UNaḥmanides—Ngaba Wayebuphika UbuKristu?

AMAXESHA APHAKATHI. Yintoni ethi qatha engqondweni yakho xa kuthethwa ngawo? Ngaba ziiMfazwe Zomnqamlezo? Ngaba ziiNkundla zokuNcina Amakholwa? Ngaba kukuthuthunjiswa kwabantu? Naxa nje ngokuqhelekileyo elo yayingeloxesha ekwakuxoxwa ngokukhululekileyo ngalo ngonqulo, kwathi kanye ngelo xesha, ngonyaka we-1263, kwaqhutywa enye yezona ngxoxo zisemagqabini kwimbali yaseYurophu eyayiphakathi kwamaKristu namaYuda. Yayingoobani ababedibanis’ iintloko apho? Yiyiphi imibandela eyayigwadlwa? Ingasinceda njani thina namhlanje sibone unqulo oluyinyaniso?

Yintoni Eyaphembelela Le Ngxoxo?

Ukutyhubela Amaxesha Aphakathi, iCawa yamaRoma Katolika yayidlisela ngelithi ilunqulo oluyinyaniso. Kwelinye icala, abantu abangamaYuda babesemi ngelithi bangabantu bakaThixo abanyuliweyo. Ukusilela kwecawa ukweyisela amaYuda abone imfuneko yokuguquka kwaba ngunozala wodano nokubhenela kugonyamelo nakwintshutshiso ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ebudeni beeMfazwe Zomnqamlezo kwabulawa amashumi amawaka amaYuda okanye etshiselwa ezibondeni xa kwakusithiwa makakhethe phakathi kokubhaptizwa okanye ukufa. Kuninzi lwamazwe ubutshaba obunxamnye namaYuda obabukhwezelwa yicawa babusisonka semihla ngemihla.

Phofu ke, ngenkulungwane ye-12 neye-13 kwiSpeyin yamaKatolika kwakulawula moya wumbi. AmaYuda ayenikwa inkululeko yonqulo—logama nje ayengafak’ impumlo kunqulo lwamaKristu—yaye ayede anikwe nezikhundla ezibalulekileyo kwibhotwe likakumkani. Kodwa kwathi malunga nje nenkulungwane esazifikisela kwelo cham, abefundisi abangabalandeli bakaDominic bangena ngegqudu emdudweni bengabhungisanga ngelinge lokuthibaza impembelelo yamaYuda ebantwini nokuguqula amaYuda abe ngamaKatolika. UKumkani uJames I waseAragon wayemiswe kakubi ngabalandeli bakaDominic befuna alungiselele ingxoxo esemthethweni, enjongo yayo eyayiza kuba kukudandalazisa ukungabi nto kwamaYuda nemfuneko yokuba amaYuda aguquke.

Le yayingeyongxoxo yokuqala phakathi kwamaYuda namaKristu. Ngonyaka we-1240, eParis, kwelaseFransi kwaqhutywa impikiswano ngokusemthethweni. Injongo yayo ephambili yayikukuhlab’ amadlala iTalmud, incwadi engcwele kumaYuda. Phofu ke, amaYuda awayekho apho ayengenankululeko ingako yokuthetha. Emva kokuba icawa ivakalise ukoyisa kwayo kule mpikiswano, imibhalo yeTalmud yatshiswa yaluthuthu ngobuninzi bayo kwiindawo zikawonke wonke.

Kodwa ekubeni uKumkani uJames I waseAragon wayengayithandi into embi wayengasokuze ayivumele loo mfeketho. Bekuqonda oko, abalandeli bakaDominic baxoza mphini wumbi. Kunjengokuba uHyam Maccoby esenjenje xa echaza kwincwadi yakhe ethi Judaism on Trial, bamema amaYuda ukuba eze kwingxoxo “bewabetha ngemf’ iphindiwe ngokungathi beza ngobubele nangokuwacenga, kanti baza kuwacukuceza njengaseParis.” Abalandeli bakaDominic banyula uPablo Christiani njengommeli wabo ophambili, umYuda owayeguqukele kubuKatolika nowaba ngumfundisi ongumlandeli kaDominic. Ngokusebenzisa ulwazi lukaPablo Christiani ngeTalmud neencwadi zoorabhi, kwakuxhelw’ eXhukwane kubalandeli bakaDominic beqinisekile ukuba babenokulingqina ibango labo.

