Ii-“Polish Brethren”—Kwakutheni Ukuze Zitshutshiswe?

Ngowe-1638 ipalamente yasePoland yaligqebha elingophiyo iqela elincinane lonqulo elaziwa ngokuba ziiPolish Brethren. Icawa nomatshini wokushicilela weli qela watshatyalaliswa. IYunivesithi yaseRaków yavalwa yaye oonjingalwazi ababefundisa apho bagxothelwa kwamanye amazwe.

Kwiminyaka engama-20 kamva, ipalamente yenyuka nengalo. Yaxelela bonke abantu abakweli qela, ababenokuba ngama-10 000 okanye ngaphezulu, ukuba baphume baphele kwelo. Kwenzeka njani ukuba le meko ibe mbi ngolu hlobo kwilizwe, ngelo xesha, elaligqalwa njengelinyamezelayo kuyo yonke iYurophu? Zenza ntoni iiPolish Brethren ukuze ziphathwe ngale ndlela?

KONKE kwaqala xa kwaphulwa isivumelwano kwiCawa kaCalvin yasePoland. Eyona mbambano inkulu yayiyimfundiso kaBathathu Emnye. Iinkokeli zeqela elithile phakathi kule cawa zayikhaba ngawo omane le mfundiso zisithi ayisekelwanga kwiZibhalo. Oku kwabacaphukisa abaphathi bale cawa kwaza kwabangela ukuba eli qela liqhekeke.

Abalandeli bakaCalvin bababiza aba baqhekeki ngokuba ngabalandeli baka-Arius,a kodwa amarhamente eli qela litsha akhetha ukuzibiza ngokuba ngamaKristu okanye iiPolish Brethren. Kwakhona babesaziwa njengabalandeli bakaSocinus, uLaelius Socinus, umTaliyane owaphenjelelwa nguServetus nowayenomtshana uFaustus Socinus owaya ePoland waza wabalasela kweli qela.

Ngelo xesha indwalutho ethile yasePoland, uJan Sienieński, wafuna ukunika icawa entsha oko wayekubiza ngokuba “yindawo ezolileyo nezimele yodwa” ukuba ikhule. Esebenzisa ilungelo elikhethekileyo alinikwe ngukumkani wasePoland, uSienieński waseka idolophu yaseRaków, eyathi kamva yaba sisazulu sonqulo lwabalandeli bakaSocinus ePoland. USienieński wanika abemi baseRaków amalungelo athile, kuquka nelungelo lokunqula ngokukhululekileyo.

Iingcungela zobugcisa, oogqirha, oosokhemisti, abantu basezidolophini, neendwalutho ezithile ezisuka kwiimvaba ezahlukahlukeneyo zaba nomdla kakhulu kule dolophu. Ukongezelela, abefundisi beza bethontelana ukusuka ePoland, eLithuania, eTransylvania, eFransi naseNgilani. Noko ke, asingabo bonke aba bafikayo abazamkelayo iinkolelo zikaSocinus; ngoko kwiminyaka emithathu elandelayo, ukususela ngowe-1569 ukusa kowe-1572, iRaków yaba yindawo yeengxoxo zakwalizwi ezingaphele ndawo. Waba yintoni umphumo?

Indlu Eyahluleleneyo

Iqela labalandeli bakaSocinus laqhekeka, kwabakho icala labo baneembono ezibaxiweyo necala labo baneembono ezisengqiqweni. Noko ke, phezu kwayo nje le yantlukwano, babeneenkolelo ezikhethekileyo ezifanayo. Babengakholelwa kuBathathu Emnye; bengavumi ukubhaptiza iintsana; babengaziphakamisi izixhobo yaye ngokufuthi bengasamkeli isikhundla sikarhulumente.b Kwakhona babengavumelani nesihogo njengendawo yokuthuthumbisa. Kuyo yonke loo nto, babezityeshele izithethe zonqulo ezidumileyo.

Abefundisi bakaCalvin nabamaKatolika balichasa eli qela, kodwa abefundisi bakaSocinus balixhakamfula eli thuba lokunyanyezelwa konqulo, okwakuxhaswa ngookumkani basePoland abafana noSigismund II Augustus noStephen Báthory, ukuba bafundise iingcamango zabo.

