Ukuba Nabantwana—Ngaba Kuyingenelo Okanye Kuyilahleko?
UMBANDELA wocwangciso-ntsapho unxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo noko ngokufuthi kubizwa ngokuba kukwanda kwenani labemi. Ukutyhubela ixesha elininzi lembali yoluntu, ngokwentelekiso ukwanda kwenani labemi kwakungakhawulezi; inani labafayo laliphantse lilingane nelabo bazalwayo. Ekugqibeleni, malunga nonyaka we-1830, inani labemi behlabathi lafikelela kubantu abaliwaka lezigidi.
Kwandula ke kwakho ukuhambela phambili kwezamayeza nakwezenzululwazi okuye kwaphumela ekuncipheni kwenani lababulawa zizifo, ngokukodwa izifo zobuntwana. Ngowe-1930, inani labemi behlabathi lantinga laya kutsho kumawaka amabini ezigidi zabantu. Ngowe-1960, kongezeleleka elinye iwaka lezigidi. Ngowe-1975, kongezeleleka elinye iwaka lezigidi. Ngowe-1987, inani labemi behlabathi laya kuthi xhaxhe kumawaka amahlanu ezigidi.
Ukuyijonga le meko ngenye indlela, inani labantu kwesi sijikelezi-langa sithetha nje landa ngabantu abamalunga ne-170 mzuzu ngamnye. Oko kongezelela abantu abangama-250 000 mihla le, abalinani elaneleyo ukuyila isixeko esikhulu. Kwakhona, oku kuthetha ukuba nyaka ngamnye kubakho ulwando lwenani labemi ngabantu abangaphezu kwama-90 ezigidi, nani elo eliliphinda kathathu elabemi baseKhanada okanye elilingana nelabaseMexico. Ngaphezu kwama-90 ekhulwini olu lwando lwenzeka kumazwe asakhasayo, apho sele kuhlala ama-75 ekhulwini abemi behlabathi.
Oorhulumente Abaxhalabileyo
Kodwa kutheni oorhulumente belangazelela ukuthintela ukwanda kwenani labemi ngokusebenzisa ucwangciso-ntsapho? UGqr. Babs Sagoe, Igosa Lenkqubo Yesizwe YaseNigeria yoMbutho Wengxowa-mali Yeemfuno Zabemi Yezizwe Ezimanyeneyo, uwuphendula lo mbuzo ngomzekelo olula, alumkisa ngelokuba lo mzekelo utyekele ekuyenzeni lula kakhulu le ngxaki nale meko kuphikiswana ngayo. Uthi:
‘Masithi umnini fama [unomhlaba oziihektare] ezine. Ukuba unabantwana abalishumi aze abahlulele umhlaba ngokulinganayo, umntwana ngamnye uya kufumana malunga [nesiqingatha sehektare]. Ukuba ngamnye kwabo bantwana unabantwana abalishumi aze awahlulahlule umhlaba ngendlela efanayo, ngamnye wabo bantwana uya kufumana kuphela [isi-0,04 seehektare]. Ngokucacileyo, aba bantwana abayi kuba zizityebi njengoyisemkhulu, owayenomhlaba [oziihektare ezine].’
Lo mzekelo ubalaselisa ulwalamano olukhoyo phakathi kwenani elandayo labantu nomhlaba ome ndawonye onezinto ezifumaneka kuwo ezilinganiselweyo. Njengokuba inani labemi lisanda, amazwe asakhasayo amaninzi atsala nzima ezama ukuhlangabezana namanani akhoyo abemi. Khawuqwalasele ezinye zeengxaki.
Izinto Ezifumaneka Endalweni. Xa inani labantu lisanda, kubakho iimfuno ezinkulu zamahlathi, umhlaba ongaphezulu, umhlaba wokulima namanzi acocekileyo. Uba yintoni umphumo? Iphephancwadi iPopuli likhalaza lisithi: “Amazwe asakhasayo . . . ngokufuthi anyanzelekile ukuba azisebenzise ngokugqith’ emgceni izinto zendalo azifumana elizweni lawo zinto ezo ukuhambela phambili kwawo kwekamva kuxhomekeke kuzo.”
Izinto ezisisiseko. Xa inani labemi lisanda, oorhulumente bakufumanisa kunzima ngokwandayo ukulungiselela izindlu, izikolo, izindlu zangasese, iindlela neenkonzo zezempilo ezaneleyo. Esindwa ngumthwalo ophindiweyo wamatyala anzima nowokuncipha kwezinto ezifumaneka endalweni, amazwe asakhasayo atsala nzima ekunyamekeleni iintswelo zabemi abakhoyo, singasathethi ke ngabangakumbi.
