Icandelo 1

Inzululwazi—Iphulo Elingapheliyo Loluntu Lokufuna Inyaniso

“NANIYA kuyazi inyaniso, yaye inyaniso iya kunikhulula.” (Yohane 8:32) La mazwi obulumko acatshulwa ngokufuthi athethwa ngumntu izigidi zabantu ezimjonga njengoyena mntu ubalaseleyo wakha waphila.a Nangona isithethi sasibhekisela kwinyaniso engonqulo, kwiinkalo ezithile inyaniso nakuyiphi na indawo esetyenziswa kuyo inokubakhulula abantu.

Ngokomzekelo, inyaniso engokwenzululwazi iye yabakhulula abantu kwiingcamango ezininzi ezibubuxoki, ezinjengokuba umhlaba usisithabazi, umhlaba usembindini wommandla wendalo iphela, ubushushu lulwelo olubizwa ngokuthi yicaloric, umoya ongcolisiweyo ungunobangela woobhubhani bezifo, nokuba iatom ilelona suntswana lincinane kwinto yonke. Ukusetyenziswa ngokoqobo kweenyaniso ezingokwenzululwazi kwezoshishino, kwimimandla yonxibelelwano nakwezothutho kuye kwabakhulula abantu kumsebenzi onzima noyindinisa ngokungeyomfuneko yaye, ukusa kumlinganiselo othile, kwindlela engaziwayo yokumiselwa kwexesha nomgama. Iinyaniso ezingokwenzululwazi ezisetyenziswe kumayeza okukhusela nasekunyanyekelweni kwempilo kuye kwanceda ekukhululeni abantu ekufeni ngaphambi kwexesha okanye ekugutyungelweni luloyiko lwezifo.

Inzululwazi—Iyintoni?

Ngokutsho kweThe World Book Encyclopedia, “inzululwazi igubungela ummandla omkhulu wolwazi lomntu ngokunxulumene nezibakala ezidityaniswe ngemigaqo (imiyalelo).” Kuyaqondakala ukuba, kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi. Incwadi ethi The Scientist ithi: “Kwingcamango, phantse naluphi uhlobo lolwazi lusenokwenziwa lube yinzululwazi, ekubeni ngokwendlela ekuchazwa ngayo naluphi na uhlobo lolwazi lusiba yinzululwazi xa luphunyezwa kusetyenziswa umgaqo wenzululwazi.”

Oku kwenza kubekho ubunzima obuthile ekuchazeni, ngokuchanileyo, apho enye inzululwazi iqalisa khona nalapho enye iphela khona. Enyanisweni, ngokutsho kweThe World Book Encyclopedia, “kwiimeko ezithile, inzululwazi isenokuba nendima enkulu gqitha kangangokuba kuye kwasekwa imithetho emisela imimandla edibanisa iinxalenye ezimbini okanye ezingakumbi zenzululwazi.” Sekunjalo, inkoliso yeembekiselo ithetha ngamacandelo amane aziintloko: inzululwazi ngamachiza nezemvelo, inzululwazi yebhayoloji, inzululwazi yezentlalo, kunye nenzululwazi yemathematika nokusebenza kwengqondo.

Ngaba imathematika yinzululwazi? Ewe, ngaphandle kwenkqubo ethile emanyeneyo yokulinganisa, uphengululo oluneziqhamo lwenzululwazi belungenakwenzeka, njengendlela ethile yokufumana ubukhulu, ubuncinane, ubuninzi, ukuba mbalwa, ukuba mgama, ukuba kufuphi, ubushushu, kunye nokubanda kwezinto. Ngenxa yeso sizathu, imathematika iye yabizwa “njengoKumkanikazi noMkhonzi weeNzululwazi.”

Xa sithetha ngenzululwazi yamachiza nemvelo, le iquka ezamachiza, inzululwazi ngezinto zemvelo ezingaphiliyo, nenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi. Inzululwazi eyintloko yebhayoloji yileyo engezityalo nezilwanyana, ngoxa inzululwazi yezentlalo iquka ulwazi ngomntu njengesidalwa, inzululwazi ngobume boluntu, ngezoqoqosho, inzululwazi ngezobupolitika, kunye nenzululwazi ngezengqondo. (Bona ibhokisi ekwiphepha 8.)