Kwakutheni Ukuze Ibe NguNaḥmanides?

Mnye kuphela umntu eSpeyin owayefanelekile ngokomoya ukuba angamela amaYuda kule ngxoxo—lowo nguMoses ben Naḥman, okanye Naḥmanides.a Ekubeni wazalwa malunga nowe-1194 kwisixeko saseGerona, uNaḥmanides xa wayekwiminyaka yeshumi elivisayo wayesele ezenzele igama njengomphengululi weBhayibhile neTalmud. Uthe engena kwiminyaka engama-30, wabe enze amavandlakanya ngenxalenye enkulu yeTalmud, ibe emva koko waba sisithethi esitshatsheleyo ekudambiseni ingxwabangxwaba engeencwadi zikaMaimonides ezazingxamele ukudungadunga amaYuda abe zintlaba-zahlukane.b Kwisizukulwana sakhe uNaḥmanides ugqalwa njengoyena mphengululi ubalaseleyo weBhayibhile neTalmud ongumYuda ibe mhlawumbi ngowesibini ukusuka kuMaimonides ngefuthe abe nalo kubuYuda ngelo xesha.

UNaḥmanides wayenefuthe elikhulu kuluntu olungamaYuda aseCatalonia, kangangokuba wayeyintonga esekhosi nakuKumkani uJames I kwimicimbi eyahlukahlukeneyo yasebuRhulumenteni. Indlela awayekrelekrele ngayo yayisothulelw’ umnqwazi ngamaYuda naziiNtlanga. Abalandeli bakaDominic baqonda ukuba ukuze baphumelele ekuwathobeni amaYuda, yena, njengoyena rabhi wawo utshotsh’ entla, wayemele eze kuxoxa.

UNaḥmanides wayemadolw’ anzima ukuya kule ngxoxo, esazi ukuba abalandeli bakaDominic babengazimiselanga kuva ngabo. Yena wayemele nje aphendule imibuzo kodwa angabuzi konke konke. Noko ke, wathumela isicelo kukumkani, ecela ukuba anikwe imvume yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kwiimpendulo zakhe. UKumkani uJames I wavuma. Ukutyhubela Amaxesha Aphakathi babeyizibula kwaye beyigqibelisa into yokukhutshwa kwemvume enjalo yomyinge wenkululeko yokuthetha, nto leyo eyayibubungqina bokuxatyiswa kwalo kaNaḥmanides ngukumkani. Sekunjalo, uNaḥmanides wayesemadolw’ anzima. Ukuba kwakubonakala ngathi uphikisa kakhulu kule ngxoxo, wayeza kudibana neembila zithutha ekunye namanye amaYuda. Kwakunokuqhawuk’ unobathana nangawuphi na umzuzu.

UNaḥmanides Nxamnye NoPablo Christiani

Ingxoxo yayiqhutyelwa kwibhotwe likakumkani eBarcelona. Kwaqhutywa iingqungquthela ezine—ngoJulayi wama-20, wama-23, wama-26 nowama-27, ngowe-1263. Kwingqungquthela nganye yayingukumkani ngenkqu owayetsal’ iintambo, yaye yayizinyaswe nazizinxiba-mxhaka ezahlukahlukeneyo zeCawa nezakwaRhulumente, nangamaYuda asekuhlaleni.

Icawa yona yayisazi ukuba iya kuzala nkomoni na le ngxoxo. Kwingxelo yayo engokwasemthethweni, abalandeli bakaDominic balikhupha latsola elokuba injongo yale ngxoxo ‘yayingekokuphikisana ngokholo ngokungathi luyathandatyuzwa, kodwa yayikukutshabalalisa kuthi tu iimposiso zamaYuda nokutshayela ukholo azidla ngalo amaYuda amaninzi.’

