Ngubani Onokuzisa Uxolo Oluhlala Luhleli?
“Ziwakhande amakrele azo abe ngamakhuba, nezikhali zazo zibe zizitshetshe zokuthena iidiliya: uhlanga aluyi kuphakamisela uhlanga ikrele, aluyi kuphinda lufunde ukulwa.”
LE NDINYANA ingasentla ithatyathwe kuIsaya isahluko 2, indinyana 4, kwinguqulelo yeBhayibhile eyiKing James. IHuman Development Report 1994, eyapapashwa yiUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP), yacaphula la mazwi yaza yahlabela mgama yenjenje: “Kwakubonakala ngathi ixesha lokuzaliseka kwesi siprofeto lafika ngokuphela kwemfazwe yomlomo [ngowe-1990]. Kodwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku oku kuye kwabonakala njengokuza kukaNxele.”
Ukunciphisa Umkhosi
Esinye isizathu esenza abe mfiliba amathemba oxolo sesokuba inguqu kwimeko yezobupolitika yezizwe ngezizwe ayikhange ihambisane nokuncitshiswa kakhulu kwenkcitho eyenziwa kwezomkhosi. Enyanisweni, bekukho ukuncitshiswa kokuthile. Ngokwamanani eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, inkcitho eyenziwa kwezomkhosi ehlabathini lonke iye yehla, isuka kweyona iphakamileyo eziirandi ezingamawaka asisi-3,6 ezigidi ngowe-1987 ukuya kwiirandi ezingamawaka asisi-2,96 ezigidi ngowe-1992. Sekunjalo, iirandi ezingamawaka asisi-2,96 ezigidi linani elikhulu gqitha. Iphantse ilingane nengeniso yesiqingatha sabemi abasehlabathini xa idityanisiwe!
Esinye isibakala esiphikisana nokuncitshiswa kwezixhobo luluvo lokuba umkhosi usenokuzisa unqabiseko. Ngenxa yoko, kwanokuba iMfazwe Yomlomo iphelile, abaninzi kumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoshishino bathi inkcitho eyenziwayo kwezomkhosi ifanele ihlale iphezulu. UJames Woolsey, ngoxa wayeyintloko ye-U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, wayixelela oku iNkongolo ngoFebruwari 1993: “Silibulele irhamncwa elikhulu [i-U.S.S.R.], kodwa sithetha nje siphila kwihlathi elizaliswe ziintlobontlobo zeenyoka ezinamaqhinga nezinobuhlungu.”
Kumazwe asakhasayo inkcitho ephakamileyo kwezomkhosi ithethelelwa njengendlela yokuthintela uhlaselo lwamazwe abonakala njengamarhamncwa neenyoka ezinobuhlungu. Kodwa enyanisweni, i-UNDP yathi, “amazwe asakhasayo aye alwa kwiimfazwe zezizwe ngezizwe ezimbalwa, ibe amaninzi aye asebenzisa imikhosi yawo exhobileyo ukucinezela abantu bawo.” Eneneni, ingxelo ye-UNDP yachaza: “Kumazwe asakhasayo, amathuba okufa ngenxa yokutyeshelwa kwebutho labantu (ukubulawa yindlala nazizifo ezinokuthintelwa) angama-33 ngobukhulu kunamathuba okufa emfazweni ngenxa yohlaselo olusuka ngaphandle. Kanti, ngokomlinganiselo, kukho amajoni angama-20 kugqirha ngamnye. Kanti ke, amajoni akufuna ngakumbi ukunciphisa unqabiseko lobuqu kunokulwandisa.”
Ukurhweba Ngezixhobo Kwezizwe Ngezizwe
Ebudeni beMfazwe Yomlomo, amagunya amakhulu amabini ayethengisela amazwe amanyeneyo izixhobo ukuze omeleze umanyano, azuze amaziko omkhosi aze alondoloze igunya lawo. Imikhosi yamazwe amaninzi yaba namandla amakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, sithetha nje, amazwe angama-33 aneenqwelo ezinkulu zemfazwe ezingaphezu kwe-1000 lilinye.