Kufanele kwenziwe umahluko phakathi kwenzululwazi esulungekileyo naleyo iba yiyo ngokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yenzululwazi. Le yokuqala iqhubana ngokusulungekileyo neenyaniso ezingenzululwazi nangemigaqo; le yamva iqhubana nendlela ezi nyaniso ezisetyenziswa ngayo ngokoqobo. Namhlanje leyo iba yiyo kuba kusetyenziswa imigaqo yenzululwazi ikwaziwa njengobugcisa.

Ukufunda Ngokwenza Uqashiqashi

Unqulo nenzululwazi yimizekelo yokunqwenela koluntu ukwazi inyaniso. Kodwa kukho umahluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwendlela inyaniso engonqulo eye yafunwa ngayo kanti nendlela eye kwelinye icala yafunwa ngayo inyaniso engenzululwazi. Mhlawumbi umntu ophengulula ngenyaniso yonqulo uya kuphethukela kwiBhayibhile eNgcwele, kwiKoran, kwiTalmud, kwiVedas, okanye kwiTripitaka, kuxhomekeka enoba ungumKristu, ungumSilamsi, ungumYuda, ungumHindu okanye, ungumBhuda. Apho uya kufumanisa oko kujongwa lunqulo lwakhe njengesityhilelo senyaniso yonqulo, ngokunokwenzeka esivela kumthombo ongokobuthixo yaye ngaloo ndlela sijongwa njengegunya lokugqibela.

Noko ke, umntu ophanda ngenyaniso yenzululwazi akanalo igunya lokugqibela elinjalo anokuphethukela kulo—akanancwadi engenaye nomntu anophethukela kuye. Inyaniso engenzululwazi ayityhilwa; iyafunyanwa. Oku kwenza kube yimfuneko ukuba kubekho inkqubo kaqashiqashi, apho umntu ophanda ngenyaniso yenzululwazi ngokufuthi ezifumanisa esenza imizamo engaphumeleliyo. Kodwa ngokulandela ngendlela elungeleleneyo amanyathelo amane, lo mntu unosukelo lokwenza uphando olunempumelelo. (Bona ibhokisi enomxholo othi, “Ukufumana Inyaniso Ngendlela Yenzululwazi.”) Sekunjalo, uloyiso lwenzululwazi lubalasela emva kwemigudu engaphumeleliyo neyonakalisayo yenzululwazi njengoko izimvo ebezamkelwe kuqala zichaswa ukuvulel’ indlela ezintsha ezijongwa njengeziphantse zaba zezichane ngakumbi.

Phezu kwayo nje le nkqubo yamabona-ndenzile, ngaphezu kweenkulungwane izazinzulu zavelisa umlinganiselo omangalisayo wolwazi olungokwenzululwazi. Nangona ngokufuthi bezibakho iimpazamo, ziye zakwazi ukulungisa izigqibo ezininzi ezingachananga ekwafikelelwa kuzo ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke umonakalo omkhulu. Enyanisweni, lo gama ulwazi oluneemposiso lusekho ngaphakathi kummandla wenzululwazi esulungekileyo, incinane ingozi esenokubangela umonakalo omkhulu. Kodwa xa kusenziwa imigudu yokuguqulela inzululwazi esulungekileyo eneziphako ezikhulu kwinzululwazi eba yiyo ngokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yenzululwazi, imiphumo inokuba yeyintlekele.

Ngokomzekelo, qwalasela ubuchule benzululwazi obenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuveliswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane. Ezi zazixatyiswa kakhulu de kwalapho uphando olubhekele phaya lwenzululwazi lutyhila ukuba ezinye zazo zishiya izinto eziyingozi empilweni yomntu. Kwimimandla ethile engakulwandle lweAral, efumaneka ngaseUzbekistan naseKazakhstan, kuye kwanxulunyaniswa ukusetyenziswa okwandileyo kwezibulali-zinambuzane ezinjalo nokuphakama komlinganiselo wesifo somhlaza onxulumene nommizo ngokuphindwe kasixhenxe kunomlinganiselo weso sizwe.

Ngenxa yoncedo ezazinalo, izitshizi zeaerosol zaba zezidumileyo—de inzululwazi kuhlolisiso lwayo yafumanisa ukuba enyanisweni, zazifak’ isandla, ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi kunokuba kwakucingwa, ekutshatyalalisweni komaleko okhusela umhlaba ekugqatsweni yimitha yelanga eyingozi. Ngoko ke, ukuphanda ngenyaniso yenzululwazi yinkqubo engapheliyo. “Iinyaniso” zanamhlanje zenzululwazi zisenokuba yimpazamo ngomso, yaye kunokwenzeka zide zibe yingozi, zibe ziingcamango eziphelelwe lixesha.

