Isahluko 8
UbuShinto—Iphulo LeJapan Lokufuna UThixo
“Ngenxa yokuba utata wayengumfundisi wamaShinto, sasixelelwa ukuba sinikele ngeglasi yamanzi nangesitya serayisi ephekiweyo kwikamidana [indlu yenkonzo yentsapho yamaShinto] ntsasa nganye ngaphambi kwesidlo sakusasa. Emva kweso senzo sonqulo, sasisithabatha eso sitya serayisi size siyitye. Ngokwenjenjalo, ndandinethemba lokuba oothixo babeza kusikhusela.
“Xa sathenga indlu, saqinisekisa ngenyameko ukuba yakhiwe kwindawo engayi kusizisela amashwa njengaleyo sasihlala kuyo ngaphambili ngokuthi siqhagamshelane nomshaman, umntu oneshologu. Wasilumkisa ngamasango amathathu eedemon waza wasiyalela ukuba silandele inkqubo yokuzihlambulula eyamiselwa ngutata. Ngoko sasiyihlambulula loo ndawo yokuhlala ngetyuwa kanye nyanga nganye.”—Mayumi T.
1. (Quka intshayelelo.) Unqulo lwamaShinto luqheliselwa phi ngokuyintloko, yaye lubandakanya ntoni kwamanye amakholwa alo?
NGOKUYINTLOKO ubuShinto bulunqulo lwamaJapan. Ngokutsho kweNihon Shukyo Jiten (Intyilalwazi Yeenkonzo ZaseJapan), “Indlela obusekwe ngayo ubuShinto ityekele kakhulu kwizithethe zesizwe samaJapan, yaye buyinkqubo yonqulo engazange iqheliselwe naphi na ngaphandle kweli butho lesizwe.” Kodwa impembelelo yoshishino neyempucuko yamaJapan yande kakhulu ngoku kangangokuba kufanele kusibangele umdla ukwazi ukuba ngabaphi na oothunywashe abangokonqulo abaye banendima ebalulekileyo kwimbali yaseJapan nakwisimo sengqondo samaJapan.
2. UbuShinto bubuphembelela ukusa kuwuphi umkhamo ubomi babantu baseJapan?
2 Nangona ubuShinto buzibanga bunamalungu angaphezu kwama-91 000 000 eJapan, nani elo elimalunga nabemi abathathu kwabane belo lizwe, uhlolisiso lutyhila ukuba ngabantu abangama-2 000 000 kuphela, okanye isithathu ekhulwini sabemi abangabantu abakhulileyo, esizibanga sikholelwa ngokwenene kubuShinto. Phofu ke, uSugata Masaaki, umphengululi ngobuShinto, uthi: “UbuShinto butshone zwabha kuqheliselo lobomi bemihla ngemihla baseJapan kangangokuba abantu baphantse babulibala nokuba buyinto ekhoyo. AmaJapan awabugqali njengonqulo ngaphezu kokuba nje buyinto eqhelekileyo engawaphazamisi ntweni, ngokufanayo nomoya awuphefumlayo.” Kwanabo bazibanga bengalukhathalelanga unqulo bayawathenga amakhubalo obuShinto okuzikhusela endleleni, bayiqhuba imitshato yabo ngokwesithethe sobuShinto, baze banikele ngemali yabo kwimithendeleko yaminyaka le yobuShinto.
Baqala Njani?
3, 4. Kwenzeka njani ekuqaleni ukuba unqulo lwaseJapan lwaziwe njengobuShinto?
3 “UbuShinto” bamiselwa ngenkulungwane yesithandathu yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo ukuze bahlule unqulo lwasekuhlaleni kubuBhuda, obabuqalisa ukuvela kwelaseJapan. “Kambe ke, ‘Unqulo lwamaJapan’ . . . lwabakho ngaphambi kokuvela kobuBhuda, kodwa lwalusakhasa, lunamasiko ‘nezithethe’ zalo. Phofu ke, kwathi kwakuvela ubuBhuda, baqala abantu basiqonda isibakala sokuba ezo zithethe zaziyila unqulo lwamaJapan olwalwahlukile kubuBhuda, obabulunqulo lwasemzini,” ucacisa ngelitshoyo uSachiya Hiro, umphengululi weenkonzo zaseJapan. Lwavela njani olu nqulo lwamaJapan?
4 Kunzima ukutyumba umhla obaqala ngawo ubuShinto bantlandlolo, okanye “Unqulo lwamaJapan.” Ekuqaliseni kokulinywa kwerayisi kumhlaba ofumileyo, “inzululwazi ngezolimo kumhlaba ofumileyo yenza kwaba yimfuneko ukumiselwa kwamabutho asekuhlaleni alungelelaniswe kakuhle nazimiseleyo, kwanezithethe ezingokwezolimo—ezathi kamva zaba nendima ebaluleke kakhulu kubuShintō,” icacisa ngelitshoyo iKodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. Abo bantu bamandulo babekholelwa yaye benqula oothixo abaninzi bendalo.
5. (a) Iyintoni imbono yobuShinto ngokufa? (b) Imbono yobuShinto ngokufa yahluke njani koko kuthethwa yiBhayibhile?
