Abantu Abaphila KomnyeUmmandla Wendalo—Baphi?
NGOKUTSHO kombhali wenzululwazi uIsaac Asimov, lo “ngumbuzo othi ngandlel’ ithile, wonakalise yonk’ into” kwabo bakholelwa kwizidalwa ezithile eziphila kwezinye izijikelezi-langa. Ekuqaleni oku kwaphakanyiswa ngowe-1950 sisazinzulu senyukliya uEnrico Fermi, mbuzo lowo owabangela impikiswano eyaqhubeka ngolu hlobo: Ukuba kukho abantu abakrelekrele abaphila kwezinye izijikelezi-langa kumnyele wethu wesibhakabhaka, ngoku bekufanele ukuba kukho abantu abaninzi abadala ngezigidi zeminyaka kunathi. Bafanele ukuba sebavelisa uhlobo oluthile lokuhamba ezinkwenkwezini kwakudala baza banda kumnyele wethu wesibhakabhaka, beseka amathanga yaye bekhenketha ngokukhululekileyo. Ngoko ke baphi?
Ngoxa zimbi izazinzulu zeSETI zivuma ukuba zakhwankqiswa ngala “mazwi aphikisayo kaFermi,” ngokufuthi ziphendula ngokubonisa ubunzima obebuya kubakho kuhambo oluphakathi kweenkwenkwezi. Kwanangesantya sokuhamba kokukhanya, siphakame sinjalo, bekuya kubathabatha oosomajukujuku iminyaka elikhulu lamawaka ukunqumla nje kuphela umnyele wethu wesibhakabhaka. Ukuhamba ngaphezu kweso santya kubonakala kuyinto engenakwenzeka.
Amabali enzululwazi abalaselisa iinqanawa ezitsiba zisuka kwenye inkwenkwezi zisiya kwenye ngeentsuku okanye iiyure ezimbalwa oko kuliphupha nje, akuyiyo inzululwazi. Imigama ephakathi kweenkwenkwezi mikhulu ngaphezu kokuba sinokucinga. Enyanisweni, ukuba sinokwakha into yokufuzisela isibhakabhaka sethu encinane kangangokuba ilanga lethu (elikhulu kangangokuba libe nokuginya imihlaba eliwaka) sinokulicutha libe ngangeorenji, umgama phakathi kweenkwenkwezi kuloo nto ingumfuziselo ngokomlinganiselo uya kuba phantse ziikhilomitha ezili-1 600!
Kungeso sizathu le nto ezithe izazinzulu zeSETI zathembela ngokupheleleyo koonomathotholo beteleskopu, zicinga ukuba ekubeni abantu abahambele phambili bengenakuhamba phakathi kweenkwenkwezi, baya kuzama ukufuna ezinye iindidi zezinto eziphilayo ngokwentelekiso ngendlela ebiza ixabiso eliphantsi nelula yamaza kanomathotholo. Kodwa sekunjalo amazwi kaFermi aphikisayo asazikhathaza.
Isazinzulu saseMerika uFreeman J. Dyson siye sagqiba kwelokuba ukuba kukho abantu abahambele phambili ngempucuko kumnyele wethu wesibhakabhaka, ukufumanisa ubungqina ngabo kufanele kube lula kanye njengoko kwakunjalo ukufumanisa imiqondiso yabantu abanobugcisa kwiSiqithi iManhattan kwisiXeko saseNew York. Umnyele wethu wesibhakabhaka ufanele uzaliswe yimiqondiso yabantu abahlala apho nezinto abazenzayo zomgangatho ophakamileyo. Kodwa akukho namnye okhe wafunyanwa. Enyanisweni, elinye inqaku elithetha ngalo mcimbi lathi intetho enjengethi “kuphandiwe, akwafunyanwa nto” ide yanjengeculo lecawa kwizazi ngeenkwenkwezi zeSETI.
Ukuqalisa Kwamathandabuzo
Iqela lezazinzulu liqalisa ukuqonda ukuba ezinye izazinzulu ziye zenza izigqibo ezininzi ezithembisayo xa zaziphethe lo mbandela. Izazinzulu ezinjalo ziza nenani eliphantsi kakhulu labantu abahambele phambili abaphila kumnyele wethu wesibhakabhaka. Bambi baye bathi kukho kuphela udidi olunye—thina. Bambi baye bathi ngokwemathematika akufanele kubekho nodidi olunye—kwanathi asifanele sibekho!
Isizinzi sokuba bakuthandabuze oku akunzima ukusibona. Oku kusenokushwankathelwa ngemibuzo emibini: Ukuba abantu abanjalo abaphila kweminye imimandla yendalo bebekho, bebeya kuhlala phi? Yaye baya njani apho?
