke fakamoho he ʼuhiʼi tao ʼi te huʼa pipi ʼo tana faʼe.”​—Ekesote 23:⁠19.

Ko Te ʼu Fakatatau Mo Te Tohi-Tapu

Neʼe ʼuluaki fakaliliu te ʼu koga tohi faka Ougarit ʼo fakaʼaogaʼi te lea faka Hepeleo mai te Faka Hepeleo ʼo te Tohi-Tapu. ʼE ʼui fēnei e Peter Craigie: “ ʼE lahi te ʼu kupu neʼe fakaʼaogaʼi ʼi te ʼu Tohi faka Hepeleo ʼo te Tohi-Tapu neʼe mole faʼa ʼiloʼi tona faka ʼuhiga; neʼe fai fakataufā te kau fakaliliu ʼi muʼa ʼo te 20 sēkulō. Kae ʼi te hā ʼo he ʼu kupu ʼe tatau mo ia ʼaē ʼe tuʼu ʼi te koga tohi faka Ougarit, neʼe hikihiki ai leva te mahino.”

Ohage la, ko te kupuʼi palalau faka Hepeleo ʼe fakaʼaogaʼi ia Isaia 3:​18 ʼe tautau fakaliliu ki te “meʼa faʼu ʼo te ʼulu.” ʼE ʼi ai te kupu faka Ougarit ʼe tatau mo te kupu ʼaia ʼe faka ʼuhiga ki te laʼā pea mo te ʼatua fafine ʼo te laʼā. Koia, ko te ʼu fafine ʼaē ʼe palalau kiai ʼi te lea faka polofeta ʼo Isaia neʼe lagi nātou kahoa ki he ʼu meʼa teuteu ʼe agaaga ko te ʼu kiʼi laʼā pea mo “te ʼu faiteuteu ohage ko te māhina” moʼo faka maʼuhigaʼi te ʼu ʼatua ʼo Kanaane.

Ia Tāʼaga Lea 26:​23 ʼi te tohi Massorétique, “ko te ʼu laugutu kakaha pea mo he loto ʼe kovi” ʼe fakatautau ki he ipu kele ʼe ʼaofi ʼaki “he sikoli siliva.” ʼE ʼi ai te fakaliliu faka Ougarit ʼe ina fakaliliu fēnei te fakatatau ʼaia “ohage ko he vanisi ʼi he kogaʼi ipu kua foa.” Koia neʼe fakaliliu fēnei ai te tāʼaga lea ʼaia e te Traduction du monde nouveau : “Ohage pe ko he sikoli siliva ʼe ina ʼuʼufi he ipu kele, ʼe feiā mo te ʼu laugutu kakaha ʼi he loto ʼe kovi.”

Ko He Koga ʼe Fufū e Te Tohi-Tapu?

ʼE lau e ʼihi tagata popoto ʼi tanatou ʼosi vakavakaʼi te ʼu koga tohi ʼo Ras Shamra, ko ʼihi koga ʼo te Tohi-Tapu ʼe ko he toe toʼo ʼo te ʼu koga tohi faka Ougarit. Ko André Caquot, ʼe kau ki te Institut de France, ʼe ina ʼui “ko te maʼuli faka Kanaane ʼe ko te fakatafito ʼaia ʼo te lotu ʼa te kau Iselaele.”

ʼO ʼuhiga mo te Pesalemo 29, ʼe fakamatala fēnei e Mitchell Dahood ʼe kau ki te Institut biblique pontifical ʼi Loma: “Ko te pesalemo ʼaia ʼe ko he fakaliliu ki te lotu ʼo Iave ia he hiva Kanaane ʼāfea neʼe fai ki te ʼatua ʼo te afā ko Paale . . . ʼE teitei pe ke lava maʼu fuli te ʼu kupu ʼo te pesalemo ʼi te ʼu koga tohi ʼāfea Kanaane.” ʼE feala koa he fakamoʼoni ki te ʼu palalau ʼaia? Kailoa ia!

ʼE fakamoʼoni e ʼihi tagata popoto ʼe mole faʼa lahi te ʼu koga ʼe tatau ai te ʼu koga tohi. ʼE tala fēnei e te tagata teolosia ko Garry Brantley: “ ʼE mole ʼi ai he koga tohi faka Ougarit ʼe ʼalu tatau mo te Pesalemo 29. ʼE mole ʼi ai he fakamoʼoni ki te ʼui ʼaē, ko te Pesalemo 29 (peʼe ko he tahi age koga tohi faka Tohi-Tapu) ʼe ko he fulihi ʼo he fagana pagani.”