5 Ukongezelela koku kunqula kwabo oothixo, ukoyika imiphefumlo yabangasekhoyo kwakhokelela ekusekweni kwezithethe zokuyixolisa. Ekuhambeni kwexesha oku kwagqibela ngokuba lunqulo lweminyanya. Ngokwenkolelo yobuShinto, umphefumlo “wongasekhoyo” usenabo ubuntu bawo yaye udyojwa kukufa zisuka nje emva kokufa komntu. Xa lowo ufelweyo esenza izithethe zokukhumbula umfi, umphefumlo womfi uyahlanjululwa ukusa kwinqanaba lokususa bonke ububi obuye bawudyobha, wandule ke ube ngonoxolo nonobubele. Ekuhambeni kwexesha umoya kakhokho unyukela kwisigxina sokuba ngumnyanya, okanye umlondolozi, oko kukuthi isithixo. Ngaloo ndlela sifumanisa ukuba inkolelo yokungafi komphefumlo yesamele nakolu nqulo yaye ilawula isimo sengqondo nezenzo zamakholwa.—INdumiso 146:4; INtshumayeli 9:5, 6, 10.
6, 7. (a) AmaShinto ayebajonga njani oothixo bawo? (b) Iyintoni ishintai, yaye kutheni ibalulekileyo nje kubuShinto? (Thelekisa iEksodus 20:4, 5; Levitikus 26:1; 1 Korinte 8:5, 6.)
6 Oothixo bendalo noothixo abayiminyanya babegqalwa njengemimoya “ebhabhayo” nezalise isibhakabhaka. Ebudeni bemithendeleko, abantu babebongoza oothixo ukuba behlele kwiindawo ezikhethekileyo ezingcwaliselwe ezo zihlandlo. Kuthiwa aba thixo babefika bahlale okwexeshana kwiishintai, oko kukuthi izinto ezinqulwayo ezinjengemithi, amatye, izipili namakrele. Yayisiba ngamashaman, okanye abaneshologu, ababesongamela izithethe zokubiza abo thixo ukuba behlele phantsi.
7 Ngokuthe ngcembe, ezo “ndawo babesehlela kuzo” oothixo, ezazingcwaliswa okwexeshana ukwenzela imithendeleko, zasetyenziswa ngokusisigxina. Abantu bakha izindlu zeenkonzo zoothixo ababenzela inenceba, abo babebonakala babebasikelela. Ekuqaleni abazange benze mifanekiso iqingqiweyo yoothixo kodwa babenqula iishintai, ekuthiwa yayihlala kuzo imimoya yoothixo. Kwanentaba iphela, njengeFuji, yayinokugqalwa njengeshintai. Ekuhambeni kwexesha kwabakho oothixo abaninzi kangangokuba amaJapan avelisa ibinzana elithi yaoyorozu-no-kami, ngokoqobo elithetha “oothixo abazizigidi ezisibhozo” (igama elithi “kami” lithetha “oothixo” okanye “izithixo”). Ngoku eli binzana libhekisela “koothixo abangenakubalwa,” ekubeni inani lezithixo zonqulo lobuShinto lisoloko lisanda.
8. (a) Ngokutsho kwentsomi yobuShinto, uAmaterasu Omikami waveliswa njani waza wanyanzelwa njani ukuba avelise ukukhanya? (b) Kwenzeka njani ukuba uAmaterasu Omikami abe sisithixo sesizwe, ibe abalawuli banxulunyaniswa njani naye?
8 Njengoko izithethe zamaShinto zazisenzelwa kwizindlu zeenkonzo, iqela ngalinye labantu abazalanayo lalinqula isithixo esasingumlondolozi waso. Noko ke, xa intsapho yasebukhosini yasimanyanisayo isizwe ngenkulungwane yesixhenxe yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo, saphakamisa uthixokazi waso welanga, uAmaterasu Omikami, samenza isithixo sesizwe nesona sibalaseleyo koothixo bamaShinto. (Bona ibhokisi, kwiphepha 191.) Ekuhambeni kwexesha kwaveliswa intsomi yokuba umlawuli weso sizwe wayeyinzala ephuma ngqo kuthixokazi welanga. Ukuze kuqiniswe loo nkolelo, kwabhalwa iincwadi ezimbini ezibalaseleyo zobuShinto, iKojiki neNihon shoki, ngenkulungwane yesibhozo yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo. Zisebenzisa iintsomi ezazizukisa iintsapho zasebukhosini njengenzala yoothixo, ezi ncwadi zaba negalelo ekugqalweni kwabalawuli njengabongamileyo.
Unqulo Lwemithendeleko Nezithethe
9. (a) Kutheni le nto omnye umphengululi ebubiza ubuShinto njengonqulo “olungenazo” izinto ezininzi? (b) Bungqongqo kangakanani ubuShinto ngokubhekisele kwiimfundiso? (Thelekisa uYohane 4:22-24.)
