Ukutiine Mipashi Mulandu Nshi Kushapwila?

NGA fintu pambi mwaishiba, kwalibako abantu abengi abatila nga ca kuti pushi wafiita aciluka inshila ku ntanshi, ninshi palecitika fimo ifyabipa, kabili kwaba na batiina ukufumfuma mwi samba lya mutanto wimiikwe. Na kabili abengi basumina ukuti ubushiku bwa pali Cisano pa 13 bushiku bwe shamo no kuti ca busanso ukwikala pa ntunti yalenga 13 iya cikuulwa. Nangu ca kuti tamwaba mano muli uku kutiine mipashi, kwalitwalilila ukufika na lelo.

Baleni tontonkanyenipo. Mulandu nshi abantu bamo basendela impimpi ya kuulu kwa kwa kalulu nelyo ukukonkonsha ku mulando lintu balelanda pa fyo baleenekela? Bushe tacili mulandu wa kuti balisumina ukuti ukucite fyo kuti kwabaletela ishuko, nangu ca kuti tabashininkisha bwino? Icitabo ca kuti A Dictionary of Superstitions calandilepo ukuti: “Uutiine mipashi alicetekelo kuti ifinkolonkolo fimo, ififulo fimo, inama shimo, nelyo incitilo shimo filaleta amashuko no kuti fimbi fileta amashamo.”—Moneni Abena Galatia 5:19, 20.

Amatukuto ya Kwesha Ukupwisha Ukutiine Mipashi mu China

Cine cine, amatukuto ya muno nshiku yalifilwa ukupwisha ukutiine mipashi. Ku ca kumwenako, mu 1995 Icipani ca buteko icipanga amafunde ica People’s Congress ica Shanghai cafumishe icipope ca kubinda ukutiine mipashi ukulondolola ukuti uyu wali mwata uwapita uo cilya calo calekonka ku kale. Ubuyo bacitile fyo bwa kuti “bakalofye umwata wa kutiine mipashi, no kwalula imyata ya pa fililo pa kuti batungilile ukuletako ubwikashi ubwingacilapo ukuba ubwasalapuka.” Lelo finshi fyatumbukamo?

Ukulingana no kushimika kumo, abantu ba mu Shanghai batwalilile ukutiine mipashi. Umutandashi umo uwatandalile ku nshishi tasuminisheko ku cibindo ca buteko icabindile umwata wa bena China uwa kocela indalama sha cimbepa ku nshishi sha fikolwe, atile: “Twaocele indalama sha ma yuan amabilioni 19 [ishili ubwingi amadola amabilioni yatatu].” Uyu mutandashi alundilepo ati: “ukucite fi caba mwata kabili uyu mwata ulenga tulesa ukusansamuka.”

Inyunshipepala yatemwikwa iya Guangming Daily yasokolwele ifyo ici cibindo cafilwa ukubomba bwino, yatile nakalimo “incenshi mu fya kusobela amashuko mu China kuti shafika ku mamilioni 5, ilintu incenshi shalamuka mu fya sayansi ne fya kupangapanga shonse pamo kuti shafika fye ku mamilioni 10.” Iyi nyunshipepala yatile: “Cilemoneke fyo impendwa ya bakasobela ba mashuko e ifulile.”

icitabo ca The Encyclopedia Americana, Ukulembwa Ukwasabankanishiwe mu Fyalo Ifingi, casosele ukukuma pa lwa kutwalilila kwa mwata wa kutiine mipashi aciti: “Mu mekalo yonse, intambi sha kale shilabakililwa no kulondolwelwa mu nshila ishipya.” Ukulembwa kwa nomba line ukwa The New Encyclopædia Britannica kwasumine ukuti: “Nangu fye ni muli shino nshiku isho batila ishalunduluka, umo abantu bafwaisha ifishinka fine fine pa kusumina icintu, bantu fye abanono nga ca kuti bapatikishiwe ukulondolola, abengatila tababala abasumina muli cimo atemwa fibili ifya ifi fisumino fyabulwamo amano nangu mu kutiine mipashi.”

Bumyalumyalu

Cimoneka ifyo abantu abengi ni bamyalumyalu, apantu te kuti basokolole ifyo bacita mu bumfisolo. Kalemba umo asosele ati icilenga abantu ukushiimunuka muli uyo musango mwenso wa kumoneka abatumpa mu menso ya bambi. Muli fyo, aba musango yo kuti basalapo ukumona imyata yabo iya kutiine mipashi ukuti fibelesho fye. Ku ca kumwenako, bakabutuka kuti bamona imisango yabo ukuti kusefya fye kwa kuipekanya ilyo bashilatendeka ukwangala.