Ko te tatau ʼo he ʼu faʼahiga palalau, peʼe ko he ʼu palalau fakatuketuke ʼe ko he fakamoʼoni koa ʼaia neʼe ko te faka Hepeleo ʼaē neʼe ina faʼao mai te koga tohi faka Ougarit pea ina lau leva ia ko he faka Hepeleo? Kailoa ia, ʼe ko he meʼa ia ʼe tonu ke hoko. ʼE ʼui fēnei e te The Encyclopedia of Religion: “Ko te tupuʼaga ʼo te tatau ʼo te ʼu faʼahi ʼaia heʼe ko te agaʼi fenua: logola te ʼu kehekehe ʼo te tuʼuʼaga ʼo te ʼu fenua, mo te kehekehe ʼo te ʼu temi ia Ougarit mo Iselaele, kae ʼe nā kau tatau ki he ʼu koga fenua ʼe tatau tona faʼahiga faʼu ʼo te ʼu palalau fakatuketuke pea mo te ʼu kupuʼi palalau faka lotu.” Koia ʼe ʼui ai e Garry Brantley: “ ʼE mole mata poto te ʼui fakamālohi ko he koga tohi faka Tohi-Tapu neʼe toʼo mai he akonaki pagani ʼuhi pe ko te fakaʼaogaʼi ʼo he faʼahiga palalau ʼe tatau.”

Pea ʼe tonu leva ke tokagaʼi, kapau ʼe ʼi ai he ʼu faʼahi ʼe ʼalutahi ai te ʼu koga tohi ʼo Ras Shamra pea mo te Tohi-Tapu, ʼe ko te faʼahiga faitohi pe kae mole ʼalutahi ia ʼi te faʼahi fakalaumālie. ʼE fakatokagaʼi fēnei e te tagata kumi alekeolosia ko Cyrus Gordon: “Ko te ʼu pelesepeto ʼaē ʼe maʼu ʼi te Tohi-Tapu ʼe mole maʼu ia ʼi Ougarit.” ʼI tona fakahagatonu, ʼe lahi maumau age te ʼu faʼahi ʼe kehekehe ai, ʼi te ʼu faʼahi ʼaē ʼe tatau ai.

ʼE lagi hoko atu anai te tokoni ʼa te ʼu ako faka Ougarit ki te kau ako Tohi-Tapu ke nātou mahino ki te ʼu agaaga faka fenua, faka hisitolia, pea mo he agaaga faka lotu ʼo te kau faitohi faka Tohi-Tapu pea mo te hahaʼi Hepeleo. ʼE lagi maʼu anai he tahi ʼu puani foʼou mai te tahi ʼu kumi ʼo te ʼu koga tohi ʼo Ras Shamra ʼo ʼuhiga mo te faka Hepeleo ʼāfea. Kae, ko te faʼahi tāfito ko te meʼa ʼaē neʼe maʼu ʼi Ougarit ʼe nātou fakahāhā lelei te kehekehe ʼo te tauhi fakavale kia Paale pea mo te tauhi maʼa kia Sehova.

[Kiʼi nota]

[Talanoa ʼo te pasina 25]

Ko te ʼu meʼa neʼe maʼu ʼi te alekeolosia ʼi Ougarit neʼe nātou fakalahilahi ai tatatou mahino ki te Tohi-Tapu

[Mape ʼo te pasina 24]

(Vakaʼi te nusipepa)

Puleʼaga Itite ʼi te 14 sēkulō ʼi muʼa ʼo totatou temi

MER MÉDITERRANÉE

Euphrate

MT. CASIUS (JEBEL EL-AGRA)

Ougarit (Ras Shamra)

Tell Sukas

Oronte

SYRIE

EGYPTE

[Haʼuʼaga ʼo te paki]

Statuette of Baal and rhyton in the shape of an animal’s head: Musée du Louvre, Paris; painting of the royal palace: © D. Héron-Hugé pour “Le Monde de la Bible”

[Paki ʼo te pasina 25]

Te ʼu toega ʼo te hūʼaga ʼo te fale hau

[Paki ʼo te pasina 26]

Ko he ʼu palalau fakatuketuke faka Ougarit neʼe toʼo mai ia Ekesote 23:19

[Haʼuʼaga ʼo te paki]

Musée du Louvre, Paris

[Paki ʼo te pasina 27]

Ko te maka fakamanatu ʼo Paale

Ko te pa aulo ʼe paki ai te kapu manu

Ko te tāpunu ‘ivoire’ moʼo fakamataleleiʼi te ʼu mata ʼe paki ai te ʼatua fafine ʼo te fanaunau

[Haʼuʼaga ʼo te paki]

All pictures: Musée du Louvre, Paris