Naxa nje wayemalunga nama-70 eminyaka ubudala, uNaḥmanides wabonakalisa indlela achubeke ngayo ebuchotsheni ngokufuna ukuba kugwadlwe imibandela ebalulekileyo kuphela. Egabul’ izigcawu wathi: “[Kwixa elidluleyo] iimpikiswano phakathi kweentlanga namaYuda zazibandakanya iinkalo ezininzi ezingemisitho yonqulo engenanto yakwenza nomgaqo obalulekileyo wonqulo. Phofu ke, kule nkundla yakomkhulu, ndinqwenela ukuxoxa nje ngemibandela ebe ngumvuka wayo yonke le ngxubakaxaka.” Kwavunyelwana ke ngelokuba imibandela eyayiza kushikixwa yayikukuba uMesiya sele efikile kusini na, enoba wayenguThixo okanye umntu, yaye enoba amaYuda okanye amaKristu anomthetho wokwenyaniso kusini na.

Evula nje umlomo kule ngxoxo, uPablo Christiani wathi wayengababonisa ngokusuka kwiTalmud ukuba uMesiya sele efikile. OkaNaḥmanides waphendula ngelithi ukuba yinyaniso leyo, kwakutheni ukuze oorabhi ababeyamkela iTalmud bangamamkeli uYesu? Kunokuba azithethelele ngokusebenzisa iZibhalo, lo mfo kaChristiani wayephatha kubik’ imbiba abik’ ibuzi ecaphula iindinyana zoorabhi ezingavakaliyo ngelokuzithethelela. Ngengongoma nganye okaNaḥmanides waziphikisa ezo ndinyana ngokubonisa ukuba azidibani kwaphela nombandela ekuxoxwa ngawo. Kwahle kwacaca nasesidengeni ukuba uNaḥmanides wayengumpondo zihlanjiwe ekuxoxeni ngezi ncwadi ekubeni wayechithe ubomi bakhe ekuziphengululeni. Kwanaxa lo mfo kaChristiani ecaphula iSibhalo esithile, wayebalaselisa iingongoma ezazinokuphikiswa nje nanguthathatha.

Nangona kwakuthiwe makaphendule imibuzo yodwa, okaNaḥmanides watsho kwavokotheka ebonisa unobangela wokuba isikhundla seCawa yamaKatolika singangeni kamnandi kumaYuda nakwabanye abantu abaqiqayo. Ngokuphathelele imfundiso kaBathathu Emnye, wathi: “Ingqondo yakhe nawuphi na umYuda okanye yakhe nawuphi na umntu ayinakumvumela ukuba akholelwe kwelokuba uMdali wezulu nomhlaba . . . wayenokuphuma kwisibeleko somfazi ongumYuda . . . aze [athi] kamva anikelwe ezandleni zeentshaba zakhe, ezathi . . . zambulala.” Engagwegwelezi uNaḥmanides wathi: “Oko nikukholelwayo—nokusisiseko sonqulo lwenu—akwamkeleki kwingqondo [ehluzekileyo].”

Edandalazisa ukungabi namvisiswano okuye kwathintela amaYuda amaninzi akaziduba nokuziduba ngento yokuba uYesu usenokuba unguMesiya unanamhla, lo kaNaḥmanides watsho akwamila ngca ethetha ngetyala legazi elixhomis’ amehlo lecawa. Wathi: “Umprofeti uthi ngexesha likaMesiya, . . . ziwakhande amakrele azo abe ngamakhuba, nezikhali zazo zibe zizitshetshe zeediliya; uhlanga lungaphakamiseli uhlanga ikrele, nezizwe zingaphindi zifunde ukulwa. Ukususela kwimihla yomfo waseNazarethe de kube ngulo mzuzu, ihlabathi liphela beliqikaqikeka kugonyamelo nokuphanga. [Eneneni], amaKristu aphalaza izantyalantyala zegazi kunazo zonke iintlanga, yaye akwaphila ubomi bokuziphatha okubi. Hayi indlela ebekuya kuba nzima ngayo kuwe, nkosi yam kumkani, nakwezi zithwala-ndwe zakho ukuba nawo . . . ebengayi kuphinda afunde ukulwa!”—Isaya 2:4.