Ngoku ekubeni iMfazwe Yomlomo iphelile, ukuthethelela ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo ngenxa yezobupolitika neemeko ezimaxongo kuphelile. Sekunjalo, impembelelo yezoqoqosho isenamandla. Kufanele kwenziwe imali! Ngoko, njengokuba ukufunwa kwezixhobo ngaphakathi kusehla, abenza izixhobo benza oorhulumente babo bacinge ukuba indlela yokulondoloza imisebenzi nokugcina ezoqoqosho zikwimeko entle kungokuthengisa izixhobo kumazwe asemzini.
Iphephancwadi iWorld Watch liyagqabaza: “Ngokwahlukileyo koko, njengoko amagunya amakhulu eyiyeka imijukujelwa yawo yenyukliya emikhulu, afuna iindlela ezikhawulezayo zokuthengisa iibhombu zawo ezingakumbi nemipu phantse kuye wonk’ ubani onokuyithenga.” Ngexabiso elingakanani? Ngokutsho kweStockholm International Peace Research Institute, ixabiso lezixhobo eziqhelekileyo ezathengiswa kwimarike yezizwe ngezizwe ebudeni bonyaka we-1988 ukuya kowe-1992 laliziirandi ezingamawaka angama-548 ezigidi. Elona lathengisa kakhulu yayiyiUnited States, ilandelwa ngamazwe awayesakuba ngaweSoviet Union.
Isisongelo Senyukliya Sisekho
Kuthekani ngesisongelo senyukliya? ElaseUnited States neSoviet Union (okanye amazwana awawalandelayo) ngowe-1987 atyikitya i-Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty aza ngonyaka we-1991 nowe-1993 yazii-Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties (START) ezimbini.
Izivumelwano ze-START zavala ukusetyenziswa kwemijukujelwa yasemhlabeni eneentolo ezininzi ngaphezu kolunye zaza zayalela ukuba, ngowe-2003, kususwe phantse isithathu kwisine seentolo zemijukujelwa yenyukliya kubo bonke ubuxhakaxhaka bokudubula. Kodwa nangona isisongelo seMfazwe Yehlabathi III siye saphela, kusekho izindlu ezininzi ezigcine izixhobo zenyukliya—ezinokubutshayela kuthi tu bonke ubomi obusemhlabeni ngokuphindwe izihlandlo eziliqela.
Ukuchitha-chitha ezi zixhobo kwandisa amathuba okubiwa kwenyukliya. Ngokomzekelo, elaseRashiya, lichitha-chitha lize lilondoloze iintolo zemijukujelwa ezimalunga nama-2000 ngonyaka, ekufumaneka kuzo iingqukuva zeplutonium ezingangenqindi ekuthiwa ziipits. Ipit yotolo lomjukujelwa, ekufuna imali eninzi nobugcisa ukuyenza, yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwibhombu yenyukliya. Ekubeni ngokuqhelekileyo iipits zigqunywa ngomaleko wentsimbi othintela imitha ebangelwa kukuqhekeka kweathom, isela linokucinga ngokufaka ibenye epokothweni yalo. Umnqolobi ofumene ipit esele yenziwe unokwandula ayijikeleze ngezinto ezibangela ugqabhuko-dubulo ukuze enze ibhombu enamandla amakhulu gqitha.
Enye into exhalabisileyo sisisongelo sokusasazeka kwezixhobo zenyukliya kumazwe angakumbi nangakumbi. Amazwe amahlanu avunyiweyo njenganezixhobo zenyukliya—iTshayina, iFransi, iRashiya, iUnited Kingdom neUnited States—yaye namanye amazwe aliqela kucingwa ukuba nawo anganako ukwenza izixhobo zenyukliya ngokukhawuleza.
Njengoko amazwe angakumbi nangakumbi ezuza izixhobo zenyukliya, into yokuba ubani othile usenokuzisebenzisa iyanda. Abantu banezizathu zokoyika ukusetyenziswa kwezi zixhobo zoyikekayo. Njengokuba incwadi ethi The Transformation of War ikubeka, “amandla azo amakhulu enza ukuba izixhobo eziqhelekileyo zibonakale njengezingekho mbi kangako.”