9 Noko ke, ezi ncwadi zimbini zentsomi yamaShinto, zazingagqalwa njengezibhalo eziphefumlelweyo. Okubangel’ umdla kukuba, ubuShinto abunaye umseki wabo owaziwayo okanye iBhayibhile. “UbuShinto bulunqulo ‘olungenazo’ izinto ezininzi. Abunazo iimfundiso ezisisiseko yaye abunayo imfundiso yonqulo eneenkcukacha. Kufana nje nokungathi abunayo nayiphi na imimiselo efanele igcinwe. . . . Nangona ndakhulela kwintsapho eyayizigcina ngokungqongqo izithethe zobuShinto, andikhumbuli ndinikwa imfundiso enzulu engokonqulo,” ucacisa ngelitshoyo uShouichi Saeki, umphengululi ongumShinto. (Akekeliswe sithi.) KumaShinto, iimfundiso ezisisiseko, imimiselo, yaye, maxa wambi, kwanoko akunqulayo akuyonto ibalulekileyo. “Kwakwitempile enye, ngokufuthi uthixo oqingqiweyo wayetshintshwa kunqulwe omnye, yaye, maxa wambi, abantu ababenqula abo thixo baze bathandaze kubo babengaluphawuli olu tshintsho,” utsho njalo umphengululi ongumShinto.
10. Yintoni engundoqo kumaShinto?
10 Ngoko, yintoni engundoqo kumaShinto? “Ntlandlolo, ubuShinto babuzigqala izenzo ezazikhuthaza imvisiswano nemisebenzi emihle yelo qela lincinane ‘njengezilungileyo’ yaye ezo zazikuthintela oko babuzigqala ‘njengezimbi,’” itsho njalo incwadi yeenkolelo ezingokwesithethe zaseJapan. Ukuphila ngokuvisisana noothixo, nendalo, kwakunye nebutho lasekuhlaleni kwakugqalwa njengomlinganiselo ophakamileyo wokuziphatha. Nantoni na eyayiphazamisa ukuvisisana ngoxolo kwebutho lasekuhlaleni yayijongwa njengembi kungakhathaliseki ukuba ibaluleke kangakanani na.
11. Imithendeleko inayiphi indima kunqulo lobuShinto nakubomi bemihla ngemihla?
11 Ekubeni ubuShinto bungenayo imfundiso esisiseko, buyikhuthaza imvisiswano kwibutho lasekuhlaleni ngokusebenzisa izithethe nemithendeleko. “Okona kubalulekileyo kubuShinto, kukuba siyayibhiyozela imithendeleko okanye akunjalo kusini na,” icacisa ngelitshoyo intyilalwazi iNihon Shukyo Jiten. (Bona ibhokisi, kwiphepha 193.) Ukutya kunye kwebutho labantu elalilima irayisi kwimithendeleko yoothixo abayiminyanya kwafak’ isandla kumoya wentsebenziswano abantu ababenawo. Imithendeleko emikhulu yayihlobene yaye unangoku isahlobene nokulinywa kwerayisi. Entlakohlaza, abantu basemaphandleni babongoza “uthixo werayisi” ukuba ehle eze kwilali yabo, baze bandule ke bathandazele isivuno esihle. Ekwindla, babulela oothixo babo ngesivuno. Ebudeni bemithendeleko, bathwala oothixo babo ngemikoshi, okanye umnquba ophathwayo, baze benzele oothixo babo umsitho wewayini eyenziwe ngerayisi (isake) nokutya.
12. Luluphi uhlobo lwezithethe zokuzihlambulula oluqheliselwayo kubuShinto, ibe ngasiphi isizathu?
12 Phofu ke, amaShinto akholelwa kukuba, ukuze amanyane noothixo amele azihlambulule aze azisulungekise kuko konke ukungcola kwawo ngokokuziphatha nakwisono sawo. Apha kulapho ke zingena khona izithethe. Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokuhlambulula umntu okanye into. Enye yioharai yaye enye yimisogi. Kwioharai, umfundisi wamaShinto utshangatshangisa isebe lomthi isakaki osoloko uluhlaza ekubotshelelwe iphepha okanye iflakisi encamini yalo ukwenzela ukuhlambulula into okanye umntu, ukanti kwimisogi, kusetyenziswa amanzi. Ezi zithethe zokuhlambulula zibaluleke kakhulu kunqulo lwamaShinto kangangokuba omnye usomaqhuzu waseJapan uthi: “Ngokufanelekileyo kusenokutshiwo ukuthi, ukuba bezingekho ezi zithethe, ubuShinto bebuya kubhanga [njengonqulo].”
Ububhetyebhetye BobuShinto
13, 14. UbuShinto baba bhetyebhetye njani ngokubhekisele kwezinye iinkonzo?
13 Imithendeleko nezithethe ziye zazingisa kubuShinto phezu kwako nje ukuguquguquka konqulo lobuShinto ukutyhubela iminyaka. Kukuguquguquka okunjani oko? Omnye umphengululi ongumShinto ulufanisa olu tshintsho lobuShinto kunye nokunxityiswa kukanopopi iimpahla ezintle nezahlukeneyo. Xa kwavela ubuBhuda, ubuShinto bamkela imfundiso yamaBhuda. Xa abantu babefuna imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, bamkela ubuConfucius. UbuShinto buye baba bhetyebhetye ngokugqithiseleyo.
14 Isyncretism, okanye ukudityaniswa koothunywashe bolunye unqulo kunye nabolunye, kwabonakala zisuka nje ekuqaleni kwembali yobuShinto. Nangona ubuConfucius nobuTao, obaziwa eJapan “njengeNdlela yeyin neyeyang,” buye bangenelela kunqulo lobuShinto, ubuBhuda baye banempembelelo enkulu kubuShinto.
