Iintlanga Azikafundi Nangoku
“Ukuba abantu bebenokufunda kwiziganeko zexa elidluleyo—bebeya kungenelwa kakhulu! Kodwa ukuqhutywa nguMsindo nokulandela iSininzi kuyasimfamekisa, yaye aMava ebesinokufunda kuwo abekwa kwelokulibala!”—USamuel Taylor Coleridge.
NGABA uyavumelana nombhali wemibongo waseNgilani uSamuel Coleridge? Ngaba ukuqhutywa ngumsindo kunokusimfamekisa kangangokuba side siphinde iimpazamo ezimanyumnyezi ezenziwa kwixa elidluleyo?
IiMfazwe Zomnqamlezo
Ngokomzekelo, khawucinge ngezinye zezinto ezenziwa ngabantu ngexesha leeMfazwe Zomnqamlezo. Ngowe-1095 C.E., uPopu Urban II waxhokonxa “amaKristu” ukuba aye kuhlutha iLizwe Elingcwele kumaSilamsi. Ookumkani, izinhanha, abaphathi-mkhosi nabantu abaqhelekileyo abaphuma kuzo zonke iintlanga ababephantsi kolawulo lukaUrban II basabela kwelo khwelo. Ngokutsho komnye umbhali-mbali wamaxesha aphakathi, “bambalwa abantu ababephila phantsi komthetho kaKristu” abangazange basabele kwelo khwelo.
Umbhali-mbali uZoé Oldenbourg uthi inkoliso yabantu ababebandakanyeke kwiimfazwe zomnqamlezo “babeqinisekile ukuba banikela inkonzo kuThixo.” Uthi, babezingomb’ isifuba besithi “baziingelosi ezitshabalalisa abantwana bakasathana.” Umbhali uBrian Moynahan uthi, babekholelwa ukuba “bonke abafela kwelo dabi, babefika ezulwini bafumane izithsaba njengabafeli-nkolo.”
Mhlawumbi abo babebandakanyeke kwiimfazwe zomnqamlezo babengaqondi ukuba iintshaba zabo zazicinga ngendlela efanayo. Kwincwadi yakhe ethi Shorter History of the World, umbhali-mbali uJ. M. Roberts uthi, amajoni amaSilamsi ayesiya edabini eqinisekile ukuba alwela uThixo yaye “ukuba afe esilwa nomhedeni, aza kungena eparadesi” ezulwini.
Omabini la maqela ayefundiswe ukuba imfazwe yawo yeyobulungisa—ixhaswa yaye isikelelwa nguThixo. Iinkokeli zonqulo nezobupolitika zaphembelela abalandeli bazo ukuba bakholelwe oku, ngaloo ndlela zibaxhokonxa ukuba babe nomsindo. Yaye omabini la maqela abulala abantu ngokumanyumnyezi.
Ngoobani Ababesenza Ezi Zinto?
Yayingoobani ababesenza ezi zinto zimasikizi ngolu hlobo? Inkoliso yayingabantu abaqhelekileyo—ngokufanayo nje nanamhlanje. Ngokuqinisekileyo uninzi lwabo lwaluphenjelelwa ziingcamango ezingenasihlahla nokufuna ukulungisa izinto olwaluvakalelwa kukuba ziphosakele ngelo xesha. Ngenxa yokuvutha ngumsindo, abazange basiqonde isibakala sokuba nangona ngokutsho kwabo babesilwela “ubulungisa,” babezonakalisa ngakumbi izinto, bebangela intlungu nokubandezeleka kwamakhulu amawaka amadoda, amabhinqa nabantwana abangenatyala, abazibona sele bekwithafa ledabi.
