Cyril na Methodius—Bakapilibula ba Baibolo Abatendeke Ifilembo mu Lulimi Lumo

Cilolo wa ku Moravia, Rostislav, mu 862 C.E. alombele ukuti: “Uluko lwesu lwalibatishiwa lelo tatwakwata kafundisha. Tatuumfwa iciGriki nelyo iciLatin. . . . Tatwaishiba ukubelenga ifilembo nelyo ifyo fipilibula; e co tutumineniko bakafundisha aba kutusambilisha amashiwi yaba mu Malembo ne co yapilibula.”

NDAKAI, abantu ukucila pa mamilioni 453 abalanda indimi isha ciSlavic balikwata Baibolo iyapilibulwa mu lulimi lwabo.a Amamilioni 360 pa mpendwa ya bantu ilumbwilwe pa muulu babomfya ifilembo fya ciCyrillic. Lelo, imyaka 1,200 iyapita indimi sha fikolwe fyabo tashalelembwa kabili tashakwete ifilembo. Abaume abayafwile ukuti ifintu fibeko bwino ni Cyril na Methodius, abali ba ng’anda imo. Abantu abatemwa Icebo ca kwa Lesa bakasanga ukuti ukubombesha kwabulamo umwenso no kufwaya ukuleta ifipya ukwa aba aba bwananyina kwalenga ukuti kube inshita ya kucincimuna mu lyashi lya kale ukukuma ku kusungwa no kwanana kwa Baibolo. Bushe aba baume bali ni bani, kabili mafya nshi bakwete?

“Uwa Mano ya Buntunse” na Kateka

Cyril (827-869 C.E., uyo intanshi uwainikwe Constantine) na Methodius (825-885 C.E.) bafyelwe mu lupwa ulwacindikwa mu Thessalonica, ku Greece. Pali ilya nshita mu Thessalonica mwalelandwa indimi shibili; abekashi ba ulya musumba balelanda iciGriki ne capala ku ciSlavic. Ukubapo kwa bena Slav no kubishanya sana na baGriki na bena Slav ababashingulwike nakalimo e calengele Cyril na Methodius ukwishiba sana ululimi lwa bena Slav ba ku kapinda ka ku kulyo. Kabili umo uwalemba ilyashi pali Methodius atila banyinabo bali bena Slav.

Ilyo wishi afwile, Cyril akuukiile ku Constantinople, uwali e musumba ukulamba uwa buteko bwa Byzantine. Kulya asambilile pa yuniversiti isambilisha ifya kuteka kabili abishenye na bakasambilisha basuma. Ali kangalila wa laibrare ya mu Hagia Sophia, icikuulwa ce calici icalumbukishe ku Kabanga, kabili pa numa aishileba umo uwasoma sana amano ya buntunse. Na kuba, apo alisambilile sana, Cyril ainikwe ishina lya kuti Uwa Mano ya Buntunse.

Lelo, Methodius wene alefwaya ukucita filya fine wishi acitileko, e kuti aiposele mu fya mapolitiki. Ali ni kateka mu mushi wa mu citungu ca Byzantine umwaleikala abena Slav abengi. Lelo, aile mu kwikala mu ciyanda ca bashimbe mu Bithynia, ku Asia Minor. Cyril alimukonkele kabili batendeke ukwikala bonse mu 855 C.E.

Mu 860 C.E., shimapepo wa ku Constantinople atumine aba babwananyina babili ukuyabombela ku calo cimbi. Batuminwe ku bena Khazars, abantu abaleikala ku cifulo cabela pa kati ka ku kapinda ka ku kuso na kabanga aka kuli Black Sea, abaleshimunuka ukupingulapo nampo nga bafwile ukuba abaShilamu, abaYuda, nelyo Abena Kristu. Ilyo aleya kuli cilya cifulo, Cyril alitubilisheko pa Chersonese, mu Crimea. Abasoma bamo basumina ukuti ilyo ali kulya asambilile iciHebere ne cina Samaria kabili apilibwile amashiwi yalebomfiwa mu ciHebere no kutwala mu lulimi lwa bena Khazar.