Nomba line kalemba we lyashi umo abomfeshe ubumbimunda pa kulanda pa lwa kalata uwitwa ukuti chain letter, uwaba ni kalata uutumwa ku bantu bafulilako no kubalomba ukuti na bo cila umo umo batumineko bambi. Ilingi line, uwasalanganya uyu kalata bamulaya ukuti akakwata ishuko, ilintu uwamusunga fye ukwabulo kutuminako bambi, catunganishiwe fyo kuti aponenwa ne shamo. E co uyu kalemba we lyashi na o aishileibimba mu kulemba aba bakalata kabili atile: “Ndefwaya mwishibe ukuti te pa mulandu wa kutiine mipashi ndecitile ci. Ni pa kuti fye ntalushe ishamo pa mubili wandi.”

Abasambilila imitundu ya bantu ne fikulilo ukubikako ne ncenshi mu fya myata ne ntambi sha bantu bena batila nangu fye lishiwi lya kuti “ukutiine mipashi” lyaba fye ukulingana no mo umuntu alyumfwila; e co balafilwa ukulondolola ukuti imisango imo yaba kutiine mipashi. Basalapo ukubomfya amashiwi “ayashili ya kulungatika” lelo ayashingakalifya bambi pamo ngo kutila “intambi ne fisumino fya bantu,” “imyata,” nelyo “ifyo basuminamo.” Dick Hyman, alilondolola bwino mu citabo cakwe ica Lest Ill Luck Befall Thee—Superstitions of the Great and Small, ukuti: “Filya fine abengi bashatemwa ulubembu atemwa icifine, e fyo caba na pa lwa kutiine mipashi, nangu ca kuti abengi balisumina mu kutiine mipashi, banono bakutungilila pa bwelu.”

Te mulandu na mashina yalekanalekana ukutiine mipashi kwingetwa, lelo kucili kuletwalilila. Mulandu nshi ifya musango yo fingalacitikila mu nkulo iyalunduluka mu fya kupangapanga fya sayansi?

Ico Ukutiinine Mipashi Kushapwila

Kwena, bamo batunga ukuti ca cifyalilwa abantu ukutiine mipashi. Kwabako fye na batunga ukuti ukutiine mipashi kwaba mu mfyalo shesu. Nangu cibe fyo, ukusapika pa lwa kutiine mipashi kulanga ukuti ubo bufi. Ubushininkisho bulango kuti abantu batendeka ukutiine mipashi pa mulandu wa fyo basambilishiwa.

Profesa Stuart A. Vyse alondolola ukuti: “Filya fine umuntu asambilile misango imbi mu bumi, e fyo asambilila no kutiine mipashi. Tatufyalwa no bwishibilo bwa kukonkonsha ku mulando; tusambilila fye.” Casoswo kuti abantu basambilila ukusumina mu malele ilyo bacili abaice kabili kuti baisasumina mu kutiine mipashi inshita fye iili yonse libe palipita ne myaka iingi ica kuti “balikwata na mano ya bukalamba.” Lelo ni kwi bafumya ifishilano ifingi ifya kutiine mipashi?

Ukutiine mipashi ukwingi kwalisuntinkana nga nshi ne fisumino ifyatemwikwa ifya mu mipepele. Ku ca kumwenako, ukutiine mipashi kwaliseekele mu mipepele ya bantu abaikele mu calo ca Kanaani ilyo abena Israele bashilayamo. Baibolo itila wali mwata wa bena Kanaani ukubuke mbuko, ukucite cimpa, ukupendula nangu ukucita amalele, ukupando buyeye, ukwipusha ku cipao ca mufwe ne ngulu, no kubusha ku bafwa.—Amalango 18:9-12.

AbaGriki ba pa kale nabo balitemenwe ukutiine mipashi ukwali mu mipepele yabo. Basumine mu mfuba umwali ifilubi, mu kubuke mbuko, na mu kucite cimpa, nga filya fine abena Kanaani basuminemo. Abena Babele baleceeceeta ilibu lya nama, ukusubile fyo kuti lyabasokolwela ico balingile ukucita. (Esekiele 21:21) Kabili balitemenwe ifyangalo fya cela mushuke kabili balesumina mu co Baibolo iita ukuti “Lesa we Shuko,” ukuti abaafweko. (Esaya 65:11, NW) Na lelo abateya ifyangalo fya cela mushuke baishibikwa ukuti balisumina mu kutiine mipashi.