Ngaba leyo asiyonto ibisenzeka ukutyhubela imbali? Ngaba iinkokeli ezinobuchule bokuphembelela abantu azikhange ziqhubeke ziphembelela izigidi ngezigidi zabantu—abangathandi mlo—ukuba balwe ngokumanyumnyezi neentshaba zabo ezikolunye unqulo okanye iqela lezobupolitika? Ukugayelwa emfazweni kwala maqela mabini nokuxelelwa ukuba ngalinye kuwo lixhaswa nguThixo kwayenza yabonakala isengqiqweni loo nkohlakalo naloo ngcinezelo yezobupolitika neyonqulo. Kangangeenkulungwane, iinkokeli ezilawula ngegqudu bezisoloko zisebenzisa loo maqhinga ukuze ziphumeze iinjongo zazo. UMoynahan uthi loo ndlela “yasetyenziswayo kwiimfazwe zomnqamlezo, isasetyenziswa nanamhlanje kwizidubedube zokuBulawa Kwabantu ngenkohlakalo nasekutshatyalalisweni kohlanga oluthile.”
Kodwa usenokuthi ‘abantu abayisebenzisayo ingqondo namhlanje abanakuvumela ukuntlokothiswa ngaloo ndlela. Ngaba asichubekanga noko ngoku?’ Bekufanele ukuba kunjalo. Kodwa ngaba ngokwenene sifundile kwiziganeko zexa elidluleyo? Ngubani ngokwenene onokuba nobuganga bokuthi sifundile xa ejonga kwizinto ezenzeke kumakhulu eminyaka edluleyo?
IMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala
Kwimfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala kwasetyenziswa indlela efanayo naleyo yayisetyenziswa kwiiMfazwe Zomnqamlezo. URoberts uthi: “Enye yezinto ezimangalisayo ezenzeka ngowe-1914, kukubona ngathi kuwo onke amazwe, abantu abaninzi abakwimibutho, iimvaba neentlanga ezahlukahlukeneyo bayakuvuyela ukuya emfazweni.”
Kwakutheni ukuze abantu abaninzi kangaka ‘bakuvuyele ukuya emfazweni’? Kaloku, njengabanye ababandakanyeka ezimfazweni kwiminyaka engaphambili, babemfanyekiswe ziintanda-bulumko zelo xesha. Ngoxa kusenokwenzeka ukuba abanye babephenjelelwa kukufuna inkululeko nobulungisa, alithandabuzeki elokuba abaninzi babeqhutywa likratshi lokuba uhlanga lwabo lubhetele kunezinye yaye bafanele balawule.
Aba bantu bafakwa umoya wokuba imfazwe ifana nedaliweyo—yenye yezinto “ezifanele zenzeke ebomini.” Umbhali uPhil Williams uthi, “enye yeengcamango zikaDarwin” ngokomzekelo, yakhokelela abantu ekucingeni ukuba imfazwe yindlela efanelekileyo “yokutshabalalisa iintlobo zabantu ezingamele kuphila.”
Kambe ke, mntu ngamnye wayevakalelwa kukuba wenza into efanelekileyo. Kwaphumela entwenini oko? Umbhali-mbali uMartin Gilbert uthi, ngeMfazwe Yehlabathi I, “oorhulumente bakhuthaza ubuhlanga, ukuthand’ izwe nokungenela umkhosi”—yaye abantu bathabatheka baza balandela. Ingcali ngezoqoqosho uJohn Kenneth Galbraith wakhulela kumaphandle aseKhanada ngexesha laloo mfazwe. Uthi kulo lonke elo, abantu babesithi “bubutyhakala obubangela abantu ukuba balwe eYurophu.” Kwabona babesithi: “Abantu abakrelekrele . . . ababandakanyekanga kuloo mpambano.” Kodwa into emangalisayo kukuba baphinda bazibandakanya. Waba yintoni umphumo? Amajoni aseKhanada amalunga nama-60 000 ayephakathi kwabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezisithoba abafa kobo butyikityiki babizwa ngokuba yimfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala.
Abantu Babengekafundi
Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini eyalandelayo, wavuka phantsi lo moya xa kwavela ubuFasi nobuNazi. UHugh Purcell uthi, abo baxhasa ubuFasi baqalisa ukusebenzisa “ubuxoki neentsomi zamandulo ezisekelwe kwizithethe ngelokuzama ukuphembelela abantu.” Eyona ndlela babeyisebenzisa kakhulu kukuxuba unqulo nezobupolitika, baze bathandazele ukuba uThixo asikelele amajoni abo.