Ubwite Ukufuma ku Moravia

Mu 862 C.E., Rostislav, cilolo wa ku Moravia (apali umusumba wa Moravia epabela akabanga ka Slovakia, amasamba ya Czechia, na masamba ya Hungary), alombele kuli Kateka wa ku Byzantine, Michael III ifili muli paragrafu ya kubalilapo, ukuti amutumineko bakasambilisha ba Malembo. Abekashi ba ku Moravia abalelanda iciSlavic balisambilishiwe kale ifisambilisho fye calici kuli bamishonari abafumine ku bufumu bwa ku East Frankish (nomba yapangwa na Germany na Austria). Lelo, Rostislav asakamene sana pa kusonga kwa bupolitiki no kwa mipepele ukwa mikowa ya ciGermany. Aleenekela ukuti ifipangano fya mipepele na bena Constantinople fyali no kulenga uluko lwakwe ukuba na maka ya kuitungulula mu fya mapolitiki na mu mipepele.

Kateka Michael III asalile kutuma Methodius na Cyril ku Moravia. Aba bwananyina babili bali abafikapo mu masomo kabili balishibe ululimi ica kuti kuti babomba bwino ulya mulimo. Kalemba wa lyashi lya bumi bwa bantu uwa mu mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 9 alembele ukuti ilyo kateka wa ku Byzantium alebacincisha ukuya ku Moravia, apelulwile nabo ukuti: “Bonse babili muli bekashi ba ku Thessalonica, kabili abena Thessalonica bonse balanda iciSlav cine cine.”

Ifilembo Fipya Fyatendekwa na Baibolo Yapilibulwa

Imyeshi imo ilyo bashilaima, Cyril aipekanishishe kuli uyu mulimo pa kupangila abena Slav ifilembo. Batila Cyril aleumfwa indimi shapusanapusana. E co ukubomfya ifilembo fya ciGriki ne ciHebere, aeseshe ukupanga ifilembo ukulingana na mashiwi ya ciSlavonic.b Abasoma bamo basumina ukuti abombele imyaka iingi pa kupekanya filya filembo. Na kabili, tabaishiba bwino ifyo ifilembo Cyril apangile fyalemoneka.—Moneni umukululo uleti “Bushe Filembo fya ciCyrillic Nelyo fya ciGlagolitic?”

Pali ilya ine nshita, Cyril atendeke programu wa mu kampampa uwa kupilibula Baibolo. Ukulingana ne cishilano, ukubomfya ifilembo ifyo apangile nomba line, abalilepo ukupilibula amashiwi ya kubalilapo aya mwi Landwe lya kwa Yohane aya kuti: “Mu kutendeka mwali Cebo. . . ” ukufuma mu ciGriki ukutwala mu ciSlavonic. Cyril apilibwile Amalandwe yane, bakalata ba kwa Paulo, ne buuku lya Amalumbo.

Bushe abombele eka? Methodius afwile alimwafwile ukubomba ulya mulimo. Na kabili, icitabo ca The Cambridge Medieval History citila: “Cimoneka kwati [Cyril] alikwete abamwafwile, abali bena Slav abasambilile amasomo ya ciGriki. Nga twabebeta ubupilibulo bwakokwesha, . . . tusanga ubushininkisho bwafikapo ubwa lulimi ulwa ciSlavonic ulwawamishiwe, ulufwile ukuba e lwalebomfiwa na bayafwilisheko abali bena Slav bene.” Imbali shimbi isha Baibolo shapilibwilwe na Methodius, nge fyo twalamona.

“Kwati ni Filya Bamwankole Basansa Ulukoshi”

Mu 863 C.E., Cyril na Methodius batendeke umulimo wabo mu Moravia, uko babapokelele bwino nga nshi. Umulimo wabo wasanshishemo ukusambilisha ibumba lya bena Moravia ifilembo fya ciSlavonic ifyo batendeke, no kupilibula Baibolo na mashiwi yalebomfiwa mu mipepele.

Lelo, tacali icayanguka. Bashimapepo ba ciFrank mu Moravia balekaanya nga nshi ukubomfya iciSlavonic. Aba basumine fye mu ndimi shitatu, ukupampamina fye pa kuti iciLatin, iciGriki, ne ciHebere e ndimi fye ishasuminishiwe ukubomfiwa mu mipepele. Aba babwananyina babili baile ku Rome mu 867 C.E. pantu baleenekela papa ukubatungilila pa lulimi lupya ulwingalembwa ulo bapangile.

