Iindlela Zokuvelisa Inzala Ezibangele Abafazi Bazala Baphul’ uluthi

NgoJulayi 25, 1978, eOldham, eNgilani, kwazalwa umntwana oyintombazana ogama linguLouise Joy Brown ngendlela engaqhelekanga. ULouise ngumntwana wokuqala owakhawulelwa kwitest-tube (ebhotileni).

KWIINYANGA ezisithoba ngaphambi koko, uLouise wakhawulelwa elaboratory ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-in vitro fertilization (ukukhawulelwa ebhotileni). Kusetyenziswa le nkqubo, kwathatyathwa iqanda likanina ladityaniswa nedlozi zaza zafakwa kwisitya seglasi. Emva kweentsuku ezimbini ezinesiqingatha, le seli yaziphindaphinda yaba ziiseli ezisibhozo ezincinane kakhulu yaye eso sicuku seeseli safakwa esibelekweni sikanina ukuze sikhule ngendlela eqhelekileyo. Ukuzalwa kukaLouise kwavelisa indlela entsha yokunyanga ubudlolo.

Le ndlela yokukhawula umntwana yabangela ukuba kuveliswe ubugcisa obungakumbi bokunyanga ubudlolo, obuquka zonke iindlela ekudityaniswa ngazo iqanda nedlozi ukuze kuveliswe inzala. Nantsi eminye imizekelo. Ngowe-1984 elinye ibhinqa laseKhalifoniya, eUnited States, lazala umntwana owaveliswa ngeqanda lelinye ibhinqa. Kwangaloo nyaka mnye, eOstreliya kwazalwa umntwana owayeveliswe ngokusebenzisa imbumba (embryo) eyayigcinwe emkhenkceni. Ngowe-1994 omnye umfazi waseItali oneminyaka engama-62 ubudala wazala usana olwaluveliswe ngokusebenzisa iqanda lelinye ibhinqa nedlozi lomyeni wakhe.

Inkqubela Engakumbi

Ngoku, malunga neminyaka engama-25 emva kokuzalwa kukaLouise Joy Brown, abaphandi baye bavelisa intlaninge yamayeza neenkqubo zobugcisa bezi mini obuye bayitshintsha ngokupheleleyo indlela yokunyanga ubudlolo. (Bona ibhokisi ethi “Ezinye Iindlela Zokunyanga Ubudlolo” nethi “Ziziphi Iingozi Ezibandakanyekileyo?”) Ezi ndlela zintsha zobugcisa ziye zabangela ukuba abafazi bazale baphul’ uluthi ngoncedo lwezi ndlela zokuvelisa inzala. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1999, ukuveliswa kwabantwana ngobugcisa kwabangela ukuba eUnited States kuphela, kuzalwe abantwana abangama-30 000. Kwamanye amazwe aseScandinavia, kubantwana abazalwayo nyaka ngamnye abantwana abaphakathi kwesi-2 nesi-3 ekhulwini bakhawulwa ngeendlela zobugcisa. Ehlabathini lonke, abantwana abamalunga ne-100 000 abazalwayo nyaka ngamnye bakhawulwa nge-in vitro fertilization. Kuthelekelelwa ukuba abantwana abaye baveliswa ngale ndlela ukususela ngowe-1978 bamalunga nesigidi.

Le ndlela yokuvelisa abantwana isetyenziswa kakhulu kumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho. Nkqubo nganye yonyango ixabisa amawaka eerandi yaye ezi ndleko azidli ngokuqukwa kwiinkonzo zonyango ezihlawulwa ngurhulumente, kwii-inshorensi zabaqeshwa nee-inshorensi zobuqu. Iphephancwadi elibizwa ngokuba yi-Time lathi “ibhinqa elineminyaka engama-45 ubudala eliye lenza iinxalenye ezisixhenxe ze-in vitro fertilization linokuhlawula ii-R675 000 kolo nyango.” Sekunjalo, iindlela zobugcisa zokuvelisa inzala zinik’ ithemba kwizibini ezingamadlolo ebesele zingenathemba lakufumana bantwana ngaphandle kokuba zikhulise umntwana wabanye abantu. Ngoku iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokunyanga ubudlolo ziluncedo kwiingxaki ezininzi zamabhinqa namadoda angamadlolo.a

Kutheni Zithandwa Kangaka Nje?

Esinye isizathu sokuba iindlela zobugcisa zokuvelisa inzala zithandwe kangaka yindlela yokuphila yezi mini. Ingxelo eyapapashwa yi-American Society for Reproductive Medicine ithi: “Kula mashumi mathathu eminyaka edluleyo, amabhinqa aye ayeka ukuzala abantwana ngeminyaka eqhelekileyo yokuzala ngenxa yokuba amaninzi kuwo aye axakeka yimfundo ephakamileyo nemisebenzi aza akatshata ngexesha afanele atshate ngalo. Kwangaxeshanye, iqela elininzi lamabhinqa awazalwa ngexesha ‘Lokuzalwa Kwenkitha Yabantwana’ (ngowe-1946-1964) sele lidlulile kwiminyaka yokuzala, nto leyo ibangela ukuba amabhinqa amaninzi awazalwa ngaloo minyaka afune unyango lokuvelisa inzala.”