15, 16. (a) AmaShinto asabela njani kubuBhuda? (b) UbuShinto bamanyaniswa njani nobuBhuda?
15 Xa ubuBhuda bafikayo eTshayina naseKorea, amaJapan alubiza uqheliselo lwawo lonqulo olungokwesithethe ngokuthi bubuShinto, okanye “indlela yoothixo.” Noko ke, ekuveleni kolu nqulo lutsha, iJapan yayididekile ingazi nokuba ibamkele okanye ingabamkeli kusini na ubuBhuda. Iqela elalixhasa ubuBhuda lagxininisa ngokuthi, ‘Onke amazwe angabamelwane anqula ngaloo ndlela. Kutheni le nto iJapan ifanele yahluke?’ Iqela elalichasene nobuBhuda laphikisa ngelithi, ‘Ukuba sinqula oothixo bamazwe angabamelwane, siza kubacaphukisa oothixo bethu.’ Emva kokuba kudlule amashumi eminyaka kuphikiswana, iqela elixhasa ubuBhuda laphumelela. Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesithandathu yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo, xa iNkosi uShōtoku yamkela ubuBhuda, olu nqulo lutsha lwalusele lumilile.
16 Njengoko ubuBhuda babusanda nakumabutho asemaphandleni, bahlangabezana nezithixo zasekuhlaleni zamaShinto ezazinegalelo elikhulu kubomi babantu bemihla ngemihla. Kwanyanzeleka ukuba ezi nkonzo zimbini zilalanise ukuze zivisisane. Iimonki ezingamaBhuda ezazinoqheliselo lokuziqeqesha ezintabeni zaba luncedo ekumanyaniseni ezi nkonzo zimbini. Njengoko iintaba zazigqalwa njengeendawo ekwakuhlala kuzo oothixo bamaShinto, olu qheliselo lwasezintabeni lokuzinikela kweemonki elunqulweni lwavelisa ingcamango yokudibanisa ubuBhuda nobuShinto, nto leyo eyakhokelela nasekwakhiweni kwejinguji, okanye “izindlu zeenkonzo ezikwaziitempile.”a Ezi nkonzo zamanyana ngokuthe ngcembe njengoko ubuBhuda babukhokela ekumiseleni iingcamango zonqulo.
17. (a) Iyintoni intsingiselo yekamikaze? (b) Ikamikaze yayihlobene njani nenkolelo yokuba amaJapan sisizwe esingokobuthixo?
17 Ebudeni belo thuba, kwavela inkolelo yokuba amaJapan ayesisizwe esingokobuthixo. Xa abemi baseMongolia bahlasela iJapan ngenkulungwane ye-13, kwavela inkolelo yekamikaze, gama elo ngokoqobo elithetha “umoya ongokobuthixo.” Kangangezihlandlo ezibini abemi baseMongolia bahlasela isiqithi iKyushu ngemikhosi enamandla yeenqanawa, yaye ngazo zozibini ezo zihlandlo bathintelwa zizaqhwithi. AmaJapan azigqala ezi zaqhwithi, okanye izivunduvundu zomoya (kaze), njengezibangelwe ngoothixo (kami) bazo bamaShinto, yaye oku kwabenza badunyiswa kakhulu oothixo babo.
18. UbuShinto babukhuphisana njani nezinye iinkonzo?
18 Njengoko abantu babesiba nentembelo engakumbi kwizithixo zamaShinto, zagqalwa njengoothixo bantlandlolo, ngoxa ooBuddha (“abakhanyiselweyo”) neebodhisattva (ooBhuda bangomso ababenceda abanye ukuba bafumane ukhanyiselo; bona iphepha 136-8, 145-6) babegqalwa nje kuphela njengemifuziselo yokwexeshana yoothixo basekuhlaleni. Ngenxa yale mbambano eyayikho phakathi kwamaShinto namaBhuda, kwaveliswa iimvaba ezahlukahlukeneyo zobuShinto. Bambi bagxininisa kubuBhuda, abanye bazukisa oothixo bamaShinto, ukanti abanye basebenzisa ubuConfucius bamva nje ukwenzela ukuphucula iimfundiso zabo.
Ukunqulwa Komlawuli NobuShinto BasebuRhulumenteni
19. (a) Yayiyintoni injongo yamaShinto Ahlaziyiweyo? (b) Iimfundiso zikaNorinaga Motoori zakhokelela kwiyiphi ingcamango? (c) UThixo usimema ukuba senze ntoni?
