Kutheni Abantu Bengenayo Indawo Yokuhlala? — IWatchtower LAYBRARI EKWI-INTANETHI

Kutheni Abantu Bengenayo Indawo Yokuhlala?

UJOSEPHINE oneminyaka engama-36 ubudala kunye noonyana bakhe abathathu, abaneminyaka ephakathi kwemi-6 ukusa kweli-11 ubudala bahlala kumaphandle esixeko esikhulu saseAfrika. Uziphilisa ngokuqokelela iimbombozi aze azithengise kwindawo ephinda izenze. Ngalo msebenzi unzima ufumana imali engaphantsi kwe-R12 ngosuku. Kweso sixeko, loo mali incinane gqitha ukuba ingondla intsapho ize kwangaxeshanye ihlawulele abantwana esikolweni.

Ekupheleni kosuku, ugodukela kwindawo anyanzelekileyo ukuyibiza njengekhaya lakhe. Iindonga zayo zenziwe ngezitena zodaka yaye yakhiwe ngezinti. Uphahla lwayo oluxengaxengayo, ngamacangci arusileyo, kunye neseyile. Ukuze uphahla lungahambi nomoya, phezu kwendlu kufunjwe amatye, amaplanga, neentsimbi ezindala. “Ucango” kunye “nefestile” ngamarhonya, angenakumelana nemozulu embi—asisathethi ke ngabantu abaqhekezayo.

Nangona le ndlu ikumgangatho ophantsi ngolu hlobo, asiyoyakhe. UJosephine nabantwana bakhe boyika ukugxothwa nanini na kule ndlu. Lo mhlaba imi kuyo le ndlu uza kusetyenziswa ukwandisa indlela ekufuphi. Okubuhlungu kukuba, kwenzek’ into efanayo kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini lonke.

Ikhaya Eliyingozi

URobin Shell igosa eliphambili kumbutho wokuncedisana nokwakhiwa kwezindlu ehlabathini lonke, uthi: “Kwizindlu ezikumgangatho ophantsi abantwana baziva beneentloni ngamakhaya abo, . . . intsapho isoloko igula, yaye . . . abayazi nokuba abasemagunyeni okanye umnikazi wendlu uya kufika nini alidilize [ikhaya labo].”

Ukuphila kwiimeko ezinjalo kwenza abazali bahlale bexhalabele impilo nokukhuseleka kwabantwana babo. Kunokuba bazame ukuphucula imeko, bachitha ixesha elininzi befunela abantwana babo izinto ezisisiseko, njengokutya, bezama ukuba baphumle, bezama nekhusi.

Xa sijongile, kusenokuba lula ukucinga ukuba amahlwempu anokuyiphucula imeko akuyo ukuba nje anokuzimisela. Kodwa ukuxelela abantu ukuba bazimisele ukuphucula imeko yabo akusosicombululo. Zininzi izinto ezibandakanyekileyo kule ngxaki yokungabi namakhaya, izinto ezingaphaya kwamandla omntu. Abaphandi bakhankanya ukwanda kwabemi, ukuthontelana kwabantu ezidolophini, iintlekele zemvelo, ukuguquka kwemeko zobupolitika, nobuhlwempu obuqhubekayo njengoonobangela abaphambili bale ngxaki. Xa ezi ngxaki zidibene, zenza abantu abangamahlwempu baxinezeleke ehlabathini lonke.

Ingxaki Yokwanda Kwabemi

Kuqikelelwa ukuba nyaka ngamnye ehlabathini kufuneka izindlu ezongezelekileyo zabantu abazizigidi ezingama-68 ukusa kwezingama-80. Ngokutsho kweUnited Nations Population Fund ukwanda kwabemi ehlabathini lonke kuye kwangaphaya kwewaka lesigidi ngonyaka wama-2001 yaye kulindeleke ukuba kufikelele isi-7,9 ne-10,9 lewaka lesigidi ngonyaka wama-2050. Okulusizi ngakumbi kukuba, ama-98 ekhulwini olo lwando kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini ezayo lulindeleke ukuba lwenzeke kumazwe asakhasayo. Olo qikelelo nje lulodwa lubonisa ingxaki efanele isingathwe yokufunela aba bantu izindlu ezisemgangathweni. Sekunjalo, le ngxaki yenziwa nzima ngakumbi sisibakala sokuba iindawo ezinabemi abanda ngokukhawuleza kumazwe amaninzi ziidolophu ezisele zinabantu abaninzi.

Ukuthontelana Kwabantu Ezidolophini

Abantu basoloko becinga ukuba imeko yezoqoqosho ibhetele kwizixeko ezikhulu—njengeNew York, iLondon, neTokyo. Ngenxa yoko, nyaka ngamnye amawaka abantu basemaphandleni afudukela kulo ‘madlelo aluhlaza,’ ukuya kufuna imfundo nomsebenzi.