Ukuncitshiswa Kwezixhobo Noxolo
Kodwa kuthekani ukuba amazwe ebenokwahlukana nezixhobo zawo ezintsonkothileyo zokutshabalalisa? Ngaba oko bekunokuba sisiqinisekiso sehlabathi elinoxolo? Akunjalo. Umbhali-mbali wezomkhosi uJohn Keegan uthi: “Ukususela ngoAgasti 9 1945, izixhobo zenyukliya azibulelanga nomnye umntu. Ama-50 000 000 aye abulawa emfazweni ukususela ngaloo mhla, phantse abulawa zizixhobo ezixhaphakileyo ezingekho mgangathweni, neembumbulu ezingekho mgangathweni, ezixabisa ngaphezulu kancinane kukanomathotholo neebhetri ezaye zagqiba ihlabathi lonke ngaxeshanye.”
Umzekelo wakutshanje wokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezingekho mgangathweni kukubulawa kwabantu eRwanda, ilizwe ethi ngalo iThe World Book Encyclopedia (1994): “Abantu abaninzi ngamaRoma Katolika. . . . AmaRoma Katolika nezinye iicawa zamaKristu anezikolo ezininzi zamabanga aphantsi nezamabanga aphezulu.” Kanti, eRwanda bafikelela kwisiqingatha sesigidi ababulawa ngabantu abaxhobe ngeesabile. Licacile elokuba, ukuze kuziswe uxolo, kufuneka into engakumbi kunokuncitshiswa kwezixhobo eziqhelekileyo nezenyukliya. Kwakhona, kufuneka into engaphezu koko kufundiswa ziinkonzo zehlabathi.
Ungquzulwano Lobuhlanga Luyanda
USadako Ogata, umphathiswa oyintloko wesebe lokubonelelwa kweembacu kwiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, kutshanje uthe: “Kanye emva kweMfazwe Yomlomo, sasicinga ukuba zonke iingxaki zaziya kuconjululwa. Asizange siqonde ukuba iMfazwe Yomlomo inenye inkalo kuyo—eyokuba amagunya amakhulu ayalele okanye anyanzelise imiyalelo ecinezelayo kwiindawo anempembelelo kuzo. . . . Kungoku nje, emva kweMfazwe Yomlomo, sibona ukuqhambuka kobuhlanga okungakumbi, okwakusekuphelile, ekusenokuba kuluhlobo longquzulwano lobuhlanga olwalukho ngaphambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I.”
UArthur Schlesinger, ongumbhali-mbali nombhali owaphumelela ibhaso likaPulitzer, wathetha into efanayo: “Uhlobo oluthile lwentiyo luthabathel’ indawo olunye. Ukupheliswa kwemiqathango yeengcamango ezicinezelayo eMpuma Yurophu nakwiindawo ezazisakuba yiSoviet Union kwavelisa ubuhlanga obabufihlakele, ubuzwe, unqulo nokungqubana ngokweelwimi obekusoloko kukho embalini nakwiinkumbulo. . . . Ukuba inkulungwane yama-20 ibiyinkulungwane yemfazwe yeengcamango, inkulungwane yama-21 iqala njengenkulungwane yeemfazwe nobuhlanga.”
Phakathi kowe-1989 nowe-1992, ngokobalo lweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, kwabakho iimfazwe ezingama-82, uninzi lwazo zalwelwa kumazwe asakhasayo. Ebudeni bowe-1993, amazwe angama-42 alwa iimfazwe ezinkulu ibe nakwamanye amazwe angama-37 kwabakho ugonyamelo lwezobupolitika. Ebudeni belo thuba—uqingqo-mali lweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo lwafikelela kumlinganiselo othile—zawa zivuka zingaphumeleli kangako ekuziseni uxolo kwimisebenzi nje yazo eli-17. Licacile elokuba, uluntu lumele luxoze mphini wumbi ukuze luzuze ihlabathi elinoxolo.
Iingxaki Ezivelayo
Ngokwandayo, kunokuba bakhangele kwikamva ngethemba, abaninzi bathi baxhalabile. Iphepha elingaphandle lenkupho yeThe Atlantic Monthly kaFebruwari 1994 lashwankathela olunye uqikelelo lwamashumi eminyaka ezayo: “Iintlanga ziyaqhekeka ngenxa yokwanda kweembacu okubangelwa ziintlekele zemekobume nentlalo. . . . Kuliwe iimfazwe ngenxa yokunqaba kobuncwane, ngakumbi amanzi, yaye imfazwe iyaqhubeka kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho, njengoko iqela elixhobileyo labaphangi abangenalizwe bengquzulana nemikhosi yabucala yokukhusela abantu abakumgangatho ophezulu.”
Ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba uxolo oluhlala luhleli alunakufumaneka? Akunjalo! Inqaku elilandelayo libonisa izizathu zokuba sinokukhangela kwikamva ngethemba.
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 5]
Unqulo—Ngaba Lukhuthaza Uxolo?
Xa amazwe esiya emfazweni, unqulo lwehlabathi luyazityeshela iimfundiso zoxolo nezobuzalwana. Ngokuphathelele imeko eyayikho ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi I, umphathi-mikhosi waseBritani unjengele Frank P. Crozier wathi: “IiCawa zamaKristu ngabona badali bophalazo-gazi babalaseleyo esinabo, yaye sibasebenzisa ngokukhululekileyo.”
Indima yonqulo emfazweni ibifana ukutyhubel’ iminyaka. Umbhali-mbali ongumKatolika uE. I. Watkin wavuma: “Njengoko kubuhlungu ukuvuma, asinakuthi ngenxa yeengenelo zobuxoki okanye ngokunganyaniseki sisikhanyele okanye sisityeshele isibakala esingokwembali sokuba ngokuqhubekayo ooBhishophu baye baxhasa iimfazwe ebezisiliwa ngoorhulumente bamazwe abo.” Yaye inqaku lomhleli kwiSun yaseVancouver, eKhanada, lathi: “Bubuthathaka mhlawumbi balo lonke unqulo olulungelelanisiweyo obubangela ukuba icawa ingenelele kwimicimbi yobuzwe . . . Yiyiphi imfazwe eyakha yaliwa apho kungazange kwenziwe ibango lokuba uThixo ebengakwicala ngalinye?”
Ngokucacileyo, kunokuba lukhuthaze uxolo, unqulo lwehlabathi luye lwakhuthaza iimfazwe nokubulala—njengoko kuboniswa ngokucacileyo kukubulawa kwabantu eRwanda.
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 6]
Ukuba Lilize Kwemfazwe
Kwincwadi ethi I Found No Peace, eyapapashwa ngowe-1936, umbhaleli wezangaphandle uWebb Miller wabhala: “Okumangalisayo kukuba, intlekele emasikizi [yeMfazwe Yehlabathi I] nokungcola kwayo okukhulu nokuba lilize kwayo ayizange indichaphazele de kwasemva kweminyaka esibhozo iphelile.” Ngelo thuba waphinda watyelela ithafa ledabi laseVerdun, apho athi amadoda asisi-1050 000 awunabel’ uqaqaqa.
Lo kaMiller wabhala: “Ebudeni bemfazwe ndakhohliswa, kunye nezinye izigidi. Le Mfazwe Yehlabathi yaphumelela ekuveliseni ezinye iimfazwe ezintsha. Amadoda azizigidi ezisibhozo nesinye kwisiqingatha afela ilize, amashumi ezigidi aye abandezeleka ngokumasikizi ngokungathethekiyo, yaye amakhulu ezigidi aye eva iintlungu, athotywa isidima aze angcungcutheka. Ibe konke oku kuye kwenzeka ngaphantsi kwenkohliso enkulu.”
Emva kweminyaka emithathu le ncwadi ipapashiwe, kwaqalisa iMfazwe Yehlabathi II. IThe Washington Post yathi: “Iimfazwe zenkulungwane yethu yama-20 ‘ibiziimfazwe ezinkulu’ ezijoliswe emajonini nakubemi ngokufanayo. . . . Iimfazwe ezingaphucukanga zeenkulungwane ezidluleyo ibiyimilo emincinane ngokwentelekiso.” Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwenye ingcali, ukususela kowe-1914 kufe abantu abazizigidi ezili-197 kwiimfazwe nakwiimvukelo zamakhaya.
Sekunjalo, zonke iimfazwe neemvukelo zabantu azikhange zizise uxolo okanye ulonwabo. Njengoko iThe Washington Post yathi, “ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ayikho inkqubo yezobupolitika okanye eyezoqoqosho eye yaxolisa okanye yanelisa izigidi ezingazolanga.”
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 7]
Lo mama ngomnye wabantu abangamakhulu amawaka ababulawa eRwanda—abaninzi bebulawa kwangabantu abakhonza nabo
[Inkcazelo]
Albert Facelly/Sipa Press