Ubukumkani Obakhelwe Kwintlabathi, Kwioli Nakunqulo

LILIPHI ilizwe elikhulu ngokulingana neNtshona Yurophu, elinabemi abazizigidi ezili-12 kuphela, neliphantse layintlango lonke? Bubuphi ubukumkani obamiswa ngowe-1932, obafumana intabalala yeoli ngowe-1938, nobaba ngumvelisi wesithathu ehlabathini weoli ekrwada? Bubuphi ubukumkani obusebenzisa iKoran njengencwadi yabo yomgaqo-siseko nekumi kubo ezona zixeko zibini zihlonelwa kakhulu nezindlu zonqulo zamaSilamsi?

Impendulo kuyo yonke le mibuzo ithi buBukumkani baseSaudi Arabia, obulawulwa nguKumkani Fahd Bin Abdul Aziz. Bunezikwe-khilomitha ezizi-2 240-​000, buzalise phantse wonke usingasiqithi yeArabia, kukho uLwandle Olubomvu entshona, uLwandle lweArabia emzantsi, neNyoba yeArabia empuma.

Ndaba nomdla njani kweli lizwe lama-Arabhu? Ndabona kwiphephandaba isimemo kumboniso okwisiXeko saseNew York owawuxhaswe ngurhulumente waseSaudi Arabia. Ndaba nomdla kakhulu wokwazi okungakumbi ngale mpucuko nendlela yokuphila eyahlukileyo. Yaye ekubeni ngokunokwenzeka ndandingenakuze ndiye eSaudi Arabia, kutheni ndingavumeli iSaudi Arabia ize kum?

ISaudi Arabia​—⁠Endala Nentsha

Ndakuba ndinyathele kwindawo yomboniso, ndaqonda ukuba yonke into iye yayilelwa ukwenza abantu bavakalelwe kakuhle ngeli lizwe laseArabia. Kuyo yonke indawo kwakukho abafundi baseyunivesithi baseSaudi abahlala eUnited States abangababonisi abanolwazi kakuhle kuloo mboniso. Bonke babenxibe ithobe eqhelekileyo, isambatho eside, esimhlophe esiwunduzelayo nesifikelela ezinyaweni. Kwakhona ngamnye wayenxibe ighutra enemigca enqamlezileyo ebomvu nemhlophe, okanye ilaphu lasentloko, elibanjwe yintambo emnyama ephindwe kabini. Bonke babesithetha kakuhle isiNgesi yaye babenesimilo ngakumbi ekuphenduleni nawuphi na umbuzo obuzwa ndim okanye nangubani na ongomnye.

Emva kokuba ndingene kwigunjana elingasemnyango elikhanyiswe luzizi, elalinemifanekiso yentsapho yasebukhosini yaseSaudi kunye nentetho yemiboniso emininzi yezinto zaseSaudi Arabia, ngokulandelayo ndaya kwindawo eyayibonisa indlela aphila ngayo ama-Arabhu angokwesithethe nama-Arabhu ahambahambayo. Intente emnyama yama-Arabhu ahambahambayo yayiboniswe kunye nezixhobo azisebenzisayo njengoko ehamba emisa iintente. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuhambela phambili kwezobugcisa kwezi mini, indlela yokuphila yama-Arabhu ahambahambayo, nobubele bawo obudumileyo, iyaphela.

Kwicandelo elilandelayo lokhenketho kwakukho izinto ezazikhumbuza impembelelo enamandla yonqulo nelawula ubomi baseSaudi Arabia​—⁠unqulo lwamaSilamsi.a

IMecca, IKaaba NeKoran

Incwadi engcwele yobuSilamsi, iKoran, “igqalwa iyequlethe umgaqo-siseko [weSaudi Arabia] nenikela imilinganiselo elawulayo nokhokelo,” itsho njalo incwadana yaseburhulumenteni. Enye incwadana ithi: “UBukumkani busekela iinkqubo zabo zasekuhlaleni, zobupolitika nezoqoqosho ngolwazi lweemfundiso zobuSilamsi.” Ngoxa kwakukho imibhalo eliqela ebhalwe ngesandla yeKoran eyayibonisiwe, umxholo oyintloko weli candelo yayisisixeko esihanjelwa ngokonqulo lokuya kwisixeko iMecca (iMakka, ngesiArabhu) kunye nendawo yaso yokunqula enkulu neKaaba embindini. Ezo zazizotywe ngemifanekiso emikhulu.