Ukuqeshwa. Impapasho yoMbutho Wengxowa-mali Yeemfuno Zabemi YeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ethi Population and the Environment: The Challenges Ahead ithi kumazwe amaninzi asakhasayo, ama-40 ekhulwini abasebenzi abaqeshwanga. Kuwo onke amazwe asakhasayo, ngaphezu kwabantu abasisiqingatha sewaka lezigidi abafumani msebenzi okanye abafumani msebenzi usisigxina, nani elo eliphantse lilingane nelabo bonke abasebenzi abakumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoshishino.
Ukuze athintele ukunyuka kwala manani, amazwe asakhasayo amele avelise imisebenzi emitsha engaphezu kwama-30 ezigidi nyaka ngamnye. Abantu abaza kuyifuna le misebenzi bayaphila namhlanje—ngabantwana banamhlanje. Iingcali ziqikelela ukuba ukungaqeshwa okwandileyo kusenokukhokelela kwimfazwe yamakhaya, kubuhlwempu obandayo nasekutshatyalalisweni okubhekele phaya kwezinto zemvelo.
Akumangalisi ngoko ukuba amazwe asakhasayo angakumbi nangakumbi ezama ukukhuthaza ucwangciso-ntsapho. Ligqabaza ngoko kuza kwenzeka kwikamva, inqaku lomhleli kulindixesha wezamayeza waseBritani iLancet lathi: “Ingcinezelo yokwanda kwamanani [abantu], ubukhulu becala ethwaxa amazwe anobuhlwempu ehlabathini, yandisa ngokumasikizi ubunzima abajamelana nabo. . . . Izigidi zabantu ziya kuhlala zingafundanga, zingaqeshwa, zingenazindlu yaye zingenako ukufumana impilo esisiseko, impilontle neenkonzo zogutyulo, yaye ukwanda kwenani labemi okungahlolwayo kusesona sizekabani siyintloko.”
Iintsapho Ezixhalabileyo
Ukumisa usukelo nokumisela iinkqubo zocwangciso-ntsapho elizweni kuyenye into; ukweyisela abantu kuzo kuyenye. Kubantu abaninzi iimbono ezingokwesithethe zokuncoma ukuba nosapho olukhulu kuseyinto enamandla. Ngokomzekelo, omnye umama waseNigeria wasabela ngolu hlobo kukhuthazo lukarhulumente wakhe lokunciphisa inani labantwana abazalwayo: “Mna ndinguntondo kubantwana bakatata abangama-26. Bonke endiza emva kwabo, abafana neentombi, banabantwana abaphakathi kwabasibhozo nabali-12. Ngoko, ngaba mna ndifanele ndibe nabantwana abambalwa?”
Sekunjalo, imbono elolo hlobo ayiqhelekanga njengokuba yayikhe yanjalo, kwanaseNigeria, apho umfazi oqhelekileyo ezala abantwana abathandathu. Zijamelene nokunyuka kwamaxabiso ezinto, izigidi zabantu zitsala nzima ekondleni nasekunxibiseni iintsapho zazo. Abaninzi baye bafunda ngamava inyaniso yeqhalo lesiYoruba elithi: “Ọmọ bẹẹrẹ, òṣì bẹẹrẹ” (ubuninzi babantwana, bubuninzi bobuhlwempu).
Izibini ezitshatileyo ezininzi ziyaziqonda iingenelo zocwangciso-ntsapho, kanti azilusebenzisi. Ngawuphi umphumo? IThe State of the World’s Children 1992, epapashwe yiNgxowa-mali Yeemfuno Zabantwana YeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, yathi mhlawumbi ukukhulelwa komntu omnye kwabathathu kumazwe asakhasayo ebudeni bonyaka akuyi kuba yinto nje engacetywanga kodwa kuya kuba yinto engafunwayo.
Ucwangciso-ntsapho Lusindisa Ubomi
Ngaphandle kobunzima bezoqoqosho, isizathu esiyintloko sokuqwalasela ucwangciso-ntsapho yimpilo kamama nomntwana wakhe. Iqhalo laseNtshona Afrika lithi: “Ukukhulelwa kukungcakaza yaye ukuzala ngumzabalazo wobomi nokufa.” Nyaka ngamnye kumazwe asakhasayo, amabhinqa asisiqingatha sesigidi ayafa ebudeni bexesha lokukhulelwa okanye elokuzala, abantwana abasisigidi basala bengenanina, yaye amabhinqa awongezelelekileyo azizigidi ezihlanu ukuya kwezisixhenxe ayenzakala okanye abe neziphene ngenxa yeengozi zezempilo ezinokuthanani nokuzala.