Ngokomzekelo, eTshayina, imeko yezoqoqosho iya isiba ntle ngokukhawuleza. Ngenxa yoko, enye ingxelo iqikelela ukuba, kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka alandelayo, izindlu ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-200 ziza kufuneka kwizixeko ezikhulu kuphela. Oko kuphantse kuliphinde kabini inani lezindlu ezikhoyo ngoku eUnited States. Yiyiphi inkqubo yokwakhiwa kwezindlu enokukwazi ukwakha izindlu ezingako?

Ngokutsho kweWorld Bank, “nyaka ngamnye, iintsapho ezizizigidi ezili-12 ukusa kwezili-15, ezifuna inani elifanayo lezindlu, ziyathontelana ukuya kuhlala kwizixeko zamazwe asakhasayo.” Ekubeni zinganelanga izindlu ezifikelelekayo, abantu abasuka kwiidolophu ezihlelelekileyo kunyanzeleka ukuba bahlale naphi na, kwiindawo abanye abantu abangakuthandiyo ukuhlala kuzo.

Iintlekele Zemvelo Nezibangelwa Zezopolitiko

Ubuhlwempu buye banyanzela abantu abaninzi ukuba bahlale kwiindawo ezinokuba nezikhukula, iimpuphuma zodaka neenyikima. Ngokomzekelo, kuqikelelwa ukuba eCaracas, eVenezuela, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sesigidi sabantu “bahlala kwiindawo zabangcuchalazi, iindawo ezinamathambeka aneminqantsa ezisoloko zichatshazelwa kukukhukuliseka komhlaba.” Khumbula kwakhona ingozi eyenzeka kumzi-mveliso eBhopal idolophu yaseIndiya ngowe-1984, apho igesi enetyhefu yabulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-2 500 yaza yenzakalisa abaninzi. Kutheni babebaninzi kangaka abantu abafayo? Isizathu esiyintloko sikukuba, amatyotyombe amaninzi ayekufuphi ngeemitha ezi-5 nalo mzi-mveliso.

Iintlekele ezibangelwa zezopolitiko, njengemfazwe yamakhaya, nazo zingunobangela wengxaki eyandayo yokungabi namakhaya. Enye ingxelo eyapapashwa ngonyaka wama-2002 liqela lamalungelo abantu yabonisa ukuba kumzantsi-mpuma weTurkey phakathi konyaka we-1984 nowe-1999 abantu abamalunga ne-1,5 lesigidi banyanzeleka ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo ebudeni bemfazwe yamakhaya. Uninzi lwabo lwanyanzeleka ukuba lukhangele enye indawo yokuhlala, luxinanise apho kulo matyotyombe, kwiindawo zokuhlala eziqeshisayo, ezifama, okanye kwiziza ezisakhiwayo nakwizizalwana nabamelwane babo. Kuthiwa elinye iqela leentsapho lalihlala ezitalini zamahashe, egumbini elinye lingabantu abali-13, lisebenzisa indlu yangasese esetyenziswa ngumntu wonke netephu enye eyayiseyadini. Enye yeembacu yathi: “Sifuna ukwahlukana nale ndlela siphila ngayo. Sihlala kwindawo eyakhelwe izilwanyana.”

Ukudodobala Kwezoqoqosho

Kwakhona, kukho unxibelelwano phakathi kokungabi nandawo yokuhlala nemeko yezoqoqosho yabantu abangamahlwempu. Ngokutsho kwengxelo yeWorld Bank ebikhankanywe ngaphambili, ngowe-1988 kuphela, abantu abazizigidi ezingama-330 abahlala ezidolophini zamazwe asakhasayo bangamahlwempu, imeko ekungalindelekanga ukuba itshintshe kwiminyaka elandelayo. Ukuba abantu abangamahlwempu abakwazi ukuzifumana izinto eziyimfuneko njengokutya nempahla, bangakwazi njani ukuhlawula irente okanye ukwakha indlu esemgangathweni?

Inzala ephakamileyo xa uboleke imali ebhankini nokunyuka kwamaxabiso kwenza kube nzima ngeentsapho ezininzi ukuba ziboleke imali ebhankini, nokuhlawula iinkonzo ezifana nombane, igesi okanye amanzi kwenza kube nzima ukuba abantu babe nemali. Ukungaqeshwa kwabantu abanokuba ngama-20 ekhulwini kwamanye amazwe kwenza kube nzima ukufumana izinto eziyimfuneko.

Ezi nezinye iingxaki zibangele ukuba abantu abangamakhulu ezigidi emhlabeni wonke bahlale kwizindlu ezingekho mgangathweni. Abantu bahlala kwiibhasi ezindala, kwiibhokisi ezinkulu zentsimbi zokuthutha iimpahla, nakumabobosi ekhadibhodi. Bahlala ngaphantsi kwezinyuko, kwizindlu zeseyile nezamaplanga. Abanye bahlala kwimizi-mveliso emidala.

Yintoni Eyenziwayo?