IKaaba, isakhiwo esikhulu esime okwetyhubhu esenziwe ngelitye nesigqunywe ngelaphu elimnyama, elisindayo ichazwe yimpapasho yamaSilamsi ‘njengendawo yonqulo uThixo awayalela uAbraham noIshmayeli ukuba bayakhe kwiminyaka engaphezu kwamawaka amane eyadlulayo.’b Ngaloo ndlela ubuSilamsi (obaqaliswa ngumprofeti uMuḥammad ngenkulungwane yesixhenxe yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo) buzibanga bunxulumene noAbraham, usolusapho ongumanduleli wobuYuda nobuKristu. Ngoko ke buyenye yeenkqubo zonqulo ezinkulu nezintathu ezikholelwa kubukho boThixo omnye.

Eneneni iKaaba imi kumbindi webala elikhulu eliphandle elenza inxalenye yendawo enkulu yokunqula yaseMecca. Kuhambo lonqulo (ḥajj), lwaminyaka le amaSilamsi angaphezu kwesigidi athontelana apho ukuya kuthandaza nokuya kujikeleza iKaaba izihlandlo ezisixhenxe. UmSilamsi ngamnye onomzimba owomeleleyo ukugqala kuyimfanelo yakhe ukuthabatha olu hambo ubuncinane kanye ebomini bakhe. Kulo mboniso kwakukwakho umfanekiso wendawo enkulu yokunqula yamaSilamsi eseMedina (eMadinah, ngesiArabhu), indawo awangcwatywa kuyo uMuḥammad.

Okwakubangel’ umdla ngakumbi yayiziingcango ezinzima ezihonjiswe kakhulu zeKaaba ezazibonisiwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngamaSilamsi kuphela azibonayo ezi ngcango, ekubeni ingawo kuphela avunyelweyo ukuba angene kwindawo yokunqula yawo eMecca. Kwakunzima ukukholwa ukuba zaziziintlobo zokuqala de umbonisi wachaza ukuba zaziziingcango ezazisetyenziswa ukususela ngowe-1942 kuse kowe-1982, xa zathatyathelwa indawo zezintsha. Zenziwe ngegolide nesilivere yaye zihonjiswe ngamacwecwe egolide aneendinyana ezicatshulwe kwiKoran ezikrolwe ngesiArabhu. Kudonga olukufuphi kwakujinga ikiswah, okanye umkhusane omnyama osindayo, osetyenziselwa ukugquma iKaaba, ehonjiswe ngemibhalo engakumbi yegolide ecatshulwe kwiKoran.

Ubomi Bezi Mini ESaudi Arabia

Ekuqhubekeni kwam nokhenketho, ndabona ukwakhiwa kwezitrato zalapho, amagcisa esaluka iinkukho yaye amanye ekhanda intsimbi esenza izinto zasekhaya. Amanye amagcisa ayesebenza ngesikhumba esenza iimbadada zama-Arabhu. Elinye lalisenza izindlu zeentaka zomthi. Kanti elinye lalibumba iimbiza nezitya zomdongwe kwivili lokubumba eliqhutywa ngonyawo.

Ekugqibeleni ndafika kwicandelo elalibalaselisa ukuhambela phambili kweSaudi Arabia yezi mini. Kwakucacile ukuba ukufunyanwa kweoli kwenza inguqulelo kuqoqosho lweSaudi nomlinganiselo wokuphila wolu hlanga. IARAMCO (Inkampani Yeoli Yama-Arabhu NamaMerika) yafumana ioli eninzi ngowe-1938. Iibhotile zemifuziselo yolwelo olumnyama zazibonisiwe. Incwadana yale nkampani ithi: “IAramco ngoku inabasebenzi abangaphezu kwama-43 000, malunga namaqula angama-550 eoli, nemibhobho eziikhilomitha ezingama-20 500 ubude yokuhambisa ioli nemizi-mveliso engaphezu kwama-60 yokwahlula igesi neoli.”

Akumangalisi ukuba ekubeni apho kukho imeko yezoqoqosho eqiniseke ngolo hlobo, iincwadana ezineenkcukacha zinokuthi iSaudi Arabia ixhasa izikolo namaziko emfundo ali-15 000 anabafundi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezisisi-2,5. Imfundo yeyesisa kuye wonke ubani ukuya kufika kumgangatho waseyunivesithi. Yaye kukho iiyunivesithi ezisixhenxe.