Ilyo baleya ku Venice, Cyril na Methodius bakumenye ibumba na limbi ilya bashimapepo mu Venice abasumine mu kubomfya fye indimi shitatu. Umuntu uwaliko pa nkulo sha pa kati kabili uwalembele ilyashi pa bumi bwa kwa Cyril alondolola ukuti bashikofu, bashimapepo, na bashimbe baume abaipeelesha ku mapepo bonse bakunganine pali wene “kwati ni filya bamwankole basansa ulukoshi” no kumweba ifyebo fyaluma. Ukulingana na kulya kulemba, Cyril pa kwasuka ayambwile 1 Abena Korinti 14:8, 9 apatila: “Pantu ne penga nga lyalila icililelile, nani engaipekanisho kuya ku bulwi? Ifyo fine na imwe nga tamusosela mu lulimi insoso iingomfwika, kuti caishibwa shani icilelandwa? pantu ninshi mulelandila mu mbilibili.”

Ilyo aba babwananyina basukile bafikile mu Rome, Papa Adrian II abapeele nsambu sha kubomfya iciSlavonic. Ilyo papitile imyeshi, ninshi bacili mu Rome, Cyril alilwele icabipisha. Ne myeshi ibili tayakumene ukutula apo alwalile, alifwile ilyo ali fye ne myaka 42.

Papa Adrian II akoseleshe Methodius ukubwelela mu kubomba ku Moravia na mu musumba wa Nitra, mu calo ico lelo beta Slovakia. Apo papa alefwaya ukukosha ubulashi bwakwe muli cilya cifulo, apeele Methodius bakalata umo asuminishe ukubomfya iciSlavonic kabili amusontele ukuba shikofu mukalamba. Lelo, mu 870 C.E., shikofu wa ciFrank, uwaleitwa Hermanrich, pa kwafwilishiwa na Cilolo Svatopluk uwa ku Nitra, aikete Methodius. Afungilwe pa myaka ibili na hafu mu ciyanda ca bashimbe icabelele pa kati ka kapinda ka ku kulyo na masamba ya Germany. Pa numa, Papa John VIII uwapyene Adrian II aebele ukuti Methodius akakulwe, kabili amucitile shimapepo mu cifulo cakwe ica kubombelamo, no kukosha icishinka ca kuti papa aletungilila ukubomfya iciSlavonic mu kupepa.

Lelo bashimapepo ba ciFrank batwalilile ukukaanya. Methodius alibombele bwino mu kuisosela ku balwani bakwe pa fyo balemubepesha ukusangukila icalici, kabili Papa John VIII amupeele kalata uwasuminishe ukubomfya iciSlavonic mu calici. Nge fyo John Paul II, uuli papa pali ino nshita asumine, ubumi bwa kwa Methodius bwali bwa “kwendauka, ukubulisha, ukucula, ukupatwa, ukupakaswa, . . . ukusanshako fye no kukaanasungwa bwino mu cifungo.” Ica kupapusha ca kuti bashikofu na bacilolo ba mu Rome e balemucusha.

Baibolo Yonse Yapilibulwa

Methodius, pa kwafwilishiwa na ba kalemba bamo abakampuka, alipwishishe ukupilibula Baibolo mu ciSlavonic nangu batwalilile ukumukaanya. Ukulingana ne lyashi lya kale, apwishishe uyu mulimo ukalamba mu myeshi fye 8. Lelo, tapilibwile amabuuku yashapuutwamo aya baMakabe.

Pali ndakai, tacaba icayanguka ukwishiba nga ca kuti Baibolo yapilibwilwe na Cyril na Methodius yali iyafikapo. Kwaba fye ama manyuskripiti ayanono aya ubu bupilibulo ayashalapo ayaliko ilyo iyi Baibolo yapilibwilwe. Abasambilila indimi, pa kubebeta aya ma manyuskripiti yashalapo, basanga ukuti bulya bupilibulo bwalilungeme kabili bwalyangwike ukumfwa. Icitabo ca Our Slavic Bible citila aba babwananyina babili “balekabila ukupanga amashiwi yapya ne nsoselo ishingi . . . Kabili cilapapusha ifyo balelungika ilyo balecita ici [no] kulenga ululimi lwa ciSlavic ukukwata amashiwi ayengi ayo ululimi lumbi lushatala alukwatapo.”