19 Emva kweminyaka emininzi yokulalanisa, abefundisi bobuShinto bagqiba kwelokuba unqulo lwabo lwalungcoliswe yingcamango engokonqulo yamaTshayina. Ngoko bagxininisa ekubuyeleni kwindlela yamandulo yamaJapan. Kwaveliswa ihlelo elintsha lobuShinto, elalisaziwa njengobuShinto Obuhlaziyiweyo, ekwathi kulo kwavela uNorinaga Motoori (liphinyiselwa ngokuthi Motoʹori), owayengumphengululi wenkulungwane ye-18, njengomnye wabona bafundisi babalaseleyo. Kuphando lwakhe ngemvelaphi yeenkolelo ezingokwesithethe zamaJapan, lo kaMotoori wafundisisa iincwadi zodidi oluphezulu, ngokukodwa iincwadi zobuShinto ezibizwa ngokuba ziiKojiki. Wafundisa ngokongama kothixokazi welanga uAmaterasu Omikami kodwa isizathu sokwenzeka kwaloo nkqubo yendalo wasishiya simfiliba ukuba sicaciswe ngoothixo. Ukongezelela, ngokutsho kwemfundiso yakhe, ukumisela kukathixo kwangaphambili ikamva akunakuchazwa, yaye kukungabi nantlonelo ngabantu ukuzama ukukuqonda. Ingcamango yakhe yayikukungabuzi mibuzo nokuzithoba koko ukumiselwa nguthixo kwangaphambili.—Isaya 1:18.
20, 21. (a) Omnye umfundisi wonqulo lobuShinto wazama njani ukukhulula ubuShinto kwimpembelelo “yamaTshayina”? (b) Intanda-bulumko kaHirata yakhokelela ekumiselweni kwayiphi inkqubo?
20 Omnye wabalandeli bakhe, uAtsutane Hirata, wayityebisa ingcamango kaNorinaga waza wazama ukuhlambulula ubuShinto, abukhulule kuzo zonke iimpembelelo “zamaTshayina.” Yintoni eyenziwa ngulo mfo kaHirata? Wamanyanisa ubuShinto kunye nemfundiso yonqulo “yamaKristu” awexukileyo! Wamfanisa uAmenominakanushi-no-kami, uthixo okhankanywe ngaphambilana kwiKojiki, kunye noThixo “wobuKristu” waza wamchaza lo thixo wongamelayo wendalo iphela njengonoothixo ababini abanganeno kwakhe, “uthixo weMveliso Ephakamileyo (uTakami-musubi) noweMveliso Engokobuthixo (uKami-musubi), abafuzisela imigaqo yamadoda namabhinqa.” (Religions in Japan) Ewe, wamkela imfundiso yobuRoma Katolika yothixo ongubathathu emnye, nangona ingazange ibe yimfundiso engundoqo yobuShinto. Noko ke, ukudibanisa kukaHirata ubuShinto kunye noko kufane kubizwe ngokuba bubuKristu, ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela ekubeni ubuShinto bamkele uhlobo oluthile lokunqulwa koThixo omnye weNgqobhoko.—Isaya 40:25, 26.
21 Imfundiso yonqulo kaHirata yaba sisiseko senkqubo ‘Yokunqula Umlawuli,’ eyakhokelela ekubhukuqweni kweziphatha-mandla zenkqubo yolwabiwo-mhlaba nabalawuli abangabaphumi-mkhosi baseJapan, nasekuhlaziyweni kolawulo lwasebukhosini lwelo lizwe ngowe-1868. Ekusekweni koburhulumente obutsha, abafundi bakaHirata bamiselwa njengabameli baseburhulumenteni bonqulo lobuShinto, yaye bakhuthaza inkqubo yokwenza ubuShinto bube lunqulo lwasebuRhulumenteni. Phantsi kwaloo mgaqo-siseko mtsha, umlawuli, owayejongwa njengozalwe nguthixokazi welanga uAmaterasu Omikami, wayegqalwa “njengongcwele nongenakuhlaselwa.” Ngaloo ndlela waba nguthixo owongamileyo wobuShinto basebuRhulumenteni.—INdumiso 146:3-5.
“Umbhalo Ongcwele” WobuShinto
22, 23. (a) Yiyiphi imimiselo emibini eyakhutshwa ngumlawuli? (b) Kutheni le nto le mimiselo yagqalwa njengengcwele?
22 Ngoxa iingxelo, izithethe nemithandazo yamandulo yobuShinto yayibhalwe kwiKojiki, iNihongi neYengishiki, kwakufuneka ukuba ubuShinto basebuRhulumenteni bube nencwadi engcwele. Ngowe-1882 uMlawuli uMeiji wakhupha uMmiselo Wasebukhosini owawusiya kumaJoni nakooMatiloshe. Ekubeni wawuvela kumlawuli, wajongwa ngamaJapan njengombhalo ongcwele, ibe amajoni omkhosi oxhobileyo ayemele acamngce ngawo imihla ngemihla. Wawugxininisa ukuba umsebenzi womntu ngamnye wokuphumeza indima nemfanelo yakhe kumlawuli onguthixo wawungaphezu kwawo nawuphi na omnye awayesenokuwenzela nabani na ongomnye.
23 Lo mbhalo ongcwele wobuShinto wongezelelwa xa umlawuli wakhupha uMmiselo Wasebukhosini Wezemfundo ngo-Oktobha 30, 1890. “Awuzange nje kuphela wandlale imigaqo esisiseko yemfundo yasesikolweni kodwa ngokuyintloko waba zizibhalo ezingcwele zobuShinto basebuRhulumenteni,” ucacisa ngelitshoyo uShigeyoshi Murakami, umphengululi kubuShinto basebuRhulumenteni. Loo mmiselo walenza lacaca elokuba “iingxelo ezingokwembali” eziphathelele ulwalamano phakathi kookhokho ababengabalawuli basentsomini kunye nabalawulwa babo zazisisiseko semfundo. AmaJapan ayigqala njani le mimiselo?