Kambe ke, ioli asikuphela kwento ekhoyo eSaudi Arabia. Kwenziwe izixhobo ezikhulu zokunkcenkceshela, yaye imeko yezolimo iye yaqhuba kakuhle de yafikelela kwinqanaba lokuba eli lizwe lithengisele amanye amazwe iintlanzi, iinkuku, ingqolowa, iidatilisi, imifuno neemveliso zobisi nezinye iimveliso zolimo.

Akukho Nto Intle Kwaphela

Ndalugqiba utyelelo lwam lweeyure ezintathu “eSaudi Arabia” ndichukumiseke kakhulu zizinto ezenziwa lolu hlanga luncinane ngentelekiso. Ndamangaliswa yindlela izinto ebeziya kwahluka ngayo ukuba izizwe zonke bezisikelelwe ngokufanayo ngamaqula eoli okanye obunye ubutyebi obufunwa kakhulu lihlabathi lonke.

Ngoxa ndavuna lukhulu kolu tyelelo, kodwa ngokungenakuzinceda ndaphawula indlela ababesilela ngayo elunqulweni. Andizange ndive nto ngelitye lonqulo leKaaba, ilitye elimnyama elawa ezulwini elihlonelwayo ngamaSilamsi atyelela eMecca. Ngaphambi kokusekwa kobuSilamsi, eli litye “lalihlonelwa njengelinobugqi namandla okukhusela,” utsho njalo uPhilip K. Hitti kwincwadi yakhe ethi History of the Arabs. Ingxelo engokwembali ibonisa ukuba ngoxa uIshmayeli wayesakha kwakhona iKaaba, wafumana ilitye elimnyama kwisithunywa sezulu uGabriyeli.

Enye into endayifumanisa ishiyiwe embonisweni yimbekiselo kumacandelo amabini amakhulu obuSilamsi, amaSunni namaShia. Oku kwahlukana kusuka emva kumalandela kaMuḥammad yaye kusekelwe kukwahlukana kwendlela yokucacisa ukuba ngoobani iindlalifa zakhe zokomoya ezinelungelo​—⁠ngaba ngabo begazi likaMuḥammad njengoko amaSilamsi angamaShiite esitsho okanye ngaba kusekelwe ekuvotelweni njengoko amaSunni amaninzi esitsho? Abantu baseSaudi bangabehlelo elingqongqo lamaWahhabi lemvaba kaHanbali, eyona ingqongqo kwiimvaba ezine zamaSilamsi angamaSunni.

Okunye okwakungekho ngokuphawulekayo embonisweni yayingamabhinqa angama-Arabhu. Ndacinga ukuba oku kushiywa kwenkcazelo engawo kwakungenxa yendlela engqongqo yaseSaudi yokucacisa imithetho yobuSilamsi ngendima yamabhinqa esidlangalaleni.

Njengoko ndandiwushiya umboniso, ndanyanzeleka ukuba ndikhumbule intetho ethi akukho nto intle kwaphela. Ngaphandle esitratweni, kwakukho abaqhankqalazi abangama-Arabhu abanikela iincwadana ezivakalisa izenzo zenkohlakalo nezingekho sikweni eSaudi Arabia nezityholo zokungabikho kwenkqubo yolawulo-melo kwelo lizwe (akukho mithetho yolawulo engeyoyanqulo okanye ipalamente). Kwandenza ndaqonda ukuba kwabanye abantu intlabathi, ioli nonqulo azithi ngokuyimfuneko zibe kuphela kwezinto abazifunayo. Kodwa ubuncinane ndiye ndanombono ocacileyo wendlela ekuphilwa ngayo eSaudi Arabia nempembelelo yobuSilamsi kubantu babo.​—⁠Linikelwe.

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

[Imaphu/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 16]

(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)

ISAUDI ARABIA

IMecca

I-IRAN

I-IRAQ

ISUDAN

ULwandle Olubomvu

ULwandle lweArabia

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 17]

(Ukusuka ekhohlo) Iingcango zeKaaba, amagcisa angama-Arabhu, nokuhombisa isibhalo sesiArabhu

[Inkcazelo]

David Patterson