Umsebenzi Obalulekileyo KaBudny

Inguqulelo yeBhayibhile yabalandeli bakaCalvin, eyayisetyenziswa kakhulu ngelo xesha, yayingazanelisi iintswelo zabafundi abaninzi. Le nguqulelo yayiguqulelwe ingasuki kulwimi lwantlandlolo, kodwa kwiVulgate yesiLatini nakwinguqulelo yesiFrentshi yelo xesha. Enye incwadi ithi: “Ngenxa yokufuna isimbo esihle ayizange iguqulelwe ngokunyanisekileyo nangokuchanileyo.” Kwabakho iimpazamo ezininzi. Ngoko ke, umphengululi owaziwa kakhulu ogama linguSzymon Budny wacelwa ukuba alungise le nguqulelo. Wagqiba kwelokuba kuya kuba lula ukuqala phantsi ngenguqulelo entsha kunokuzama ukulungisa endala. UBudny wawuqalisa lo msebenzi malunga nowe-1567.

Xa wayeguqulela, uBudny wahlalutya gama ngalinye neziyelelane zalo ngendlela engazange yenziwe nangubani na ngaphambili ePoland. Xa kwakunzima ukuguqula amazwi athile esiHebhere, wayekuphawula oko ngokwenza inguqulelo ngqo yegama negama kumagqabaza akumanqaku aseludinini. Xa kwakuyimfuneko, wayeziqambela amagama amatsha yaye wayezama ukusebenzisa isiPolish esasilula nesasiqhelekile ngexesha lakhe. Usukelo lwakhe yayikukunikela kumfundi inguqulelo yeBhayibhile ethembekileyo nechanileyo.

Inguqulelo epheleleyo yeBhayibhile kaBudny yapapashwa ngowe-1572. Noko ke, abapapashi balo msebenzi bayonakalisa inguqulelo yakhe yeZibhalo zesiGrike. Engatyhafiswanga koku, uBudny wayilungisa kwakhona, waza wayigqiba kwiminyaka emibini kamva. Inguqulelo entle kaBudny yeZibhalo zesiGrike yayibhetele ngokuphindwe kalishumi kuneenguqulelo zesiPolish zangaphambili. Ngaphezu koko, kwiindawo ezininzi walibuyisela igama likaThixo, uYehova.

Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-16 nakwiminyaka engama-30 yokuqala kwinkulungwane ye-17, iRaków, ikomkhulu yeli qela, yaba yindawo yonqulo nenkcubeko. Apho iinkokeli nababhali beePolish Brethren bapapasha amaphecana neencwadi zabo.

Babekhuthaza Imfundo

Umsebenzi wokupapasha weePolish Brethren wathabath’ unyawo malunga nowe-1600 xa kwadityaniswa umatshini wokushicilela eRaków. Lo matshini wawukwazi ukushicilela amanqaku amancinane neencwadi ezinkulu ngeelwimi ezahlukahlukeneyo. Njengendawo yokushicilela, kungekudala iRaków phantse yaba yeyona iphambili eYurophu. Kuthiwa kwashicilelwa iimpapasho ezingama-200 kuloo matshini ebudeni beminyaka engama-40 eyalandelayo. Umzi-mveliso wamaphepha owawukufuphi, owawungoweePolish Brethren, wawuvelisa amaphepha akumgangatho ophezulu okwenza olu ncwadi.

Kungekudala iiPolish Brethren zayibona imfuneko yokufundisa amanye amakholwa nabanye. Ngenxa yoko, kwasekwa iYunivesithi yaseRaków ngowe-1602. Oonyana beePolish Brethren, kwakunye nabafana bamaKatolika namaProtestanti, babefunda apho. Nangona le yunivesithi yayisisikolo sezakwalizwi, kwakungafundiswa ngonqulo kuphela. Iilwimi zasemzini, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, ezoqoqosho, ezembali, umthetho, ukuqiqa, izifundo zenzululwazi yemvelo, imathematika, ezamayeza nomthambo nazo zazifundiswa apha. Le yunivesithi yayinomzi wogcino-zincwadi omkhulu, owawuqhubeka ukhula, ngoncedo lomatshini wokushicilela wasekuhlaleni.