Bambi basenokuphendula bathi kumbuzo wokuqala, ‘Kaloku, bebeya kuhlala kwizijikelezi-langa.’ Kodwa sinye kuphela isijikelezi-langa kummandla wethu wendalo ezikwaziyo izidalwa eziphilayo ukuhlala kuso, sesi sikuso. Kodwa kuthekani ngezijikelezi-langa ezijikeleza amawaka ezigidi ezinye iinkwenkwezi kumnyele wethu wesibhakabhaka? Ngaba zimbi zazo azinakuba zinezidalwa eziphilayo kuzo? Inyaniso ikukuba, kude kube ngoku izazinzulu azikabungqini ngokungathandabuzekiyo ubukho besijikelezi-langa esinye esingaphandle kommandla wethu wezijikelezi-langa. Kutheni kungenjalo nje?
Kuba ukufumanisa esinye kunzima gqitha. Ekubeni iinkwenkwezi zikude ngolona hlobo yaye nezijikelezi-langa zingenakukhanya kuzo, kwanokufumanisa isijikelezi-langa esikhulu esinjengoJupiter, kufana nokukhangela uhlalutye oluphezu kwebhalbhu emgama ekhanyise ngamandla.
Enoba izijikelezi-langa ezinjalo zikho—yaye kukho ubungqina obungangqalanga obandayo obubonisa ukuba zikho—sekunjalo oku akuthethi ukuba zijikeleza ngokungqalileyo inkwenkwezi ethile ekummandla womnyele wethu wesibhakabhaka kanye kumgama ofanelekileyo ukususela ezinkwenkwezini, ibe zona zinobukhulu obufanelekileyo yaye zikulungele ukusekela ubomi.
Isiseko Esingomelelanga
Kanti, enoba zikho izijikelezi-langa ezikwimeko yokuba zinganako ukuzimasa ubomi njengokuba sizazi, umbuzo isengulo, Babuya kuvela njani ubomi kuloo mimandla yendalo? Oku kusizisa kwisiseko senkolo yobukho babantu kweminye imimandla yendalo—indaleko.
Kwizazinzulu ezininzi, kubonakala kusengqiqweni ukukholelwa ukuba ukuba obu bomi bunokuguquka busuka kwizinto ezingaphiliyo kwesi sijikelezi-langa, oko kusenokuba njalo nakwezinye. Kunjengokuba omnye umbhali ekuchaza ngale ndlela oku: “Ingcamango eqhelekileyo phakathi kwezazi ngendalo ikukuba ubomi buya kuqalisa naphi na apho bukwimekobume ethile obunokuqalisa kuyo.” Kodwa kulapho imfundiso yendaleko ijongene nenkcaso engathethekiyo khona. Oonondaleko abakwazi kwaukuyicacisa indlela ubomi obaqalisa ngayo kwesi sijikelezi-langa.
Isazinzulu uFred Hoyle noChandra Wickramasinghe baqikelela ukuba amathuba okuvela kobomi ngamabona-ndenzile alingana nethuba elinye kwali-10 40 000 (isinye silandelwa ngamaqanda angama-40-000). Sekunjalo isazinzulu uFeinberg noShapiro bayasandisa esi sibalo. Kwincwadi yabo ethi Life Beyond Earth, bathi ithemba lokuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezingenabomi ukuze kuvelise izinto ezinobomi likumlinganiselo we-10 1 000 000. Ukuba bekuya kufuneka silibhale phantsi elo nani, eli phephancwadi uliphetheyo beliya kuba namaphepha angaphezu kwangama-300!
Ngaba ukufumanisa kukhwankqisa ukucinga ngala manani? Igama elithi “akunakwenzeka” kulula ukulikhumbula, yaye lichane kwaphela.a
Sekunjalo, izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zeSETI ngokuchwayitileyo zikwamkela ngovuyo ukuba ubomi babakho ngamabona-ndenzile kwindalo iphela. UGene Bylinsky, kwincwadi yakhe ethi Life in Darwin’s Universe, uchaza ngemigaqo ethile eyahlukahlukeneyo esenokuba imfundiso yendaleko iyifumene kuyo ingcamango yobukho beminye imimandla. Ucebisa ngokuthi iingwane ezikrelekrele, nabantu abaneezingxobo eziswini zabo, nabantu abangamabhabhathane abenza izixhobo zomculo asingobantu ekungenakucingwa ngabo. Izazinzulu ezaziwayo ziye zayincoma incwadi yakhe. Noko ke, ezinye izazinzulu ezinjengoFeinberg noShapiro, zibona impazamo enkulu kwingqiqo enjalo. Zibukhalazela gqitha “ubuthathaka obukhoyo kwiziseko zophando” kwinkqubo yezazinzulu mayela nendlela ubomi obaqalisa ngayo emhlabeni. Phofu ke, zithi sekunjalo izazinzulu “ziye zasebenzisa ezi ziseko ukwakha iinqaba ezinde ezifikelela ekupheleni kwendalo iphela.”