Ubupyani Bubelelela

Ilyo Methodius afwile mu 885 C.E., abasambi bakwe balitamfiwe mu Moravia ku balwani babo abena Frank. Bailebelama ku Bohemia, ku kapinda ka ku kulyo aka Poland, na ku Bulgaria. E co umulimo wa kwa Cyril na Methodius walitwalilile kabili walyanene. Ululimi lwa ciSlavonic, ulwatwalilila pa mulandu wa filembo ifyo Cyril na Methodius balupangiile, lwalyanene, ukusanduluka, kabili pa numa lwaliwamishiwe. Ndakai, mu ciSlavic mwaba indimi shalekanalekana 13.

Na kabili, ukubombesha kwa kwa Cyril na Methodius ukwa kukanaba no mwenso pa kupilibula Baibolo kwalibombele bwino mu kupilibula Amalembo ayasangwa lelo mu ndimi shalekanalekana isha ci Slavic. Abantu abengi abalanda ishi ndimi balanonkelamo apo balikwata Icebo ca kwa Lesa mu lulimi lwabo. Nelyo kube ukukaanya kwabipisha, ifyo yaba ya cine amashiwi ayatila: “Icebo ca kwa Lesa wesu caiminina umuyayaya”!—Esaya 40:8.

[Amafutunoti]

[Akabokoshi pe bula 29]

Bushe Filembo fya ciCyrillic Nelyo fya ciGlagolitic?

Ifyo ifilembo Cyril atendeke fyalelembwa fyalenga ukukansana, pantu abasambilila indimi tabaishiba bwino ifyo fyalemoneka. Ifilembo fya ciCyrillic fyalipalana sana ne fya ciGriki, kabili fyakwata ifilembo nalimo 12 ifyalundilweko ifilanga ifya kulanda amashiwi ya ciSlavonic ayashaba mu ciGriki. Lelo, ama manyuskripiti ya kale sana aya ciSlavonic, yabomfya ifilembo ifyapusana nga nshi ku ciCyrillic, ifyaishibikwa nge filembo fya ciGlagolitic, kabili abasoma abengi basumina ukuti ifi e filembo ifyo Cyril atendeke. Ifilembo fimo fimo ifya ciGlagolitic fimoneka kwati fyapangwa ukufuma ku ciGriki nelyo ku ciHebere calelembwa mu cikulakula. Kabili fimo nalimo fyapangilwe ukufuma ku filembo fyalebomfiwa kale sana, lelo ifingi baipangile fye kabili fyalyafya ukubelenga. Ifilembo fya ciGlagolitic fimoneka ifyaibela kabili ifya cine cine. Lelo ifilembo fya ciCyrillic e fyapanga ifilembo ifibomfiwa mu ndimi sha ciRussian, ciUkrainian, iciSerbian, iciBulgarian, ne ciMacedonian, ukulundako ne ndimi shimbi 22, shimo ishishili sha ciSlavonic.

[Ifilembo fya ciCyrillic ne fya ciGlagolitic]

[Mapu pe bula 31]

(Nga mulefwaya ukumona mapu, moneni muli magazini)

Bemba wa Baltic

(Poland)

Bohemia (Czechia)

Moravia (Akabanga ka Czechia, Amasamba ya Slovakia, Amasamba ya Hungary)

Nitra

UBUFUMU BWA CIFRANK UBWA KU KABANGA (Germany na Austria)

ITALY

Venice

Rome

Bemba wa Mediterranean

BULGARIA

GREECE

Thessalonica

(Crimea)

Bemba wa Black Sea

Bithynia

Constantinople (Istanbul)

[Icikope pe bula 31]

Baibolo ya ci Slavonic mu filembo fya ciCyrillic

[Abatusuminishe]

Baibolo: Narodna in univerzitetna knjiz̆nica-Slovenija-Ljubljana