Isizathu Sokuba Sifanele Sibe Nomdla Kwinzululwazi

Inzululwazi nobugcisa ziye zanegalelo elikhulu ekwakhiweni kwehlabathi lethu lanamhlanje. UFrederick Seitz owayesakuba umongameli nguwoMbutho Wesizwe WaseUnited States Ongezifundo Zenzululwazi (U.S. National Academy of Sciences), wathi: “Inzululwazi, eyathi okokuqala yaqala njengelinge lokusebenzisa ingqondo, ngoku iba yenye yeentsika eziyintloko zendlela yethu yobomi.” Ngaloo ndlela, namhlanje uphando lwenzululwazi luye lwahambisana nenkqubela. Nabani othandabuza izinto zamva nje eziphunyezwe yinzululwazi uzibeka esichengeni sokubalelwa kwabo “bachasene nenkqubela.” Ngapha koko, oko abanye bakubiza njengenkqubela yenzululwazi, kubo koko kwahlukanisa abachubekileyo kwabangachubekanga.

Akummangaliso ke ngoko, ukuba imbongi yenkulungwane yama-20 yaseBritani uW. H. Auden ibe yathi: “Abona bantu basebenza ngokwenene kwixesha lethu, abo baguqula ihlabathi, asingabezobupolitika nabantu abaphezulu eburhulumenteni, kodwa zizazinzulu.”

Abantu abambalwa basenokukhanyela ukuba kufuneka iinguqulelo ehlabathini. Kodwa ngaba inzululwazi ingawenza lo msebenzi? Ngaba ingazifumana iinyaniso zenzululwazi ezifunekayo ukuqhubana nocelomngeni oluziswa yinkulungwane yama-21? Yaye ngaba ezi nyaniso zinokufunyanwa ngokukhawuleza ukukhulula abantu kuloyiko lwentlekele esongela umhlaba wonke?

ULinus Pauling, owafumana ibhaso likaNobel izihlandlo ezibini wathi: “Mntu ngamnye ophila ehlabathini kuyafuneka ukuba aqonde okuthile ngendalo nangemiphumo yenzululwazi.” Injongo yethu yokukhupha olu ngcelele olunomxholo othi, “Inzululwazi—Iphulo Elingapheliyo Loluntu Lokufuna Inyaniso” ikukudlulisela kubafundi bethu okuthile koku kuqonda kuyimfuneko. Qiniseka ukuba uyalifunda iCandelo 2, kwinkupho yethu elandelayo.

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 7]

UKUFUMANA INYANISO NGENDLELA YENZULULWAZI

1. Kuhlolisise okwenzekayo.

2. Ngokwesizinzi sohlolisiso lwakho, yila ingcamango engento esenokuba yenzekile.

3. Yivavanye ingcamango ngohlolisiso oluthe chatha nangolingelo.

4. Qwalasela enoba izinto ezicingelwa zinokwenzeka ezisekelwe kuloo ngcamango ziyenzeka kusini na.

[Ibhokisi/Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 8]

INZULULWAZI IYACACISWA

IANTHROPOLOGY zizifundo ngabantu njengezidalwa njengoko kunokubonwa ngokwembono yebhayoloji, yezentlalo, neyobuzwe.

IASTRONOMY zizifundo ngeenkwenkwezi, izijikelezi-langa, nezinye izinto zendalo ezisemajukujukwini.

IBHAYOLOGI zizifundo ngendlela izinto eziphilayo ezisebenza ngayo nokwahlulwahlulwa kwezityalo nezilwanyana.

IBOTANY, lelinye lamacandelo amabini aziintloko ebhayoloji, zizifundo ngobomi bezityalo.

ICHEMISTRY zizifundo ngezinto zendalo nokudityaniswa kwazo nendlela ezisebenza ngayo xa zihlanganisiwe.

IMATHEMATIKI zizifundo ngamanani, ubungakanani, ukumila, nendlela izinto ezinxulumana ngayo.

IPHYSICS zizifundo ngamandla nezinto ezibalulekileyo ezinjengokukhanya, isandi, uxinzelelo nomxhuzulane.

IPSYCHOLOGY zizifundo ngengqondo yomntu nezizathu ezibangela abantu baziphathe ngendlela abaziphatha ngayo.

IZOOLOGY, icandelo lesibini eliyintloko lebhayoloji, zizifundo ngobomi bezilwanyana.