Tingting Ya i Joen Wetem Skul Blong Ol Man Jyu, Krisendom, Mo Islam
“Wan samting we jyos i mekem, hemia se i givhan long ol man blong luksave se wan dei bambae oli mas ded. Sam skul oli promes blong givim wan laef we i moagud afta ded, samfala oli talem se man i bon bakegen long wan narafala bodi,mo samfala oli talem tufala evriwan.”—GERHARD HERM, MAN JEMANI WE I RAETEM OL BUK.
1. ?Bighaf blong ol skul oli mekem promes blong olgeta long saed blong laef afta ded i stanap long wanem stampa bilif?
Kolosap olgeta skul we oli promes se i gat laef afta ded, oli mekem promes ya i stanap long bilif ya se man i gat wan sol we i no save ded samtaem. Oli talem se taem man i ded, sol i aot long bodi i go long wan narafala ples, no i go insaed long wan narafala bodi. Olsem yumi luk long laswan japta, bilif ya se sol i no save ded samtaem i wan stampa bilif blong ol skul blong Is, long stat blong olgeta kam kasem naoia. Be, ?olsem wanem long skul blong ol man Jyu, ol skul blong Krisendom, mo Islam? ?Olsem wanem tingting ya i kam wan stampa tijing blong ol skul ya?
Skul Blong Ol Man Jyu i Tekem Sam Tingting Blong Gris
2, 3. Folem tok blong Encyclopaedia Judaica, ?ol tabu Hibru hanraet oli bin tijim se sol i no save ded samtaem, no nogat?
2 Skul blong ol man Jyu i stat 4,000 yia finis, long taem blong Ebraham. Long ol yia 1500 B.K.T., sam man oli stat raetem ol tabu Hibru hanraet. Oli finisim wok ya bifo we Socrates mo Plato i leftemap tingting ya se sol i no save ded samtaem. ?Ol hanraet ya oli agri se sol i no save ded samtaem?
3 Encyclopaedia Judaica i givim ansa, i se: “Afta long taem blong Baebol nomo, wan klia mo strong bilif long sol we i no save ded samtaem, i kamaot . . . mo i kam wan stampa tijing blong skul blong ol man Jyu mo ol skul we oli talem se oli Kristin.” Buk ya i talem tu se: “Taem ol man long taem blong Baebol oli tingbaot wan man, oli tingbaot fulwan man. Taswe, sol i no wan samting we i defren long bodi.” Ol faswan Jyu oli bilif long laef bakegen long ded. Be buk ya i talem se: “Hemia i defren long bilif ya . . . se sol i no save ded samtaem.”
4-6. ?Olsem wanem tijing ya se sol i no save ded samtaem i kam “wan stampa tijing” blong skul blong ol man Jyu?
4 Oraet, ?olsem wanem tijing ya i kam “wan stampa tijing” blong skul blong ol man Jyu? Ol samting we oli hapen long ol yia bifo, oli ansarem kwestin ya. Long 332 B.K.T., kwiktaem nomo Bigfala Aleksanda i winim plante ples long Medel Is, oli kam aninit long rul blong hem. Taem hem i kasem Jerusalem, ol man Jyu oli welkamem hem. Man blong raetem histri long faswan handred yia, Flavius Josephus, i talem se ol Jyu ya oli soem profet tok blong buk blong Daniel long Aleksanda. Profet tok ya, we ol man oli bin raetemdaon 200 yia bifo long taem ya, i talemaot klia ol faet we Aleksanda bambae i mekem olsem “king blong Gris.” (Daniel 8:5-8, 21) Ol rula biaen long Aleksanda, oli gohed blong folem plan ya blong winim plante ples oli kam aninit long rul blong Gris. Oli fulumap ol ples ya wetem lanwis, kastom, mo waes blong Gris. I klia se fasin blong laef blong ol man Gris mo ol man Jyu bambae i joen tugeta.
5 Samwe long en blong ol yia 200 B.K.T., samfala oli stat wokem Septuagint, hemia Hibru haf blong Baebol we oli tanem i go long Grik lanwis. Baebol ya i mekem se plante man we oli no Jyu, oli kasem save long saed blong skul blong ol man Jyu mo oli gat respek long hem. Samfala oli joen long skul ya tu. Be, long saed blong ol man Jyu, oli stap kasem plante tingting blong ol man Gris, mo sam long olgeta oli kam ol waes man. Hemia wan samting we oli neva gat jans blong mekem bifo. Philo blong Alekandria, i wan man Jyu we i kam wan waes man long faswan handred yia K.T.
6 Philo i tinghae tumas long Plato, mo i traem yusum ol waes blong Gris blong eksplenem bilif blong ol man Jyu. Buk ya Heaven—A History, i talem se: “Philo i joenem waes blong Plato wetem kastom blong Baebol long wan fasin we ol narafala man oli neva bin mekem. Hem i mekem rod blong sam narafala Kristin biaen [wetem sam man Jyu tu] we oli tingting dip.” ?Mo wanem bilif blong Philo long saed blong sol? Buk ya i gohed blong talem se: “Long tingting blong hem, taem man i ded, sol i gobak olsem hem i stap bifo we hem i bon. From we sol i joen wetem speret wol, laef long bodi, we plante taem i fulap long trabol nomo, i kam olsem wan smol haf nomo blong wan bigfala plan.” Long ol narafala man Jyu we oli tingting dip mo we oli bilif se sol i no save ded samtaem, i gat Isaac Israeli we plante man oli save hem olsem wan dokta long ol yia 900, wetem Moses Mendelssohn, wan waes man long ol yia 1700, we i hafhaf Jemani mo Jyu.
7, 8. (a) ?Talmud i talem wanem long saed blong sol? (b) ?Biaen, ol buk blong ol man Jyu we mining blong olgeta i no kliagud, oli talem wanem long saed blong sol?
7 Buk ya Talmud tu i bin gat bigfala paoa long tingting mo laef blong ol man Jyu. Talmud i fulap long ol loa we ol olfala oli pasem i go long ol narafala tru long toktok blong olgeta nomo. Mo i gat sam narafala tok blong eksplenem ol loa ya, we ol tija oli ademap long ol yia 100 K.T. go kasem Medel Ejes.a Encyclopaedia Judaica i talem se: “Ol tija blong Talmud oli bilif se sol i gohed blong laef afta ded.” Talmud i talem tu se ol dedman oli save toktok wetem ol man we oli laef. Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics i talem se: “Ating tingting blong Plato i gat paoa long [ol tija], nao i mekem olgeta oli bilif se ol sol oli bin laef samples bifo.”
8 Biaen, i gat wan narafala buk blong ol man Jyu we mining blong plante tok blong hem i no klia, hemia Kabala. Hem i tijim se dedman i save bon bakegen long wan narafala bodi. Long saed blong bilif ya, The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia i talem se: “I luk olsem we tingting ya i stat long India. . . . Tingting ya i kamaot fastaem long wan haf blong Kabala we nem blong hem se Bahir. Stat long Soha i go, ol man we oli bilif long plante tijing we oli no kliagud, oli agri long tingting ya. Hem i kam wan bigfala bilif blong ol Hasid mo ol buk blong olgeta.” Long Isrel tede, fulap man Jyu oli agri long tijing ya se man i bon bakegen long wan narafala bodi afta ded.
9. ?Wanem tingting blong bighaf blong ol skul blong ol man Jyu tede long saed blong sol we i no save ded?
9 Taswe, skul blong ol man Jyu i kasem tingting ya se sol i no save ded samtaem from ol waes man blong Gris. Tede, kolosap olgeta defren grup blong Jyu oli agri long tijing ya. ?Olsem wanem tijing ya i kam insaed long ol skul blong Krisendom?
Krisendom i Tekem Tingting Blong Plato
10. ?Wan man blong hae save long Spen i talem wanem long saed blong bilif blong Jisas long sol we i no save ded?
10 Jisas Kraes i statem trufala Kristin skul. Long saed blong Jisas, man Spen ya Miguel de Unamuno, we i wan bigfala man blong hae save long ol yia 1900, i raetem se: “Olsem ol man Jyu, Jisas i bilif se bodi bambae i laef bakegen long ded. Hem i no folem tingting blong Plato [Gris] se sol i no save ded samtaem. . . . Yumi save luk pruf blong samting ya long eni buk we i eksplenem ol tok blong Jisas long trufala fasin.” Man ya i talem tu se: “Sol we i no save ded samtaem . . . i wan tijing blong ol hiten waes man.”
11. ?Wetaem waes blong Gris i stat joen wetem Kristin skul?
11 ?Wetaem mo olsem wanem ‘tijing ya blong ol hiten waes man’ i joen wetem Kristin skul? New Encyclopædia Britannica i talem se: “Stat samwe long 150 K.T., ol Kristin we oli gat sam waes blong Gris finis, oli harem se oli mas yusum ol waes tok ya blong talemaot bilif blong olgeta. Hemia blong mekem se oli haremgud blong soemaot save blong olgeta, mo tu, blong traem jenisim bilif blong sam hiten man we oli skulgud. Waes we i stret moa long tingting blong olgeta, hemia waes blong Plato.”
12-14. ?Origen mo Augustine tufala i mekem wanem blong joenem waes blong Plato wetem Kristin skul?