24. (a) Nika umzekelo wendlela imimiselo yasebukhosini eyayijongwa ngayo ngabantu. (b) UbuShinto basebuRhulumenteni bakhokelela njani ekunqulweni komlawuli?
24 “Ngoxa ndandiyintombazana isekela lenqununu [yesikolo] lalidla ngokuphakamisa ibhokisi yamaplanga ukuze ingqamane namehlo alo lize ngentlonelo liyise eqongeni. Inqununu yayidla ngokuthabatha le bhokisi ize ikhuphe umsongo ekwakubhalwe kuwo uMmiselo Wasebukhosini Wezemfundo. Xa kwakufundwa loo mmiselo, kwakufuneka siqubude iintloko zethu de sive amazwi okuqukumbela athi, ‘Egameni Lalowo Uzukileyo Noyingangalala.’ Saweva izihlandlo ezininzi la magama kangangokuba sada sawacengceleza,” ubalisa esitsho uAsano Koshino. De kwangowe-1945, yaye ngenxa yenkqubo yezemfundo esekelwe kwiintsomi, sonke eso sizwe sasilungelelaniselwe ukuba sizinikele kumlawuli. UbuShinto basebuRhulumenteni babujongwa njengonqulo oluphambili, ibe amanye amahlelo ali-13 obuShinto afundisa iimfundiso ezisisiseko ezahlukeneyo ayebalelwa kumlinganiselo ongaphantsi njengamaHlelo obuShinto.
Iphulo LaseJapan Elingokonqulo—Uloyiso Lwehlabathi
25. Umlawuli waseJapan wayejongwa njani ngabantu?
25 UbuShinto basebuRhulumenteni babukwaxhotyiswe ngesithixo sabo. Indoda ekhulileyo yaseJapan, enguMasato ibalisa isithi, “Ntsasa nganye, ndandiqhwaba izandla ndijonge elangeni, elingumfuziselo wothixokazi uAmaterasu Omikami, ndize ke ndijonge empuma ngakwiBhotwe Lasebukhosini ndinqule umlawuli.” Umlawuli wayenqulwa njengothixo ngabalawulwa bakhe. Wayegqalwa njengowongamileyo kwiipolitiki naselunqulweni ngenxa yokuba eyinzala yothixokazi welanga. Omnye unjingalwazi ongumJapan wathi: “UMlawuli unguthixo otyhiliweyo ebantwini. UsiSithixo sokwenene.”
26. Yiyiphi imfundiso eyaveliswa kukunqulwa komlawuli?
26 Ngenxa yoko, kwaveliswa imfundiso yokuba “isazulu sehlabathi elibonakalayo lilizwe ahlala kulo uMikado [uMlawuli]. Ukusuka kwesi sazulu simele simvakalise ngokubanzi ehlabathini lonke lo Mntu Mkhulu. . . . Ukwandiswa kweJapan Enkulu kulo lonke ihlabathi nokuzukiswa kwehlabathi liphela njengomhlaba wooThixo oko kungumsebenzi ongxamisekileyo omele wenziwe ngoku ibe, kwakhona, oko kulusukelo lwethu lukanaphakade nolungaguqukiyo.” (The Political Philosophy of Modern Shinto, nguD. C. Holtom) Kwakungekho nto iyahlulayo iCawa noRhulumente!
27. Umlawuli waseJapan wayenqulwa njani ngabaphumi-mkhosi?
27 Kwincwadi yakhe ethi Man’s Religions, uJohn B. Noss ugqabaza ngelithi: “Umkhosi waseJapan awuzange uphozise maseko ekusebenzeni ngokuvisisana nale mbono. Kwincoko yawo ngemfazwe ayesoloko ekhankanya ukuba ukweyisa kwakuliphulo elingcwele laseJapan. Ngokuqinisekileyo kumazwi anjalo sisenokubona umphumo osengqiqweni wokudityaniswa komoya wobuhlanga kunye nayo yonke imilinganiselo yokuziphatha engokonqulo.” Enjani yona intlekele oko okwayibangelayo kumaJapan nakwabanye abantu, eyayisekelwe ngokuyintloko kwintsomi yamaShinto yokuba umlawuli unguthixo neyokuxubanisa unqulo kunye nomoya wobuhlanga!
28. UbuShinto baba naliphi igalelo kwimfazwe yaseJapan?
28 AmaJapan ngokubanzi ayengenandlela yimbi ngaphandle kokunqula umlawuli ngokulandela ubuShinto basebuRhulumenteni nenkqubo yabo yasebukhosini. Imfundiso kaNorinaga Motoori ‘Yokungabuzi nto, kodwa yokuzithoba koko ukumiselwe nguthixo kwangaphambili’ yendela nzulu yaza yalawula iingcamango zamaJapan. Ngowe-1941 sonke eso sizwe sahlanganiselwa ekulweni iMfazwe Yehlabathi II phantsi kwebhanile yobuShinto basebuRhulumenteni yaye sizinikele “kuthixo ongumntu ophilayo.” Abantu babecinga ukuba ‘amaJapan asisizwe esingokobuthixo, yaye ikamikaze, umoya ongokobuthixo, wawuya kuvuthuza xa ebonakala ngathi ayoyiswa.’ Amajoni neentsapho zawo ayebongoza oothixo bawo ababalondolozayo ecela impumelelo emfazweni.