Ku ca kupapusha, amacalici ayengi yalikoselesha abantu ukuteya ifyangalo fya cela mushuke. Ica kumwenako cimo Licalici lya baKatolika, ilitungilila ifyangalo pamo nga bingo (umusango wa cangalo ca cela mushuke). Uuteya ifyangalo fya cela mushuke umo alandilepo ukuti: “Nshiletwishika ukuti Icalici lya baKatolika lyalishiba pa lwa ici [ukuti bakateya ba fyangalo fya cela mushuke balisumina nga nshi mu kutiine mipashi,] pantu lyonse baaleba mupepi ne nshila bakabutuka balebutukilamo, ninshi nabakwata no tubokoshi twakulombelamo indalama. Kanshi twaleposamo indalama, pantu fwe bengi fwe bali baKatolika twalishibe ukuti takuli Katolika uuli onse uwingakwata ishuko lya kucimfya mu kubutuka na ba kabalwe nga ca kuti tapoosele indalama mu tubokoshi twa ba “sisita.” Ubo bushiku nga twacimfya, twalebapeela ifintu ifingi sana, ukusubila ukuti e mo twali no kulamwena ishuko lyatwalilila.”

Ifya kumwenako fimo ifyaishibikwa bwino ifilangilila ifyo ukutiine mipashi kwayampana ne mipepele ni filya ificitika pa Krisimasi, ukusefya ukutungililwa na macalici ya Kristendomu. Ifi fisanshamo ukusubilo kuti ukufyompana imilomo mwi samba lya cimuti ca [misoto] kuti kwalenga bamo ukuupana, kabili fibimbamo ne fisumino ifingi ifya kutiina imipashi pa lwa kwa Santa Claus.

Icitabo ca Lest Ill Luck Befall Thee casosele ukuti ico abantu batampile ukutiine mipashi ni pa kuti “baleishiba ifya ku ntanshi.” E co ilelo, nga fintu caba fye ukutula na ku kale, abantuuntu fye na bakateka kumo balepusha kuli bakasobela ba mashuko na kuli bambi abaitunga ukuba na maka ya kucite fimpa. Icitabo ca kuti Don’t Sing Before Breakfast, Don’t Sleep in the Moonlight cilondololo kuti: “Abantu bakabile ukwishiba ukuti kwalibako ifipuuta no bwanga ifingabalesha ukutiina ifyaishibikwa ne fishaishibikwa.”

Kanshi ukutiine mipashi kwalyeshako ukutekako abantu imitima pa kutontonkanya ukuti nabacingililwa ku fyo batiina. Icitabo ca kuti Cross Your Fingers, Spit in Your Hat cisoso kuti: “Imilandu ilenga [abantunse] ukwalukila ku kutiine mipashi ni ilya ine iyaseeka. Lintu baponenwa no bwafya bumo ubwabansha ukucincintila, ubo bamona kwati kuti bwapwa fye ukupitila mwi ‘shuko’ atemwa kuli ‘cela mushuke,’ basumina ukuti ukutiine mipashi kuti kwabalenga ukuyumfwako abacingililwa.”

Nangu ca kuti sayansi yaliwamyako imikalile ya bantu mu nshila ishingi, umwenso wena walitwalilila. Na kuba, abengi baleyumfwa abashacingililwa pa mulandu wa mafya sayansi yaletako. Profesa Vyse atila: “Ukutiine mipashi no kucetekela mu fintu ifishingalondololwa bwino kwaliseeka nga nshi mu cikulilo cesu . . . pantu icalo twabamo caliletako ifintu ifitulenga ukucililako ukuba no mwenso wa kukanaishiba ifikacitika.” Icitabo ca The World Book Encyclopedia casondwelele ukuti: “Ukutiine mipashi nakalimo kukatwalilila mu bumi bwa bantu . . . ukufikila umwenso pa lwa fikabacitikila ku ntanshi ukapwe.”

Kanshi kuti twasondwelelo kuti icalenga ukuti ukutiine mipashi kutwalilile mwenso uwaseeka pa bantunse kabili ifisumino fya mu mipepele ifyatemwikwa e fyatungilila uyu mwenso. Lelo bushe, tutile ukutiine mipashi kulaafwa abantu, pantu fye kulabalenga ukwishiba ifyo bengacita pa lwa fingabacitikila ku ntanshi? Bushe tamwaba busanso mu kucite fyo, atemwa mwaliba ubusanso ubulingile ukusengaukwa?

[Icikope pe bula 20]

Mu China nakalimo kuti mwaba incenshi mu fya kusobela amashuko mupepi na mamilioni 5

[Icikope pe bula 21]

Amacalici ayengi yalitekelesha ukutiine mipashi ukupitila mu kutungilila icangalo ca bingo

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Intambi sha Krisimasi pamo nga ukufyompana imilomo mwi samba lya cimuti ca [misoto] kwashimpwa pa kutiine mipashi