Asingawo onke amabhinqa akumazwe asakhasayo akuloo mngcipheko. Njengoko ibhokisi elapha ibonisa, abo basengozini ngakumbi ngamabhinqa azala abantwana abaninzi kakhulu eselula gqitha, ngokuthe rhoqo gqitha, okanye sele emadala kakhulu. Imithombo yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo iqikelela ukuba ucwangciso-ntsapho lunokukuthintela oku kufa ukususela kumfazi omnye kwabane ukuya komnye kwabathathu yaye lunokuthintela izigidi zabantwana abaneziphene.
Kodwa ngaba ukulondolozwa kwezigidi zobomi babantu bekungayi kwandisa inani labemi? Okumangalisayo kukuba, iingcali ezininzi zithi akunjalo. IHuman Development Report yowe-1991 ithi: “Kusenokucingwa ukuba, ukuba abantwana abangakumbi baye baphila, ingxaki yenani labemi iya kwanda. Okwenzekayo kwahlukile. Baba mbalwa abantwana abazalwayo xa abazali benentembelo ngakumbi yokuba abantwana babo baya kuphila.”
Sekunjalo, izigidi zamabhinqa, ngokukodwa kwibutho elinobuhlwempu, ziqhubeka zizala rhoqo. Kutheni? Kungenxa yokuba ibutho akulo lilindele oko kuwo, kuba abantwana abaninzi bandisa ithuba lokuba bambi bangaphila, yaye ngenxa yokuba esenokuba awanalwazi okanye awanakuzifikelela iinkonzo zocwangciso-ntsapho.
Kanti, amabhinqa amaninzi aneentsapho ezinkulu asenokuba awanayo enye indlela. Umntwana ngamnye amgqala njengentsikelelo evela kuThixo.
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 28]
Iingozi Eziphakamileyo Zokukhulelwa Kumazwe Asakhasayo
Ngaphambi Kwexesha Kakhulu: Ubungozi bokufa ebudeni bexesha lokukhulelwa nelokuzala phakathi kwamabhinqa aneminyaka eli-15 ukuya kweli-19 ubudala bungaphezulu ngokuphindwe kathathu kunobuphakathi kwamabhinqa aneminyaka engama-20 ukuya kwengama-24 ubudala. Abantwana abazelwe ngamabhinqa akwishumi elivisayo banamathuba amaninzi okufa, okuzalwa ngaphambi kwexesha kakhulu, okanye bazalwe benobunzima obuphantsi kakhulu.
Ukungxulela: Ubude bexesha eliphakathi kokuzala likuchaphazela kakhulu ukuphila komntwana. Umntwana ozelwe kwithuba elingaphantsi kweminyaka emibini emva kokuba unina ebefumene omnye umntwana unamathuba angakumbi angama-66 ekhulwini okufa eselusana. Ukuba aba bantwana bayaphila, kusenokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba badodobale ekukhuleni yaye ukukhula kwabo ngokwasengqondweni kusenokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba kuphazamiseke. Ukufa kosana olunye kwiintsana ezintlanu ezifayo kunokuthintelwa ngokuvula ixesha elifanelekileyo phakathi kokuzala. Isithuba seminyaka emithathu okanye engakumbi kunciphisa ubungozi.
Abaninzi Kakhulu: Ukuzala abantwana abangaphezu kwesine kwandisa ubungozi obubakho ekukhulelweni nasekuzaleni, ngokukodwa ukuba kubantwana bangaphambili bekungakhange kuvulwe ithuba elingaphezulu kweminyaka emibini. Emva kokukhulelwa izihlandlo ezine, oomama banamathuba angakumbi okuba nokuncipha kwegazi nokutyekela ngakumbi ekopheni okungapheliyo, yaye abantwana babo basengozini enkulu yokuzalwa beneziphene.
Emva Kwexesha Kakhulu: Amabhinqa angaphezu kweminyaka engama-35 ubudala anamathuba aphindwe kahlanu okufa xa ekhulelwe okanye xa ezala kunamabhinqa aneminyaka engama-20 ukuya kwengama-24 ubudala. Abantwana abazelwe ngamabhinqa akhulileyo banamathuba angakumbi okufa.
Imithombo: INtlangano Yehlabathi Yezempilo, Ingxowa-mali Yeemfuno Zabantwana YeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo neNgxowa-mali Yeemfuno Zabemi YeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo.