Abena Hasimonani ne fyo Bashile

ILYO Yesu ali pe sonde, ubuYuda bwalyakanishiwe mu mabumba yalekansana, bonse balelwila ukuteka abantu. E fyo calondololwa mu Malandwe na mu fyalembwa fya kwa Josephus umuYuda, kalemba we lyashi lya kale uwa mu mwanda wa myaka uwa kubalilapo.

Pali ilya nshita abaFarise na baSaduke balesonga sana abantu, bafikile fye na ku kusonga abantu ukukaana Yesu nga Mesia. (Mateo 15:1, 2; 16:1; Yohane 11:47, 48; 12:42, 43) Lelo aya mabumba yabili ayalesonga sana abantu tayalumbulwamo mu Malembo ya ciHebere.

Josephus alumbwile abaSaduke na baFarise intanshi pa kati ka 200 B.C.E. na 100 B.C.E. Pali ilya nshita abaYuda abengi balealukila ku buGriki, e kuti ku ntambi na mano ya pano nse ifya baGriki. Ukukansana pa baGriki na baYuda kwakulile lintu bakateka ba bena Selukia bakoweshe itempele mu Yerusalemu pa kulipeela kuli Seu. Kateka wa maka uwa baYuda, Yuda Makabe, uwa mu lupwa lwaishibikwe ukuti abena Hasimonani, atungulwile ifita fya bacipondoka ifyapokolwele abaGriki itempele.a

Pa numa fye ya kusansa no kucimfya kwa baMakabe, pakonkele imyaka ilyo ifyakaniko fyapangilwe sana ifyalesambilisha ifisumino fyapusanapusana. Icakaniko cimo na cimo calelwisha ukucimfya ifyakaniko fimbi pa kuti cileteka abaYuda abengi. Lelo mulandu nshi kwabelele ukucimfyanya? Cinshi calengele ubuYuda ukwakanika? Pa kwasuka aya mepusho, natumone ifyacitile abena Hasimonani.

Ukulundulula Ubuntungwa na Malekano

Pa numa ya kufika pa buyo bwakwe ubwa kubwesha ukupepa pe tempele lya kwa Yehova, Yuda Makabe aishileyobeka mu bupolitiki. E co, abaYuda abengi balekele ukumukonka. Nalyo line atwalilile ukulwisha bakateka ba bena Selukia, apangile icipangano na Roma, no kufwaya ukuti icalo ca baYuda cileiteka. Pa numa ya mfwa ya kwa Yuda mu bulwi, bamunyina babili Jonathan na Simon batwalilile ukulwishanya. Bakateka ba bena Selukia pa kubala balelwisha sana baMakabe. Lelo, mu kupita kwa nshita, bakateka basuminishe ubupolitiki, no kusuminisha Simon na Jonathan, abena Hasimonani abali pali bumunyina ukutekako.

Nangu line bafumine ku lupwa lwa bushimapepo, takwali umwina Hasimonani uwabalile aba shimapepo mukalamba. AbaYuda abengi baleti uwali no kuba shimapepo mukalamba alingile ukuba shimapepo wa mu lupwa lwa kwa Sadoke, uo Solomone asontele ukuba shimapepo mukalamba. (1 Ishamfumu 2:35; Ezekiele 43:19) Jonathan alandile nabo mano mano kabili aimishe ubulwi pa kunashanasha abena Selukia ukuti bamusonte ukuba shimapepo mukalamba. Lelo ilyo Jonathan afwile, umukalamba wakwe, Simon acitile ifyacilapo. Mu September 140 B.C.E., apeele icipope cacindama mu Yerusalemu, icalembelwe pa fipampa fya bronze mu ciGriki icaleti: “Imfumu Demetrio [kateka wa bena Selukia abaGriki] amusuminishe [Simon] pali bushimapepo bukalamba, amucita umo uwa Bacibusa bakwe, no kumucindamika apakalamba. . . . AbaYuda na bashimapepo batemwa Simon ukube ntungulushi yabo pe na shimapepo mukalamba, mpaka kasesema wa cishinka akamoneke.”—1 Makabe 14:38-41 (ibuuku lya kale ilisangwa muli Apocrypha).

E co, abasuminishe no kupeela Simon no lupwa lwakwe bukateka na bushimapepo bukalamba, bena Selukia bambi bambi, ne “Bumba Likalamba” ilya bantu bakwe. Uku kwali kwaluka kukalamba. Kalemba we lyashi lya kale Emil Schürer atile, ilyo ishamfumu sha bena Hasimonani shatendeke ukuteka “tabapoosele mano ku fyalembwa muli Tora [Ifunde lya baYuda] lelo bafwaishe ukubakilila no kutanununa ukuteka kwabo ukwa bupolitiki.” Lelo, apo talefwaya ukufulwisha abaYuda, mano mano, Simon asalilepo ukwitwa “intungulushi ya bantu,” ukucila ukwitwa “imfumu.”

Te bonse batemenwe ilyo abena Hasimonani bapokele ubutungulushi mu fya mipepele ne fya bupolitiki. Abasoma abengi batila: ni pali iyi nshita e po ubwikashi bwaleitwa Qumran bwapangilwe. Shimapepo wa mu lupwa lwa kwa Sadoke, uo batila e o ifyalembwa fya muli Qumran filoshako nga “Kasambilisha wa Bulungami,” afumine ku Yerusalemu no kutungulula ibumba lya bacipondoka ukuya ku matololo ya mu Yudea lwa mupepi na Bemba Wafwa. Icimfungwa cimo ica muli Bemba Wafwa, icilanda pe buuku lya kwa Habakuki, calisuusha sana “Shimapepo Imbifi uwaleitwa ngo wa cine pa kubala, lelo ilyo atendeke ukuteka Israele umutima wakwe wabele ne cilumba.” Abasoma abengi batila ubu bulondoloshi bwa kwa “Shimapepo Imbifi” bulosha kuli Jonathan nelyo Simon.

Simon akonkenyepo imbuli sha kulwisha ukutanununa ififulo aleteka. Lelo ukuteka kwakwe kwaishilepwa mu kupumikisha ilyo shifyala, Ptolemy, amwipeye pamo na bana bakwe babili ilyo bali pa maliila mupepi na Yeriko. Uku kufwaya ukupoka bukateka takwabombele. John Hyrcanus umwana wa kwa Simon uwashelepo alisokelwe ukuti kwali abalefwaya ukumwipaya. Aikete bonse abalefwaya ukumwipaya kabili apyene wishi pali bukateka na bushimapepo mukalamba.

Baya Balecimfya no Kutitikisha Abalecimfiwa

Pa kubala John Hyrcanus alitiinine sana ifita fya bena Suria, lelo mu 129 B.C.E., kateka wa bena Selukia acimfiwe mu bulwi bwakakala ubo balwile na bena Parthia. Ilyo iyi nkondo ya kwimina abena Selukia yapwile, umuYuda wasoma ilyashi lya kale, Menahem Stern alembele ati: “Ubufumu bonse bwapene bonaike.” E co, Hyrcanus “ali na maka ya kubwesha ukuiteka mu Yudea no kutendeka ukukusha ubuteko bwakwe ukufika mu fifulo fyalekanalekana.” Na cine alikushishe ukuteka kwakwe.

Nomba apo tapali umwina Suria nangu umo uwalemutiinya, Hyrcanus atendeke ukwingilila ififulo ifishali mu Yudea, no kutendeka ukufiteka. Abekashi ba muli filya fifulo bayalukile ku buYuda pantu nga bakaana imisumba yabo yaleonaulwa. Lulu umo ali wa kwimina abena Edomu. Pa lwa uyu lulu, Stern atile: “Abena Edomu e babalilepo ukwalukila ku buYuda muli ulya musango, bena luko lonse fye lwayalwike, te banono fye iyo.” Pa fifulo fyacimfiwe, pali Samaria, uko Hyrcanus aonawile itempele lya mu Samaria ilyali pa Lupili lwa Gerazim. Ukulangilila ifyo asungwike pa lwe funde kateka umwina Hasimonani apeele ilyapatikishe abantu ukwaluka, kalemba wa lyashi lya kale Solomon Grayzel atile: “Umwishikulu wa kwa Mattathias wine [wishi wa kwa Yuda Makabe] alitobele ifunde lya maipepele, ilyo aba nkulo yafumineko bacingilile sana.”