Amanye amabhinqa asenokungayiqondi indlela elikhawuleza ngayo ukufika ixesha lokuphelelwa ngamandla okuvelisa inzala njengoko ekhula. Ngokutsho kwe-U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, xa ibhinqa lineminyaka engama-42 ubudala, amathuba okuba lifumane umntwana ophuma kumaqanda alo angaphantsi kwe-10 ekhulwini. Ngoko xa amabhinqa asele ekhulile efuna unyango lobudlolo kudla ngokusetyenziswa amaqanda omnye umntu.

Kutshintsho lwamvanje, ezinye izibini ezingafumani bantwana zithabatha imbumba esele kwesinye isibini “ziyikhulise.” Kuthelekelelwa ukuba eUnited States kuphela, kukho iimbumba ezingama-200 000 ezigcinwe emkhenkceni. Kutshanje, ijelo leendaba elibizwa ngokuba yi-CBS lidize ukuba: “Ukuphisa ngeembumba ngenjongo yokuvelisa abantwana bekuqhubeka ngokufihlakeleyo kangangeminyaka.”

Akumangalisi ke ngoko ukuba ukuvelisa inzala ngoncedo lobugcisa kuphakamise imibuzo eliqela. Le ndlela yokuzala abantwana iyichaphazela njani imilinganiselo yokuziphatha? Ithini iBhayibhile ngalo mbandela? Le mibuzo kunye neminye iya kuxutyushwa kwinqaku elilandelayo.

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 20]

EZINYE IINDLELA ZOKUNYANGA UBUDLOLO

I-AI (I-ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION). Xa kusenziwa le nkqubo kufakwa amadlozi esibelekweni ngendlela engeyoyamvelo. Le nkqubo idla ngokusetyenziswa ngaphambi kokuba kusetyenziswe ezi ndlela zichazwe ngezantsi.

I-GIFT (I-GAMETE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER). Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukukhutshwa kwamaqanda esibelekweni sebhinqa adityaniswe namadlozi kuze kuvulwe umngxuma nje omncinane esiswini sebhinqa kusetyenziswa ilaparoscope (isixhobo sokuxilonga ngaphakathi esiswini) afakwe kwiFallopian tube.

I-ICSI (I-INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION). (umfanekiso wayo owenziwe mkhulu nanko ngasekhohlo) Kule nkqubo kuthatyathwa idlozi elinye lize lifakwe ngenaliti yokutofa eqandeni.

I-IVF (I-IN VITRO FERTILIZATION). Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukukhutshwa kwamaqanda esibelekweni sebhinqa aze adityaniswe namadlozi. Kwakuba kwakheke iimbumba zifakwa esibelekweni sebhinqa.

I-ZIFT (I-ZYGOTE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER). Kule nkqubo amaqanda ayakhutshwa esibelekweni sebhinqa aze adityaniswe namadlozi. Lakuba iqanda lidibene namadlozi kuvulwa umngxuma nje omncinane esiswini sebhinqa lize lifakwe kwiFallopian tube.

[Inkcazelo]

Le bhokisi ithatyathwe kwiReproductive Health Information Source, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Courtesy of the University of Utah Andrology and IVF Laboratories

[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 21]

ZIZIPHI IINGOZI EZIBANDAKANYEKILEYO?

IIMPAZAMO ZABANTU. EUnited States, eNetherlands naseBritani, kwiikliniki ezinceda abantu abangafumani bantwana kuye kwenziwa impazamo yokubhidanisa amadlozi neembumba. Esinye isibini sazala amawele olunye uhlanga yaye elinye ibhinqa lazala amawele aziintlanga ezimbini ezingafaniyo.

UKUZALWA KWABANTWANA ABANINZI NGAXESHANYE. Uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba ukuzalwa kwabantwana abaninzi ngaxeshanye—ngenxa yokufakwa kweembumba ezininzi esibelekweni—kwandisa amathuba okuzalwa komntwana ngaphambi kwexesha, ukuzalwa komntwana onomzimba omncinane kakhulu, ukuzalwa komntwana osele efile nokuzalwa komntwana onesiphene.

UKUZALWA KWABANTWANA ABANEZIPHENE. Ngokutsho kolunye uphando, abantwana abakhawulelwe ebhotileni basengozini engakumbi yokuzalwa beneziphene, njengeengxaki zentliziyo okanye zezintso, inkalakahla ecandekileyo namasende angekho sendaweni yawo.

IMPILO KAMAMA. Iingxaki zonyango oluphathelele amadlala okanye zokukhulelwa abantwana abaninzi ngaxeshanye zibeka oomama esichengeni.