Unqulo Olungachananga
Usenokubuza uthi, ‘Kutheni izazinzulu ezininzi kangaka zizamkela njengeziyinyaniso izinto ezingenakwenzeka?’ Impendulo ilula yaye ibangel’ usizi. Abantu batyekele ekukholelweni kuloo nto bafuna ukuyikholelwa. Phezu kwalo nje ibango lezazinzulu lokungabi ngoovumazonke, azikhululekanga kule ntsilelo yoluntu.
OkaHoyle nokaWickramasinghe bathi “ingcamango yokuba ubomi babunjwa ngamandla athile akrelekrele” “ngomlinganiselo omkhulu” isenokuba yevakalayo kunaleyo yesizukulwana esivele ngamabona-ndenzile. Bongezelela ngelithi, “Enyanisweni ingcamango enjalo icace kangangokuba akukho mntu usiqondayo isizathu sokuba ingamkelwa ngokubanzi njengenobungqina obucacileyo. Izizathu zingokwengqiqo kunokuba zibe ngokwenzululwazi.” Ewe, izazinzulu ezininzi aziyamkeli ingcamango yobukho boMdali, nangona ubungqina busalatha koko. Kunoko, ziye zayila unqulo olulolwazo. Kunjengokuba ababhali abangasentla besitsho, imfundiso kaDarwin ithabathel’ indawo igama elithi “Thixo” ngelithi “Imvelo.”
Ngoko ekuphenduleni umbuzo othi, “Ngaba kukho abantu abathile abakomnye ummandla?” ngokucacileyo inzululwazi ayinikeli bungqina bokukholelwa kubomi obukwezinye izijikelezi-langa. Enyanisweni, njengokuba iminyaka iqengqeleka yaye kuqhubeka kuthe cwaka ezinkwenkwezini, iSETI iye yaziva ineentloni ngezazinzulu ezikholelwa kwindaleko. Ukuba iintlobo ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo zaziguqukela zisuka kwizinto ezingenabomi, ngoko kutheni singeva nto kule ndalo inkulu kangaka? Ziphi?
Kwelinye icala, ukuba lo mbuzo unokuthanani nonqulo, sinokuyifumana njani impendulo? Ngaba uThixo wadala izidalwa eziphilayo kweminye imimandla yendalo?
[Umbhalo osemazantsi]
a Ingcamango yendaleko ngokufanayo ineengxaki ezininzi. Nceda ubone incwadi ethi Life—How Did It Get Here? By Evolution or by Creation? epapashwe yiWatchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 8]
Ngaba Kukho Iindwendwe Ezivela Komnye Ummandla?
Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba umntu uyandwendwelwa, okanye uye wandwendwelwa ngaphambili, ngabantu abavela komnye ummandla wendalo. Izazinzulu ngokuqhelekileyo ziyayigatya le ngcamango; zivakalisa ukuba abukho ubungqina obubambekayo kuzo zonke ezi meko yaye zime ngelithi inkoliso yezinto ezibhabhayo ezingaziwayo (iUFO) zinokuchazwa njengenkqubo yemvelo. Batyekele ekukunxulumaniseni oku nemibandela engafikelelekiyo yengqondo yomntu osengxakini okanye into eyenzeka engqondweni okanye intswelo engokonqulo.
Omnye umbhali weentsomi zenzululwazi wathi: “Umdla wokuphanda nowokukholelwa kwizinto ezinjengezi phantse ukuba ngowonqulo. Sasidla ngokuba noothixo. Ngoku sifuna ukuvakalelwa kukuba asisodwa, silondolozwe ngamandla athile akhuselayo.” Ngapha koko, izinto ezithile ezibhabhayo ezingaziwayo zibonakala zingathi zezobugqwirha ngaphezu kokuba zezenzululwazi.
Kodwa izazinzulu ezininzi ziyakholelwa “kwiindwendwe” ngendlela yazo. Ziyakubona ukungabi nakwenzeka kokuba ubomi buzivelele emhlabeni, ngoko zithi basenokuba bawela apha emhlabeni ukusuka esibhakabhakeni. Zimbi zithi abantu abahlala komnye ummandla baye batyala kwesi sijikelezi-langa sethu ubomi ngokuthumela imijukujelwa. Esinye siye sacebisa ngokuba abantu abahlala apho baye batyelela isijikelezi-langa sethu kwiinkulungwane ezadlulayo yaye ubomi bavela ngamabona-ndenzile kwinkunkuma abayishiya ngasemva! Zimbi izazinzulu zizenza izigqibo zazo ngokusekelwe kubungqina bokuba iimolekyuli eziqhelekileyo zezinto ezingobomi zidla ngokubonakala esibhakabhakeni. Ngaba eneneni oko kububungqina bokuvela kobomi ngamabona-ndenzile? Ngaba ubukho bevenkile ethengisa izixhobo zokusebenza kububungqina bokuba inqwelo-mafutha ifanele ukuba yaziyila ngokwayo ngamabona-ndenzile apho?
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 7]
Enoba zikho ezinye izijikelezi-langa ekunokuhlalwa kuzo, ngaba bukho ubungqina bokuba ubomi bunokuzivelela kuzo ngamabona-ndenzile?