Ukuguquka Kwemilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Okuhle Ngokuhamba Kwexesha
“YINKQUBO yemithetho umntu ayilandelayo (okanye afanele ayilandele) kubomi bakhe bobuqu nobomi bakhe basekuhlaleni.” Leyo yindlela iEncyclopœdia Universalis yaseFransi elichaza ngayo ibinzana elithi “imilinganiselo yokuziphatha.”
Enyanisweni le nkcazelo isebenza kumntu wonke. Iquka ikholwa elilandela imigaqo yonqulo lwalo kwanomntu ongalandeli nayiphi na inkqubo yemithetho okanye unqulo kodwa enemilinganiselo ethile emkhokelayo kubomi bakhe. Kwanomntu oyianarchist, umntu othi ‘akanaThixo nankosi,’ uye wazikhethela imilinganiselo yakhe, ukuba nje unelungelo lokuzenzela izigqibo.
Kodwa le milinganiselo isekelwe enini? Ukhetho lwemilinganiselo enjalo lunaziphi iziseko? Ngaba iyaguquka ngokuhamba kwexesha?
Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Eyahlukahlukeneyo Yamandulo
Igama elithi “spartan” lisetyenziswa kwiilwimi ezininzi ukuchaza ukungabikho kokuzola. Eli binzana libhekisela kwiimeko ezingaginyis’ imathe ababefundiswa phantsi kwazo abemi abaselula besixeko samaGrike samandulo saseSparta. Bohluliwe kubazali babo besebancinane, kwafuneka ukuba bafunde ukuthobela okupheleleyo. Injongo yale mfundiso yayikukubenza ukuba babe ngamajoni asulungekileyo.
Abanye abantu balandela imigaqo yokuziphatha eyahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, uSirayeli wamandulo wayenengqokelela yemithetho uThixo awayinikela kuMoses. Loo mithetho yayiquka izalelo kwizinto ezithile ngokuphathelele ukutya, umzimba kabani, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha nengokomoya. Kwakufuneka amaSirayeli anqule uYehova uThixo yedwa.
Ngokuphathelele ukuziphatha ngokwesini, umthetho kaMoses wawukwalela ngokungqongqo ukuhenyuza, ukukrexeza, ubufanasini nokuba neentlobano zesini nesilwanyana. Injongo yoku yayikukuwahlula amaSirayeli kubamelwane bawo, kungekuphela nje ngokonqulo kodwa kwanangokuziphatha. Oku kwakungenxa yokuba abantu abaninzi ababengqonge amaSirayeli babeqhelisela unqulo lwesini olulihlazo nolonakalisayo, kuquka noonongogo abangamadoda nabangamabhinqa ababesezitempileni. Bambi babede banikele ngabantwana babo njengamadini koothixo babo bobuxoki.
Ngenkulungwane yokuqala yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo, umthetho owawiswa libhunga labapostile nabadala abangamaKristu eYerusalem wawayalela amaKristu ukuba alandele imigaqo efanayo yokuziphatha esisiseko njengamaYuda, uwaxelela ukuba ‘azile uhenyuzo.’ Ngokutsho kweDictionnaire de la Bible kaVigouroux, lo myalelo wawubaluleke gqitha, njengoko uhenyuzo lwaluyinto eqhelekileyo phakathi kwabahedeni ngelo xesha.—IZenzo 15:29.
Ukuguquguquka kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kuye kwaqhubeka ukutyhubela imbali, kukho amaxesha athile ekwakusamkelwa nayiphi na ngawo nathile awayenemithetho engqongqo yokuziphatha. Ubufanasini, obabugatywa ngokungqongqo ngamaXesha Aphakathi, phantse ukuba babusamkelwa ebudeni beXesha Lovuselelo eYurophu. ESwitzerland, xa uCalvin waba ngummi waseGeneva ebudeni benkqubo yoHlaziyo, wamisela ixesha lemithetho engqongqo yokuziphatha. Kwelinye icala, eminyakeni enokuba ngama-200 kamva, ixesha leMvukelo yaseFransi layenza yasemthethweni imilinganiselo yokuziphatha eyayigatywa ngaphambili. Yayixhasa “inkululeko yokuziphatha” yaza yakwenza kwalula ukuqhawula umtshato.
Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Eyahlukahlukeneyo Yanamhla
Namhlanje, kwanakwibutho elinye labantu, abantu banemilinganiselo eyahlukahlukeneyo yokuziphatha. Kukho abo bakhuthaza imithetho engqongqo yokuziphatha, ngoxa abanye bekhuthaza “inkululeko” yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.
Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha iye yaguquka ngokukhawuleza. Incwadi yesiFrentshi ethi Francoscopie ithi, “Kwinkoliso yabantu baseFransi, ukukrexeza kunentsingiselo engqalileyo. Kubi yaye kuchasene nemilinganiselo efanelekileyo yokuziphatha.” Noko ke, kwalo mthombo mnye uthi kwabanye abaninzi “ukungathembeki emtshatweni akusagqalwa njengendlela yokubaleka imeko enzima kodwa kunjengelungelo, ilungelo elingathandabuzisi ukuthandana kwesibini eso, kodwa, ngokwahlukileyo koko, kufanele kukukhulise yaye kukomeleze.”
Ukuqhomfa kungomnye umbandela ekuye kuwo imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yaguquka ngokukhawuleza. Ngoxa ukuqhomfa kuselulwaphulo-mthetho kumazwe athile, kuyanyanyezelwa—de kukhuthazwe—kwamanye. Kubangel’ umdla ukuphawula ukuba uMbutho Wezonyango waseFransi wawukugqala ukuqhomfa kululwaphumlo-mthetho de kwavunywa ngokusemthethweni ngowe-1974. Namhlanje, abantu abaninzi baseFransi bakugqala kuyindlela eyamkelekileyo yokuziphatha.
Kanti, imilinganiselo enjalo yokuziphatha isekelwe entwenini? Ngaba imilinganiselo yethu yokuziphatha ifanele ibe yinto nje engabalulekanga nethi iguquguqulwe ngokweemeko?
Umntu Uye Wazimisela Eyakhe Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha
Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, izithandi zobulumko ziye zavelisa iingcamango ezininzi ukuzama ukuphendula imibuzo enjalo. Zimbi ziye zacebisa ukuba kumiselwe ‘ingqokelela yemithetho yokuziphatha esebenza kumntu wonke’ kodwa azivumelani ukuba yimilinganiselo kabani efanele isetyenziswe.
Abanye baye bavakalelwa kukuba uphawu lokuxhalabela omnye umntu lufanele lukhokele indlela ubani aziphatha ngayo. Kodwa oko omnye akugqala kuluphawu olufanelekileyo lokuxhalabela abanye kusenokungagqalwa ngaloo ndlela ngomnye. Ngokomzekelo, kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi abantu ababenamakhoboka babekugqala kuyinkxalabo efanelekileyo ukuwondla nokuwanika izindlu amakhoboka abo, kodwa amakhoboka ayevakalelwa kukuba inkxalabo efanelekileyo ifanele iphumele ekubeni akhululwe kubukhoboka.
Alithandabuzeki elokuba iimbono ezahlukahlukeneyo nezidla ngokungqubana zezithandi zobulumko eziphathelele imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ziye zabadida abantu abaninzi. Iingcamango zazo azivelisanga milinganiselo ifanayo yokuziphatha, yaye ubuciko bazo abukhange bukhokelele kuxolo nakumanyano lwentsapho yoluntu. Kunoko, iingcamango zazo ezininzi nezingqubanayo ziye zakhokelela abantu abaninzi bafikelele kwisigqibo sokuba imilinganiselo yobuqu yokuziphatha ifaneleke kanye njengaleyo ‘yeengcaphephe.’
Kungoko abaninzi namhlanje baye bamkela imbono yesithandi sobulumko saseFransi uJean-Paul Sartre, owayevakalelwa kukuba umntu ufanele azigwebele ngokwakhe ngemibandela yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Le ndlela yokucinga iye yamkelwa nangamalungu amaninzi ecawa. Ngokomzekelo, iziphatha-mandla zamaKatolika zinxunguphele ngenxa yokuba amaKatolika amaninzi awasazilandeli iimfundiso zecawa ngemibandela engokwesini yaye asebenzisa izinto zokuthintela ukukhawula ezingamkelwayo yicawa.
Into esiyifunda kwimbali kukuba abantu baye bamisela imithetho eyahlukahlukeneyo yokuziphatha, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha loo mithetho iye yathandatyuzwa, yaguqulwa, okanye yalityalwa. Noko ke, imigaqo yeBhayibhile ekhankanywe ngaphambilana kweli nqaku ayinakuthanani neengcamango zezithandi zobulumko nokuguquguquka kwebutho labantu. Imigaqo enjalo yeBhayibhile ibaluleke kangakanani namhlanje? Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuyilandela?
[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 7]
“UKUNGATHEMBEKI EMTSHATWENI AKUSAGQALWA NJENGENDLELA YOKUBALEKA IMEKO ENZIMA KODWA NJENGELUNGELO”