AbaFarise na BaSaduke Bamoneka

Ni lintu alelemba pa lwa kuteka kwa kwa Hyrcanus e lyo Josephus abalile alanda pa fyo amaka ya baFarise na baSaduke pa bantu yalekulilako. (Josephus alumbwile abaFarise abaliko ilyo Jonathan aleteka.) Talanda uko bafumine. Abasoma bamo batila abaFarise bali kalibumba akafumine mu bena Hasidi, abali cakaniko ca mipepele icaletungilila Yuda Makabe mu fya mapepo lelo icamutalwike ilyo atendeke ifya bupolitiki.

Ishina lya kuti umuFarise lyalyampana ne shiwi lya ciHebere ilipilibula “abapaatulwa,” nangu ca kutila bamo bamona kwati lyafuma kwi shiwi lya kuti “bakapilibula.” AbaFarise bali bantu basoma abafumine mu bantu yaweyawe. Tabali ba mu lupwa lwaibela. Baitalwishe ku kusefya kwa ntambi ukushasanguluka pa kuipeelesha sana mu kupepa, ukukonka amafunde ya pe tempele aya kuba bashimapepo ba mushilo no kulayakonka mu mikalile ya cila kasuba. AbaFarise batendeke umusango upya uwa kulondolwelamo Amalembo uwaishibikwe ati Ifunde lya pa kanwa. Mu kuteka kwa kwa Simon baishilekwata sana amaka ilyo baishilesontwa ukuba mu Gerousia (icilye ca bakalamba), icaishileishibikwa nge cilye ca Sanhedrin.

Josephus ashimika ukuti John Hyrcanus pa kubala ali musambi wa baFarise kabili alebatungilila. Lelo, pa nshita imo, abaFarise balimukalipile pa kukanasha bushimapepo. Ici caletele amalekano. Hyrcanus atobele ifunde lya baFarise ilya fya mipepele. Pa kubakalifya na kabili, aishiletungilila abaSaduke abalelwishanya na baFarise mu fya mipepele.

Cimoneka kwati ishina lya kuti abaSaduke lyafuma kuli Shimapepo Mukalamba Sadoke, uo ifikolwe fyakwe fyaleba pali bushimapepo ukutula ku nshita ya kwa Solomone. Lelo, te baSaduke bonse bafumine muli ulu lupwa. Ukulingana na Josephus, AbaSadoke bali ni bakateka abakankala aba cilya calo, kabili te bengi balebatungilila. Profesa Schiffman, uwasambilila ifya Baibolo, atile: “Abengi . . . bali ni bashimapepo nelyo balya abaleupila mu ndupwa sha bashimapepo bakalamba.” E mulandu wine bakumineko sana kuli bakateka. E co, ukubombesha kwa baFarise ukwa kutungulula abantu mu mikalile yabo no kufwaisha ukuti bonse babe abashila nga bashimapepo kwamwenwe nge cintinya ca kupoka abaSaduke bukateka bapyene. Nomba, mu myaka ya kulekeleshako iya kuteka kwa kwa Hyrcanus, abaSaduke balitendeke ukuteka na kabili.

Ubupolitiki Bwafula, Bukapepa Bwacepa

Aristobulus, ibeli lya kwa Hyrcanus atekele fye umwaka umo ilyo ashilafwa. Akonkenyepo ukupatikisha abena Iturea ukwalukila ku buYuda no kulenga icifulo ca ku lutwe lwa Galili ukulatekwa na bena Hasimonani. Lelo, ni mu kuteka kwa mwaice wakwe Alexander Jannaeus, uwatekele ukufuma mu 103-76 B.C.E., e lintu ubuteko bwa bena Hasimonani bwakosele sana.