Kukho imigudu esele isenziwa ngabantu abaxhalabileyo, imibutho, noorhulumente ukucombulula le ngxaki. EJapan, kuye kwaqaliswa amaziko aliqela okwakha izindlu ezikwixabiso elifikelelekayo. Ngowe-1994 eMzantsi Afrika kwaqaliswa ukwakhiwa kwezindlu ezinamagumbi amane ngoku esezingaphezu kwesigidi. IKenya izimisele ukwakha izindlu ezingama-150 000 ezidolophini yaye ifuna ukuliphinda kabini elo nani emaphandleni nyaka ngamnye. Kwamanye amazwe, njengaseMadagascar bakhangela indlela zokwakha eziza kubangela ukuba kwakhiwe izindlu zamaxabiso aphantsi.

Kuye kwasekwa umbutho wamazwe ngamazwe, njengeUN-HABITAT ukubonisa ukuzinikela kwehlabathi “ukuthintela nokulungisa iingxaki ezivelayo zokwanda kakhulu kwabemi ezidolophini.” Imibutho engahlawulwayo neyabahlali nayo iyazama ukunceda. Omnye umbutho ongahlawulwayo uye wanceda iintsapho ezingaphezu kwezingama-150 000 kumazwe awahlukahlukeneyo ukuphucula umgangatho wezindlu ezihlala kuzo. Ngonyaka wama-2005 uqikelela ukuba uza kube uncede abantu abasisigidi ukufumana izindlu nje eziqhelekileyo, ezisemgangathweni, nezinexabiso eliphantsi.

Uninzi lwale mibutho luye lwaqokelela inkcazelo eyenzelwe ukunceda abantu abahlala kwizindlu ezingekho mgangathweni ukubenza bahlangabezane nemeko abakuyo okanye bayiphucule. Ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ufuna uncedo, unokuxhakamfula elinye lala malungiselelo. Kukho nezinye izinto onokuzenza eziluncedo.—Bona ibhokisi ekwiphepha 23 ethi: “Indlela Indlu Yakho Eyichaphazela Ngayo Impilo Yakho.”

Enoba unako ukuphucula imeko yakho, akukho themba lingako lokuba kukho umntu okanye umbutho wabantu onokuphelisa unobangela wale ngxaki. Abantu bamazwe ngamazwe abakwazi ukuyiphucula ngokukhawuleza imeko yezoqoqosho nokunceda abantu nto leyo efuneka ngokungxamisekileyo. Nyaka ngamnye abantwana abazizigidi bazalelwa kule meko yokuhlwempuzeka. Ngaba likho ithemba lokwenene lesicombululo esiya kuhlala sihleli sale ngxaki?

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INDLELA INDLU YAKHO EYICHAPHAZELA NGAYO IMPILO YAKHO

Ngokutsho kweWorld Health Organization, ukuze ube sempilweni indlu ifanele ubuncinane ibe nezi zinto zilandelayo:

◼ Uphahla olwenziwe kakuhle ukuze imvula ingangeni

◼ Iindonga neengcango ezomeleleyo ukuzikhusela kwimozulu embi nokuba izilwanyana zingangeni

◼ Inethi ezifestileni nasezingcangweni ukwenzela ukuba izinambuzane zingangeni, ingakumbi iingcongconi

◼ Isikhuselo selanga (sunshades) ukuze udonga lungafunyanwa lilanga xa kushushu

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IZINDLU ZASEMAPHANDLENI EAFRIKA

Kangangeminyaka emininzi izindlu zasemaphandleni eAfrika bezithe gqa gqa gqa zihombise loo mathafa namathambeka mahle. Azilingani yaye zakhiwe ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Abanye abantu, njengamaKikuyu namaLuo aseKenya, bathanda ooronta. Abanye, kuquka amaMasai aseKenya naseTanzania, bakha uxande. Kweminye imimandla engaselunxwemeni lweMpuma Afrika, ezinye izindlu zingoongquphantsi.

Ekubeni izinto ezininzi zokwakha izindlu ezinjalo kwakulula ukuzifumana, ingxaki yokungabi namakhaya yayingekho kangako. Udaka lwalusenziwa nje ngokuxuba umhlaba namanzi. Amahlathi amaninzi akufutshane ayesenza kube lula ukufumana imithi, ingca, iingcongolo, namagqabi omthi imbambosi. Noko ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuba intsapho yayizizityebi okanye ingamahlwempu, ngokuqhelekileyo kwakulula ukuba nendlu.

Kakade ke, nazo ezo zindlu zinazo iingxaki zazo. Ekubeni uphahla lwezindlu ezininzi lwenziwe ngezinto ezinokukhawuleza zitshe, kwakunokuba lula nje ukuba kutshe. Kwakhona kunokuba lula ngomntu oqhekezayo ukuba angene endlwini, ngokugqobhoza nje umngxuma kudonga olwenziwe ngodaka. Ngoko ke, ayingomnqa into yokuba, kwimimandla emininzi namhlanje, izindlu zaseAfrika zakudala zithatyathelw’ indawo luhlobo olomeleleyo.

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Source: African Traditional Architecture

Huts: Courtesy Bomas of Kenya Ltd - A Cultural, Conference, and Entertainment Center

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EYUROPHU

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EAFRIKA

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EMZANTSI MERIKA

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EMZANTSI MERIKA

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EASIA

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JORGE UZON/AFP/Getty Images; Frits Meyst/Panos Pictures