Indima Ephuculiweyo Yamabhinqa Kumaxesha Angoku
EMVA ngowe-1906 uMphathi waseRashiya uNicholas wafumana isicelo esasivela kumabhinqa awayengabalimi bomhlaba abangamahlwempu, ekwathi phakathi kwezinye izinto ezazibhalwe kuso kwakho la mazwi:
“Kangangezizukulwana amabhinqa odidi lwabantu abaphantsi abangabalimi bomhlaba ebengenawo nawaphi na amalungelo. . . . Asijongwa nanjengabantu abaphilayo, kodwa sijongwa nje njengezilwanyana zokusebenza nzima. Sifuna ukufundiswa ukulesa nokubhala; sifuna ukuba iintombi zethu zinikwe amancedo emfundo afana nalawo anikwa oonyana bethu. . . . Siyazi ukuba asifundanga, kodwa asimele sibekw’ ityala ngenxa yoko.”
Loo meko ilusizi ichasene kakhulu nengcaciso enikelwa yiBhayibhile ngomfazi onesidima nohloniphekileyo ethi imbonise engumzekelo ofanelwe kukuxeliswa nokunconywa. (IMizekeliso 31:10-31) Kanti, inkcazelo evela eRashiya ibonisa ubunyaniso bamazwi athethwa eBhayibhileni kude kudala nguKumkani olumkileyo uSolomon: “Umntu agunyazele umntu, kube kubi kuye.” (INtshumayeli 8:9) Ngokuqinisekileyo obo bubi abuphelelanga emadodeni kuphela. Le ndinyana inokujongwa ngokubhekele phaya njengethetha ukuthi: ‘Amadoda agunyazele amanye amadoda nabafazi kwaza kwakubi kuwo.’ Kodwa engakanani yona inguqulelo eye yenzeka kumabhinqa amaninzi, njengoko imeko yaseRashiya ibonisa!
Namhlanje, “inkoliso yoogqirha nabafundisi-ntsapho eRashiya ngamabhinqa. Amabhinqa phantse asisibini kwisithathu kuzo zonke iingcali kwezoqoqosho neekota ezintathu zabasebenzi kwezenkcubeko. Amashumi amane ekhulwini abantu abasebenza kwezenzululwazi ngamabhinqa. . . . Kwiwaka ngalinye lamabhinqa angabasebenzi kwezoqoqosho lwesizwe, abangama-862 baphumelele amabanga emfundo ephakamileyo okanye ephakathi (epheleleyo okanye engaphelelanga).”—Women in the USSR.
Amabhinqa Kwezeepolitiki
Oko kuye kwabonakala eRashiya kuye kwenzeka ngomkhamo omkhudlwana okanye omncinanana kwamanye amazwe amaninzi. Ilizwe lokuqala elathi lanika amabhinqa ilungelo lokuvota yiNew Zealand, emva ngowe-1893. Phakathi kowe-1917 nowe-1920, amabhinqa afumana elo lungelo eRashiya, eBritani, eUnited States naseKhanada. ESwitzerland kwafuneka alinde de kwa-ngowe-1971, nangona loo mabhinqa aseSwitzerland ayenokukwazi ukuba nezigxina kwiipolitiki.
Namhlanje, amabhinqa awapheleli nje ekuvoteni koko akhuphisana namadoda ngezigxina kwiipolitiki. ElakwaSirayeli lalinenkulumbuso elibhinqa, uGolda Meir, ngokufanayo naseIndiya, uIndira Gandhi. Kutshanje, eBritani naseYugoslavia, amabhinqa aye anyuIwa ukuba abe ziinkulumbuso. Kumalungu eQumrhu Eliphakamileyo laseRashiya, abangama-492 okanye abaphakathi kwama-30 nama-40 ekhulwini, bangamabhinqa. Ngoku kukho ibhinqa elililungu leNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States, ibe kunyulo lomongameli olwenziwa ngowe-1984, kwaba kokokuqala ukuba ibhinqa lizigqatsele ukuba lisekela lomongameli kwelona qela likhulu lobupolitika. EFransi amabhinqa akwizigxina ezinokuba li-15 ekhulwini zesigqeba soburhulumente siphela.