Emva kwengqungquthela yesine, ukumkani wayimisa le ngxoxo. Wathi kulo kaNaḥmanides: “Andizange ndimbone umntu othi ebekwa ityala acikoze kume ngaye njengawe lo.” Ezalisekisa idinga lakhe, lokunika uNaḥmanides imvume yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nenkuselo, uKumkani uJames I waseAragon wamthumela kwikhaya lakhe, emfumbathise isipho esiziidinar ezingama-300. Ecelwe ngubhishopu waseGerona, okaNaḥmanides wayibhala phantsi ingxelo engale ngxoxo.

Ngoxa wayesithi ubuye nentshinga, iliwa lalibhek’ umoya kubalandeli bakaDominic. Kamva bammangalela okaNaḥmanides ngokunyelisa icawa, besalatha kwiincwadi zakhe ezingale ngxoxo njengobungqina. Ekubeni babengayiginyi tu indlela ukumkani awayemphatha ngayo lo kaNaḥmanides, abalandeli bakaDominic babhenela kuPopu Clement IV. Nangona wayeneminyaka engaphezu kwama-70 ubudala, uNaḥmanides watshelwa zizicheku enikwa uphum’ aphele eSpeyin.c

Iphi Inyaniso Kule Nto?

Ngaba imbambano yala macala mabini iyasinceda sibone unqulo oluyinyaniso? Nangona ngalinye lalidandalazisa iimposiso zelinye icala, akukho nalinye elanikela isigidimi esicacileyo senyaniso. Eyona nto yayikhatywa ngokaNaḥmanides yayingebobuKristu bokwenyaniso kunoko, yayiziimfundiso zabantu, njengemfundiso kaBathathu Emnye, eyeza neNgqobhoko kwiinkulungwane ezininzi emva koYesu. Ukuziphatha okubi kweNgqobhoko nokuphalaza ngabom izantyalantyala zegazi, okwabhencwa ngokaNaḥmanides engacengi solalaphi, yeminye nje yemibandela yembali engenakuphikiswa mntu.

Akunzima ukusiqonda isizathu sokuba, athi kwezi meko, uNaḥmanides namanye amaYuda angahlabeki ziintshumayelo zobuKristu. Ukongezelela koko, amazwi kaPablo Christiani ayengasekelwanga ngokucacileyo kwiZibhalo zesiHebhere, kodwa ayesekelwe kwimithombo eyayisetyenziswa kakubi yoorabhi.

OkaNaḥmanides akazange abuphike ubuKristu bokwenyaniso. Ngethuba lokudla kwakhe amazimba ukukhanya kokwenyaniso kweemfundiso zikaYesu nobungqina bokuba unguMesiya kwakonganyelwe yimfundiso yobuxoki. Eneneni ukuvela kwemfundiso enjalo yowexuko kwakuprofetiwe nguYesu nabapostile.—Mateyu 7:21-23; 13:24-30, 37-43; 1 Timoti 4:1-3; 2 Petros 2:1, 2.

Naxa kunjalo, namhlanje unqulo lokwenyaniso lubonakala nakuthathatha. Ethetha ngabalandeli bakhe bokwenyaniso uYesu wathi: “Nobaqonda ngeziqhamo zabo. . . . Ngokunjalo wonke umthi olungileyo uvelisa isiqhamo esihle, kodwa wonke umthi obolileyo uvelisa isiqhamo esingento yanto.” (Mateyu 7:16, 17) Siyakumema ukuba uzibonele nawe. Wavumele amaNgqina kaYehova akuncede wenze uhlolisiso olunenjongo lobungqina beZibhalo. Ngokwenjenjalo uya kufunda intsingiselo yokwenene yawo onke amadinga kaThixo ahlobene noMesiya nolawulo lwakhe.

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 19]

Illustrations on pages 19-20: Reproduced from Illustrirte Pracht - Bibel/Heilige Schrift des Alten und Neuen Testaments, nach der deutschen Uebersetzung D. Martin Luther’s

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 20]

OkaNaḥmanides exoxa ityala lakhe eBarcelona