12 I gat tu waes man blong bifo we tufala i gat bigfala paoa long ol tijing blong Krisendom. Wan, hemia Origen blong Aleksandria (samwe 185-254 K.T.), mo narawan, hemia Augustine blong Hipo (354-430 K.T.). New Catholic Encyclopedia i tokbaot tufala ya, i se: “Origen i wan bigman blong jyos long Is, mo Sen Augustine i wan bigman blong jyos long Wes. From samting ya nomo, bilif ya i stanap se sol i wan speret samting, mo i kam wan tijing blong ol waes man.” ?Tingting ya blong Origen mo Augustine long saed blong sol i stanap long wanem?
13 Origen i wan studen blong Clement blong Aleksandria. New Catholic Encyclopedia i talem se, Clement “i faswan long ol Papa we yumi save se i karem tingting ya blong ol man Gris long saed blong sol.” Ating ol tingting blong Plato long saed blong sol oli gat bigfala paoa long Origen. Long The Harvard Theological Review, wan man blong stadi long ol tijing blong jyos, Werner Jaeger, i talem se: “[Origen] i joenem olgeta tijing long saed blong sol we hem i kasem long Plato, wetem Kristin bilif.”
14 Samfala long ol skul blong Krisendom oli talem se Augustine i tingting moa dip i bitim ol narafala man long taem bifo. Taem hem i gat 33 yia, hem i kam wan “Kristin.” Bifo long taem ya, hem i intres bigwan long waes blong wol, mo hem i wan Neoplatonis.b Ale, taem hem i kam “Kristin,” hem i gohed blong holem tingting blong ol Neoplatonis. The New Encyclopædia Britannica i talem se: “Long hed blong Augustine, hemia nao ples we skul blong Nyutesteman i joen fulwan wetem kastom blong Plato mo waes blong Gris.” New Catholic Encyclopedia i talem se: “Tijing blong Augustine [long saed blong sol] we ol man long Wes oli agri long hem go kasem kolosap long yia 1200, i stanap . . . long tingting blong ol Neoplatonis.”
15, 16. ?Bigfala intres long ol tijing blong Aristotle long ol yia 1200 i jenisim tijing ya blong jyos se sol i no save ded samtaem?
15 Long ol yia 1200, plante moa man long Yurop oli bilif long ol tijing blong Aristotle. Wan bigfala risen blong samting ya, hemia se ol buk blong ol man Arab we oli gat hae save, oli stap kamaot long lanwis Latin. Ol buk ya oli tokbaot plante save we i stap insaed long ol buk blong Aristotle. Katolik man ya blong hae save, Thomas Aquinas, i laekem tumas ol tingting blong Aristotle. Ol buk blong Aquinas oli mekem se tingting blong Aristotle i gat moa paoa long ol tijing blong jyos i bitim tingting blong Plato. Be, samting ya i no jenisim tijing ya se sol i no save ded samtaem.
16 Aristotle i tijim se sol i no save seraot long bodi, mo i no save gohed blong laef afta we man i ded. Hem i talem se, wan samting nomo insaed long man we i save gohed olwe, hemia fasin blong tingting, we i no joen wetem bodi blong man mo i no wan samting we yumi save luk. Be bilif ya i no laenap wetem bilif blong jyos, se ol wanwan man oli gat wan sol insaed long bodi blong olgeta we i gohed blong laef afta ded. Taswe, Aquinas i jenisim bilif ya blong Aristotle long saed blong sol. Hem i talem se man i save pruvum we sol i no save ded samtaem sipos hem i tingtinggud mo skelemgud bisnes ya. Ale, bilif blong jyos se sol i no save ded samtaem, i stap sem mak.
17, 18. (a) ?Refomesen long ol yia 1500 i jenisim tijing ya blong sol? (b) ?Wanem tingting blong bighaf blong ol skul blong Krisendom long saed blong sol we i no save ded?
17 Long fashaf blong Renesensc long ol yia 1300 mo 1400, ol man oli stat intres bakegen long Plato. Famle Medici long Itali we plante man oli save long olgeta, oli givhan blong stanemap wan kolej long Florens, blong leftemap stadi blong ol waes blong Plato. Long ol yia 1500 mo 1600, ol man oli no moa intres tumas long Aristotle. Mo long ol yia 1500, Refomesend i no mekem wan jenis long tijing blong sol. Ol Protestan we oli wantem jenisim plante samting long taem ya, oli agensem tijing blong pegatri, be oli agri wetem tingting ya se man bambae i kasem panis blong olwe no blesing blong olwe.
18 Taswe, tede, tijing ya se sol i no save ded samtaem i stap long bighaf blong ol skul blong Krisendom. Wan man blong hae save long Amerika i makem samting ya, i se: “Taem bighaf blong ol manples blong yumi oli tingbaot jyos, oli tingbaot nomo se man i no save ded samtaem, mo oli no tingbaot wan narafala samting. God hem i Man we i stampa blong fasin ya blong no ded samtaem.”