Amabhinqa Kwezengqesho
EUnited States, imiqondiso emininzi ebhalwe ngokuthi “Amadoda Emsebenzini” ngoku ithatyathelw’ indawo yethi “Abantu Emsebenzini.” Kungani kunjalo nje? Kungenxa yenguqulelo ekhoyo kwindima yamabhinqa kwimicimbi yezoqoqosho. Inani lamabhinqa aphangelayo liye laphindaphindeka kwiminyaka engama-25 edlulileyo. Ngowe-1970 amabhinqa ayezalise ama-27 ekhulwini ezithuba zemisebenzi yaseofisini; kwiminyaka eli-14 kamva, azalisa ama-65 ekhulwini azo. Kwabathile, ukusebenza kuyimfuneko engokoqoqosho; kwabanye, kukuzithandela nje. Kwezinye iindawo, imivuzo yamadoda namabhinqa enza umsebenzi ofanayo ngokuthe ngcembe iba yelinganayo.
Amabhinqa Kwezemfundo, Kwezobugcisa Nakwezonqulo
Phantse kwihlabathi lonke, amabhinqa aye enza inkqubela ephawulekayo ngokuphathelele imfundo. Inani lamabhinqa asezikolweni liye landa ukususela kuma-95 ezigidi ngowe-1950 ukuya kuma-390 ezigidi ngowe-1985. ESpeyin, kwiminyaka engama-25 eyadlulayo inani lamabhinqa angafundanga laliliphinda kabini ela madoda anjalo. Ngowe-1983 imeko yayiphucuIwe kangangokuba ama-30 ekhulwini kubafundi bakwanokholeji yayingamabhinqa. IWomen in Britain ibika “ulwando oluphawulekayo kwinani labafundi abangamabhinqa nabasisigxina kwimfundo yaseyunivesithi.”
Kwiminyaka emininzi edluleyo, amabhinqa aye aba ngabalaseleyo kwezomculo njengeemvumi ezicula zodwa, ngokusebenzisa amazwi awo nezixhobo zomculo. Kodwa ngaphambi kowe-1935, ekuphela kwamabhinqa awayedlala kwiiokhestra (iqela leemvumi elikhalisa izixhobo zomculo) eUnited States yayingababethi bohadi, nto leyo ekwakubonakala ukuba amadoda ayengayithandi. Ngokuchasene noko, ngoku ama-40 ekhulwini abo badlala kwiiokhestra ezinkulu, ezidlala kwiinqila nezidlala kwimimandla esezixekweni ngamabhinqa.
Kuye kwakho ulwando olufanayo kwezonqulo. Inkoliso yamabhinqa iye yabhalisa kwizikolo zabefundisi, kangangokuba eUnited States ukususela kuma-29 ukuya kuma-52 ekhulwini abo bafundi ngamabhinqa. Amabhinqa abonakala eshumayela ezipulpitini, yaye kukwakho nabefundisi abangamabhinqa. Abanokuba li-11 ekhulwini kubefundisi baseSweden ngamabhinqa, ibe kumazwe aseMpuma kukho abefundisi abangamabhinqa becawa yaseTshetshi. IThe New York Times (kaFebruwari 16, 1987) yathi “kukho ama-968 amabhinqa amiselweyo kwiCawa ye-Episcopal.”
Ube Yintoni Umphumo?
Ngoko alinakukhanyelwa elokuba imeko yamabhinqa iye yaguquka ngokumangalisayo kula maxesha. Usenokuba uzibonile okanye uye wayiva ngokobuqu imiphumo yezi nguqulelo. Kodwa kumele kuphakanyiswe lo mbuzo: Ngaba zonke ezi nguqulelo zibe yintsikelelo engenazingxaki?