29. Yintoni eyakhokelela ekubeni abaninzi baphelelwe lukholo emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II?
29 Xa isizwe “esingokobuthixo” soyiswayo ngowe-1945, xa izithonga ezibini zokutshabalalisa kweathom iHiroshima nenxalenye enkulu yeNagasaki, ubuShinto bajamelana nemeko engaginyisi mathe. Ngobusuku nje obunye, umlawuli onguthixo ekwakucingelwa ukuba akanakoyiswa uHirohito wasuka nje waba ngumlawuli ongumntu owoyisiweyo. Unqulo lwamaJapan lwaphanziswa. Ikamikaze ayizange isincede eso sizwe. Intyilalwazi iNihon Shukyo Jiten ithi: “Esinye sezizathu zoko saba kukudana kweso sizwe sakuba singcatshiwe. . . . Okubi nangakumbi kukuba, ubuShinto abuzange bunikele inkcazelo ebanzi nefanelekileyo yonqulo ngokuphathelele amathandabuzo awathi abangelwa [kukoyiswa] kwabo. Ngaloo ndlela, amalungu abo amaninzi asabela ngendlela ebonakalisa ubuthathaka elunqulweni yokugqiba kwelithi ‘Akukho thixo naBuddha.’”
Indlela Yokufikelela Imvisiswano Yokwenyaniso
30. (a) Sisiphi isifundo esinokufundwa koko kwehlela ubuShinto kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II? (b) Kutheni le nto kubalulekile ukusebenzisa ingqiqo ngokubhekisele kunqulo lwethu?
30 Ikhondo elathatyathwa bubuShinto basebuRhulumenteni libalaselisa imfuneko yomntu ngamnye yokuhlolisisa iinkolelo ezingokwesithethe abambelele kuzo. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba amaShinto ayefuna indlela yokwakha imvisiswano phakathi kwawo kunye namaJapan angabamelwane xa axhasa ezomkhosi. Kambe ke, oko akuzange kufake sandla ekuziseni imvisiswano yehlabathi lonke, yaye ekubeni ootata bamakhaya nabantwana babo babulawa edabini, oko akuzange kuzise mvisiswano nasekhaya. Ngaphambi kokuba sinikele ubomi bethu kumntu othile, simele siqiniseke ngalowo esizinikela kuye nangesizathu sokuzinikela kwethu. “Ndiyanivuselela ngoko, . . . ukuba niyinikele imizimba yenu ibe lidini eliphilileyo, elingcwele, elikholekileyo kuThixo: inkonzo yenu ke leyo yasengqondweni,” watsho njalo omnye umfundisi ongumKristu kumaRoma awayezinikele ngaphambili ekunquleni umlawuli. Kanye njengokuba amaKristu aseRoma ayemele asebenzise ingqiqo yawo ekukhetheni ubani awayefanele azinikele kuye, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa ingqiqo yethu ekugqibeni ngalowo esimele simnqule.—Roma 12:1, 2.
31. (a) Yintoni inkoliso yamakholwa angamaShinto ebiyanelisekile yiyo? (b) Nguwuphi umbuzo ofuna ukuphendulwa?
31 KumaShinto ngokubanzi, inkalo ebalulekileyo kunqulo lwawo yayingekokukhetha uthixo nje omnye. “Abantu nje abaqhelekileyo,” babengabahlukanisi “oothixo okanye ooBuddha. Enoba ngoothixo okanye ngooBuddha, ukuba nje babeziva izikhungo zabo zokucela isivuno esihle, zokuphiliswa kwisifo esithile, zokukhuseleka kweentsapho, oko kwakwanele ebantwini,” utsho njalo uHidenori Tsuji, umhlohli wembali engokonqulo yaseJapan. Kodwa ngaba oko kwabakhokelela kuThixo wenyaniso nakwintsikelelo yakhe? Imbali inikela impendulo ecacileyo.
32. Yintoni eza kuxutyushwa kwisahluko sethu esilandelayo?
32 Kwiphulo lawo lokufuna uthixo, amaShinto, esekela iinkolelo zawo kwiintsomi, aguqulela umntu nje oqhelekileyo, ongumlawuli wawo, ekubeni nguthixo, ofane abizwe ngokuba uyinzala yothixokazi welanga uAmaterasu Omikami. Kanti, kumawaka eminyaka ngaphambi kokuvela kobuShinto, uThixo wenyaniso wazityhila kwindoda enokholo yomnombo kaShem kwelaseMesopotami. Isahluko sethu esilandelayo siza kuxubusha ngesi siganeko sibalulekileyo nemiphumo yaso.
[Umbhalo osemazantsi]
a EJapan izakhiwo zonqulo zamaShinto zigqalwa njengezindlu zeenkonzo yaye ezamaBhuda, zigqalwa njengeetempile.