Skul Islam Mo Sol We i No Save Ded
19. ?Wetaem skul Islam i stat, mo hu i stampa blong hem?
19 Skul Islam i stat taem Muhammad i gat 40 yia, nao hem i harem sam tok we i singaot hem blong kam wan profet. Kolosap olgeta Muslim oli bilif se, blong 20 kasem 23 yia, stat long 610 K.T. kasem ded blong Muhammad long 632 K.T., hem i kasem plante nyufala save tru long samting olsem merikel. Ol save ya i stap long Koran, tabu buk blong ol Muslim. Taem Islam i stat, skul blong ol man Jyu mo ol skul blong Krisendom oli bilif finis long tijing blong Plato long saed blong sol.
20, 21. ?Ol Muslim oli bilif wanem long saed blong laef afta ded?
20 Ol Muslim oli tingting se bilif blong olgeta, hem i laswan save we God i givim long ol gudfala man Hibru mo ol Kristin long taem bifo. Long Koran, i gat sam tok blong Hibru mo Grik haf blong Baebol. Be, long saed blong tijing ya se sol i no save ded samtaem, Koran i no laenap wetem Baebol. Hem i talem se man i gat wan sol we i gohed blong laef afta ded. Mo tu, hem i tokbaot laef bakegen long ded, jajmen dei, mo laswan samting we bambae i hapen long sol—hemia se, laef long heven long wan paradaes, no panis long helfaea.
21 Ol Muslim oli bilif se sol blong dedman bambae i go long Barzakh, no “Partisen,” hemia “ples no fasin we ol man oli stap long hem afta ded mo bifo Jajmen.” (Sura 23:99, 100, The Holy Qur-an, futnot) Long ples ya, sol i haremsave ol samting. Taswe, sipos man i bin mekem plante nogud samting, bambae sol i kasem “Panis blong Gref.” Sipos man i bin mekem ol gudfala samting, bambae sol i haremgud. Be ol gudfala man oli mas harem nogud lelebet tu, from smol sin we oli bin mekem long laef blong olgeta. Long dei blong jajmen, ol wanwan man bambae oli save fyuja blong olgeta blong olwe. Hemia nao en blong taem ya bitwin long ded mo jajmen.
22. ?Wanem ol defdefren tingting long saed blong fyuja blong sol we sam waes man blong Arab oli gat?
22 Plato nao i givim tingting ya se sol i no save ded samtaem, long ol skul blong ol man Jyu mo ol skul blong Krisendom. Be tingting ya i stap long skul Islam, long stat blong hem olgeta. Hemia i no min se ol man Arab we oli gat hae save oli no bin traem blong joenem ol tijing blong Islam wetem waes blong Gris. Buk blong Aristotle i gat bigfala paoa long ol man Arab. Mo sam bigfala man Arab we oli gat hae save, olsem Avicenna mo Averroës, oli tijim ol narafala man long ol tingting blong Aristotle, mo oli ademap sam moa tingting long hem tu. Be, taem oli traem joenem waes blong Gris wetem tijing blong Muslim long saed blong sol, i gat ol defdefren tingting oli kamaot. Eksampel, Avicenna i talem se sol blong ol man wanwan i no save ded. Be Averroës i agensem tingting ya. Nating se i olsem, ol Muslim oli bilif yet se sol i no save ded samtaem.
23. ?Wanem bilif blong skul blong ol man Jyu, ol skul blong Krisendom, mo skul Islam, long saed blong sol?
23 Taswe, i klia se skul blong ol man Jyu, ol skul blong Krisendom, mo skul Islam, oli tijim se sol i no save ded samtaem.
[Ol Futnot]
a Ol yia 500 go kasem 1500.
b Wan grup blong man we oli folem wan nyufala bilif long saed blong waes blong Plato, we Plotinus i stanemap long Rom long ol yia 200.
c Ol yia bitwin 1300 mo 1600 we save blong ol man Yurop i kam antap.
d Wan grup afta 1500 we i agensem plante tijing blong Katolik jyos mo i statem Protestan skul.
[Tok blong pija long pej 14]
Ol faet we Bigfala Aleksanda i mekem blong winim plante ples, oli mekem kastom blong Gris i joen wetem hemia blong ol man Jyu
[Tok blong pija long pej 15]
Origen (antap), mo Augustine, tufala i traem joenem waes blong Plato wetem Kristin skul
[Tok blong pija long pej 16]
Avicenna (antap), i talemaot se sol blong ol man wanwan i no save ded samtaem. Averroës i agensem tingting ya