Alexander Jannaeus akene icipope ca kubalilapo no kuisonta umwine ukuba shimapepo mukalamba kabili imfumu. Ifikansa fyalipo pa bena Hasimonani na baFarise fyalilumine ica kuti fyalengele kwaba inkondo ya bana calo umo abaYuda 50,000 baipaiwe. Ilyo iyi nkondo yapwile, Jannaeus apashenye ishamfumu ishisenshi, no kupopela bacipondoka 800. Ilyo balefwa, abakashi na bana babo baipaiwe mu menso yabo, ninshi Jannaeus ali pa mutebeto pa lwalala na bakanakashi bakwe.b

Nangu line apatile abaFarise, Jannaeus aliitumpile mu bupolitiki. Alimwene ukuti abali ku lubali lwa baFarise balefulilako. Ilyo alefwa, aebele umukashi wakwe Salome Alexandra ukuti afwile ukuteka pamo na baFarise. Jannaeus asalile umukashi wakwe ukupyana pa bufumu bwakwe ukucila abana bakwe. Aishileba kateka musuma nga nshi, uwaletele umutende ushabalile aubamo mu kuteka kwa bena Hasimonani (ukutula mu 76-67 B.C.E.). AbaFarise balipeelwe na kabili ubutungulushi, kabili na mafunde yalekanya imipepele yabo baliyafumishepo.

Ilyo Salome afwile, abana bakwe abaume babili, Hyrcanus II uwabombele nga shimapepo mukalamba, na Aristobulus II batendeke ukulwila ukuteka. Bonse babili tabaishibe ukulwa no bupolitiki nge fyo ifikolwe fyabo fyaishibe, kabili cimoneka kwati bonse babili tabaishibe icali no kucitika ilyo abena Roma bafulile muli ilya ncende pa numa ya kuwa kwa bufumu bwa bena Selukia. Mu 63 B.C.E., aba bali pali bumunyina baile kuli kateka wa ciRoma Pompey ilyo ali mu Damaseke no kumulomba ukuti abawikishanye mu fikansa fyabo. Muli ulya wine mwaka, Pompey ne fita fyakwe basanshile Yerusalemu no kutendeka ukuteka. E lintu ubuteko bwa bena Hasimonani bwatendeke ukupwa. Mu 37 B.C.E., Herode Mukalamba, Imfumu ya bena Edomu iyo Icilye ca ciRoma casuminishe ukuba “Imfumu ya mu Yudea,” “kaafwa kabili cibusa wa bena Roma, acandile Yerusalemu.” Ubufumu bwa bena Hasimonani bwalipwile.

Ifyashile Abena Hasimonani

Mu nshiku sha bena Hasimonani, ukutendekela kuli Yuda Makabe ukufika kuli Aristobulus II, e yali intendekelo ya mipepele yayakanika iyaliko lintu Yesu ali pe sonde. Abena Hasimonani batendeke ukupimpila ukupepa Lesa, lelo uko kupimpa kwalibipile ilyo ukupepa kwasangilwe ukwa bukaitemwe. Bashimapepo wabo, abakwete ishuko lya kwafwa abantu ukukonka Ifunde lya kwa Lesa capamo, balengele abantu ukuitumpa mu kukansana kwa bupolitiki. Ici, e calengele amalekano mu mipepele ukufula. Abena Hasimonani tabalipo, lelo abaFarise na baSaduke na bambi bali no kutwalilila ukulwila ubutungulushi na mu calo cali no kulatekwa na Herode na Roma.

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(Nga mulefwaya ukumona charti, moneni muli magazini)

Ishamfumu sha Bena Hasimonani

Yuda Makabe Yonatani Makabe Simon Makabe

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John Hyrcanus

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Salome Alexandra — uwaupilwe kuli — Alexander Jannaeus Aristobulus

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Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II

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Yuda Makabe afwaile abaYuda ukuiteka

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The Doré Bible Illustrations/Dover Publications, Inc.

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Abena Hasimonani balelwisha ukukusha ukuteka kwabo ukufika ku misumba ishali ya ba Yuda

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The Doré Bible Illustrations/Dover Publications, Inc.