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 191]
Uthixokazi Welanga Wentsomi YamaShinto
Intsomi yamaShinto ithi kudala ngaphambili, uthixo uIzanagi “wahlamba iliso lakhe lasekhohlo, waza ngoko wazala uthixokazi omkhulu uAmaterasu, uthixokazi weLanga.” Ekuhambeni kwethuba, uSusanoo, uthixo weelwandlekazi, wamoyikisa kakhulu uAmaterasu kangangokuba “wazifihla kumqolomba wamatye eZulwini, waza walivala isango lokungena ngelitye elikhulu. Ihlabathi lagutyungelwa bubumnyama.” Ngoko oothixo bacinga icebo lokumkhupha uAmaterasu kuloo mqolomba. Baqokelela imiqhagi ekhonyayo evakalisa ukuza kokusa baza benza nesipili esikhulu. Kwimithi yesakaki, baxhoma izacholo nemicu yelaphu. Wandula ke uthixokazi uAma no Uzume waqalisa ukungqungqa waza waxhentsha phezu kwebhafu enkulu. Kuloo mngqungqo wakhe wempambano, wakhulula iimpahla zakhe, baza abanye oothixo batsho ngesiqhazolo sentsini. Konke oku kwamvusela umdla wokufun’ ukwazi uAmaterasu ukuba kwenzeka ntoni na, wandula ke wakroba ngaphandle waza wazibona esipilini. Ngokubona umfanekiso wakhe esipilini waya ephuma ngokuphuma emqolombeni, waza uthixo waMandla wamthi nqaku ngesandla wamtsalela ngaphandle kwindawo evulekileyo. “Kwakhona ihlabathi lakhanyiselwa yimitha yothixokazi weLanga.”—New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology.—Thelekisa iGenesis 1:3-5, 14-19; INdumiso 74:16, 17; 104:19-23.
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 193]
UbuShinto—Unqulo Lwemithendeleko
AmaJapan aba nemithendeleko, okanye iimatsuri ezininzi ngonyaka. Ngezantsi kudweliswe eminye yeyona iphambili:
▪ ISho-gatsu, okanye Umthendeleko Wonyaka Omtsha, Januwari 1-3.
▪ ISetsubun, ukuphoswa kweembotyi ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwamakhaya, ngoxa kukhwazwa kusithiwa, “Imimoya emibi mayiphume, ithamsanqa malingene”; Februwari 3.
▪ IHina Matsuri, okanye Umthendeleko Woonopopi wamantombazana, iqhutywa ngoMatshi 3. Kuye kwenziwe iqonga loonopopi, elibonisa indlu yamandulo yasebukhosini.
▪ Umthendeleko Wamakhwenkwe, ngoMeyi 5; iKoi-nobori (iintlanzi ezenziwa ngelaphu ezifuzisela amandla) ezithi zixhonywe ezibondeni njengezindwe.
▪ ITsukimi, kubhiyozelwa ukuthwasa kwenyanga phakathi ekwindla, ngoxa kuhanjiswa amaqebengwana amancinane enziwe ngerayisi nentlahlela yesivuno.
▪ IKanname-sai, okanye ukunikela komlawuli isivuno sokuqala serayisi, ngo-Oktobha.
▪ INiiname-sai ibhiyozelwa yintsapho yasebukhosini ngoNovemba, xa irayisi esandul’ ukuvunwa ingcanyulwa ngumlawuli, owongamela njengomfundisi omkhulu wobuShinto Basebukhosini.
▪ IShichi-go-san, gama elo elithetha ukuthi “xhenxe-hlanu-thathu,” ebhiyozelwa ziintsapho zamaShinto ngoNovemba 15. Isixhenxe, isihlanu, nesithathu zigqalwa njengeminyaka ebalulekileyo yenguqulelo; abantwana abanxibe iikimono eziyimibala-bala batyelela indlu yenkonzo yentsapho.
▪ Kukwabhiyozelwa imithendeleko emininzi yamaBhuda, kuquka umhla wokuzalwa kukaBuddha, ngoAprili 8, noMthendeleko weObon, ngoJulayi 15, oqukunjelwa ngokuthi kudadiswe izibane ezincinane zeglasi elwandle okanye emfuleni “ukwenzela ukukhokela iminyanya xa ibuyela kwelemimoya.”
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 188]
UmShinto ozinikeleyo ecela ukubabalwa ngoothixo
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 189]
UbuShinto, ‘Indlela Yoothixo’
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 190]
Maxa wambi intaba iphela, njengeFuji, igqalwa njengeshintai, okanye into yokunqulwa
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 195]
AmaShinto ephethe imikoshi, okanye indlu yenkonzo ephathekayo, ibe la angasentla, afake amagqabi omthi ihollyhock (aoi) ebudeni boMthendeleko weAoi eKyoto
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 196]
Kucingelwa ukuba ukutshangatsha-ngiswa kwephepha okanye iflakisi ebotshelelwe kwisebe lomthi oluhlaza kuyamhla-mbulula umntu nezinto, kubaqinisekisa ngokhuseleko
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 197]
UmJapan akakuboni kuphikisana ukuthandaza phambi kwendlu yenkonzo yamaShinto, ekhohlo, naphambi kwesibingelelo samaBhuda
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 198]
Umlawuli uHirohito (emi phezu kweqonga) wayenqulwa njengenzala yothixokazi welanga
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 203]
Ibhinqa eliselula lincamathisela kwindlu yenkonzo iema, okanye umthandazo obhalwe kwicwecwe leplanga, elilithengileyo