Enye indoda “eyayinobuchule bokuphembelela izihlwele ikwalilo neciko,” yayinguAdolf Hitler. Kwincwadi ethi Hitler and Nazism, uDick Geary uthi njengabo bonke abalawuli bamandulo ababengamaqili, uHitler wayekholelwa ekubeni ‘abantu balawulwa ziimvakalelo kunokuba basebenzise ingqondo.’ UPurcell uthi, wasebenzisa obu buthathaka babantu neqhinga lakudala lokuphembelela abantu ukuba bathiye utshaba lwabo—njengaxa “waphembelela amaJamani ukuba oyike amaYuda yaye awathiye.” Enyelisa amaYuda, uHitler wathi, ‘AmaYuda onakalisa uhlanga lwaseJamani.’
Eyona nto ihambis’ umzimba ngale nkulungwane kukubona inyambalala yabantu abakhangeleka bendilisekile bephenjelelwa lula ukuba babulale into eninzi yamaxhoba. UGeary wabuza: “Yintoni ebangela ukuba abantu abahlala kwilizwe ekuthiwa lihambele phambili banganeli nje ukuvumelana nokubulawa kwabantu ngendlela emanyumnyezi ngamaNazi kodwa bade bawaxhase?” Eli yayingelolizwe nje elihambele phambili “kwimpucuko” kodwa lalikwagqalwa njengelizwe lamaKristu! Sele bekule ngxaki nje kungenxa yokuthanda kwabo iintanda-bulumko zabantu kunokuba babhenele kwiimfundiso zikaYesu Kristu. Yaye hayi indlela amaninzi ngayo amadoda namabhinqa anyanisekileyo aphenjelelwe ziingcamango zabantu aza abandakanyeka kwizenzo zenkohlakalo ezihlasimlis’ umzimba ukususela ngoko!
Isithandi sobulumko saseJamani uGeorg Hegel sithi: “Iziganeko ezenzeke kwixa elidluleyo zisifundisa ukuba, akukho nto ifundwe ziintlanga noorhulumente, kungekho nento abayenzileyo ngezinto abazibonileyo.” Abanye basenokungavumelani neengcamango zikaHegel ngokuphathelele ubomi, kodwa bambalwa kubo abanokuwaphikisa loo mazwi. Okubuhlungu kukuba, akubonakali ngathi abantu bayafunda kwizinto ezenzeke kwixa elidluleyo. Kodwa ngaba kumele kube njalo nangawe?
Nantsi eyona nto simele siyifunde: Ukuze siphephe iintlekele ezenzeke kwixa elidluleyo, simele sikulumkele ukuthembela kwintanda-bulumko yabantu abangafezekanga. Kodwa ukuba asinakuthembela kwintanda-bulumko yabantu, yintoni efanele iphembelele indlela esicinga ngayo? Kumawaka eminyaka ngaphambi kwexesha leeMfazwe Zomnqamlezo, abafundi bakaYesu Kristu bamisela umzekelo wendlela afanele aphile ngayo amaKristu okwenyaniso—nekuphela kwendlela efanelekileyo. Makhe sihlolisise indlela abakuphepha ngayo ukubandakanyeka kwiimfazwe ezimasikizi zexesha labo. Kodwa ngaba iintlanga zanamhlanje zinokufunda kumzekelo wabo zize ziphephe ukubandakanyeka kwiimfazwe? Enoba yintoni eyenziwa ziintlanga, sisiphi isicombululo esiya kuziswa nguThixo ukuze aphelise ukubandezeleka kwabantu?
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 22]
Iimfazwe ziye zangunobangela wokubulawa kwabantu ngenkohlakalo nokubandezeleka
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 23]
Ngasentla: Iimbacu kummandla odlakazwe yimfazwe
Yenzeka njani into yokuba abantu ekuthiwa baphucukile babe nogonyamelo ngolu hlobo?
[Inkcazelo]
Rwandan refugees: UN PHOTO 186788/J. Isaac; collapse of World Trade Center: AP Photo/Amy Sancetta