Njengoko inkulungwane ye-17 yayiqhubeka, kwabonakala ngathi iiPolish Brethren zaziza kuqhubeka zisanda. Kodwa, oko akuzange kwenzeke.

ICawa Norhulumente Bavus’ Umnyele

UZbigniew Ogonowski wePolish Academy of Sciences uthi: “Ekupheleni kweminyaka engama-30 kwinkulungwane ye-17, iimeko kubalandeli ba-ka-Arius ePoland ngokukhawuleza zaqalisa ukuba mbi nangakumbi.” Oko kwakungenxa yenkcaso eyayithabath’ unyawo yabefundisi abangamaKatolika. Aba befundisi babesebenzisa nantoni na ababenokuyifumana, kuquka ubuxoki obenzakalisayo nokugxeka, ukuze bahlazise iiPolish Brethren. Olu hlaselo lwenziwa lwaba lula ziimeko zobupolitika ezaziguqukile ePoland. Ukumkani omtsha wasePoland, uSigismund III Vasa, wayelutshaba lweePolish Brethren. Abangena ezihlangwini zakhe, ingakumbi uJohn II Casimir Vasa, ngokufanayo baxhasa imigudu yeCawa yamaKatolika ekuphanziseni iiPolish Brethren.

Izinto zafikelela kumanqam ngokuhlanjelwa komnqamlezo ngabafundi abathile eRaków. Esi siganeko saba sisizathu sokutshatyalaliswa kwekomkhulu leePolish Brethren. Umnini weRaków watyholwa kwinkundla yasepalamente ‘ngokusasaza ububi’ ngokuxhasa iYunivesithi yaseRaków nomatshini wayo wokushicilela. IiPolish Brethren zatyholwa ngomsebenzi wobunqolobi, ukubandakanyeka kumatheko obuhenyu, nokuphila ubomi bokuziphatha okubi. Ipalamente yagqiba kwelokuba iYunivesithi yaseRaków ivalwe yaye umatshini wokushicilela necawa yeePolish Brethren zitshatyalaliswe. La makholwa axelelwa ukuba makaphum’ aphele kuloo dolophu. Oonjingalwazi bale yunivesithi bagxothwa kweli lizwe bathenjiswa ngokubulawa ukuba bangabonwa. Ezinye iiPolish Brethren zafudukela kwiindawo ezikhuselekileyo, njengaseSilesia naseSlovakia.

Ngowe-1658 ipalamente yayalela iiPolish Brethren ukuba zithengise isakhiwo sazo zize zifudukele kwamanye amazwe kwiminyaka nje emithathu. Kamva, elo xesha zazilinikiwe lancitshiswa laba yiminyaka emibini. Nabani owayevumelana neenkolelo zazo emva kwelo xesha wayeza kubulawa.

Abanye kubalandeli bakaSocinus bahlala eNetherlands, apho baqhubeka nomsebenzi wabo wokushicilela. ETransylvania kwakukho ibandla de kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-18. Kwiintlanganiso zazo, ezaziqhutywa kathathu ngeveki, zazicula iindumiso, ziphulaphula iintshumayelo, yaye zifunda ikathekizim eyayilungiselelwe ukucacisa iimfundiso zazo. Ukuze zigcine ibandla licocekile, amakholwa ayelungiswa, eyalwa yaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, agxothwe.

IiPolish Brethren zazingabafundi beLizwi likaThixo. Zafumana iinyaniso ezixabisekileyo, yaye ngaphandle kokuthandabuza zabelana ngazo nabanye. Noko ke, ekugqibeleni zasasazeka eYurophu zaza zakufumanisa kunzima nangakumbi ukuhlala zimanyane. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iiPolish Brethren zaphela.

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 23]

Indlu yomfundisi wabalandeli bakaSocinus

[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 23]

Ngasentla: IRaków namhlanje; ekunene ngumzi woonongendi owasekwa ngowe-1650 ukuphelisa nantoni “yabalandeli baka-Arius”; ngezantsi: Abefundisi bamaKatolika babeka umnqamlezo kule ndawo ukuze baxhokonxe umlo neePolish Brethren

[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 21]

Title card of Biblia nieświeska by Szymon Budny, 1572