Bukalenge bujimine buakashiya batontolodi ba Bible ne bundu

“Kalekale, mianda ya bukalenge bua bena Assyrie ivua umue wa ku nshapita ivua kayiyi mimanyike mu mukanda wa malu a bantu akapitakana ku kale.” “Bionso bivua bimanyike pa bidi bitangila Ninive wa kale, bivua bisanganyibua eku ne eku mu biambilu bibubika ne milayi bivua biakula bualu buende mu Bible, ne mu luapolo kayiyi miondoke peshi ikena-mipuangane ya mianda ya kale ya bena Assyrie ya Diodore wa ku Sicile . . . ne bakuabo.”​—Encyclopédie de littérature biblique (angl.), Volumes wa 1 ne 3, 1862.

MUSHIKULUJI wa mianda ya kale muena ditunga dia Grèce, Diodore wa ku Sicile, uvua ne muoyo kukadi bidimu bitue ku 2 000. Wakamba ne: Ninive uvua tshimenga tshifuane tshipapu tshia nseke inayi; bule bujima bua nseke inayi buvua bua stade 480. Nenku, bule bujima bua mpenga yatshi yonso inayi buvua bua kilometele 96. Bible udi ufila tshimfuanyi tshia bule bujima ebu pa kumvuija bua se: Ninive uvua tshimenga tshinene, “tshia luendu lua matuku asatu.”​—Yona 3:3.

Batontolodi ba Bible ba mu siekele wa 19 bavua babenga bua kuitaba ne: tshimenga tshia kale tshikena-tshimanyike kudi bantu tshivua mua kuikala ne bunene bua mushindu’eu. Bavua kabidi bamba bua se: bu Ninive mua kuikalaku, uvua ne bua kuikala usanganyibua mu nshidimukilu ya kalekale ivua midianjidile kumpala kua Babilone.

Mmuenenu eu uvua mubengangane ne Genese nshapita wa 10, mutudi mua kubala ne: muikulu wa muana wa Nowa, Nimerode, ujadikile ditunga diambedi dia bena politike mu rejon wa Babele, peshi Babilone. Bible udi utungunuka ne: “Umbuka mu buloba ebu, yeye e kuya ku Assyrie, kuashilaye Ninive, ne Réhoboth-Ir, ne Calah, ne Résen pankatshi pa Ninive ne Calah: ke tshimenga tshinene.” (Genese 10:8-12) Tumanye bua se: Mifundu idi ifunkuna bimenga binayi bia bena Assyrie ne “ntshimenga tshinene.”

Mu 1843, mushikuluji wa bintu biangula mu buloba wa bena France, Paul-Émile Botta, wakajandula dikolo dia nzubu munene kampanda uvua, anu bu muvuilebo kujadika bualu ebu pashishe, wa bena tshimenga tshia Assyrie. Pakafika lumu lua dijandula edi ku ntengu ya buloba, luakasankisha bantu bikole. Alan Millard udi umvuija mu mukanda wende wa Trésors des temps bibliques (angl.) ne: “Dijinga dia kumanya bia bungi dia bantu diakadiunda, pakavuabo kujadika bua se: nzubu munene awu uvua wa Sargon, mukalenge wa bena Assyrie udibo batele dîna diende mu Yeshayi 20:1, uvuabo belesha mpata bamba ne: katshia ne katshia, kavuaku to bualu kêna mumanyike kukuabo nansha.”

Pine apo, mushikuluji mukuabo wa bintu biangula mu buloba, Austen Henry Layard, wakasa dipatula muinshi mua buloba dikolo dia muaba uvuabo babikila ne: Nimroud, ku mutantshi wa kilometre 42 ku Sud-Ouest wa Khursabād. Dikolo edi diakavua kujadikibua bua se: divua dia Calah​—tshimue tshia ku bimenga binayi bia bena Assyrie bitela mu Genese 10:11. Pashishe, mu 1849, Layard wakapatula mu buloba dikolo dia nzubu munenanenayi pa muaba uvua ubikidibua ne: Quyunjiq, pankatshi pa Calah ne Khursabād. Bavuile kujadika bua se: nzubu munene ewu uvua wa bena Ninive. Pankatshi pa Khursabād ne Calah padi pasanganyibua makolo a bisumbu bikuabo bia nzubu, ne mushiki wa bibuwa udibo babikila ne: Kéremles. Layard udi umanyisha ne: “Bituangata mishiki minene inayi ya bibuwa: Nimroud [Calah], Quyunjiq [Ninive], Khursabād, ne Kéremles, bu matumba a tshipapu kampanda tshia mpenga inayi ya bule bua muomumue yonso, nebivue kumueka bua se: mpenga yende inayi idi isua kuakanangana menemene ne stade 48 peshi kilometre 96, ya muena géographie, idi yenza luendu lua matuku asatu lua muprofete [Yona].”

Mbimueneke se: Yona uvua usangisha pamue bisumbu bionso bia nzubu ebi bu “tshimenga tshinene” tshimue, ubinyika dîna dia tshimenga tshidi tshitela diambedi mu Genese 10:11, dia Ninive. Tutu tuenza bia muomumue lelu’eu. Tshilejilu, kudi dishilangana pankatshi pa tshimenga tshia ku ntuadijilu tshia Londres ne misoko ya ku mpenga kuatshi, bine bionso ebi bibikidibua misangu mikuabo ne: “Londres munene.”

Mukalenge wa ditambisha wa bena Assyrie

Nzubu wa mukalenge wa ku Ninive uvua ne nzubu ya munda mipite pa 70, peshi bule bua bimana busua kutua ku kilometre isatu. Pa bimana ebi pavua bishadila biosha bia bintu bizola. Apo, ku ndekelu kua disomba diende muaba eu, Layard uvuile kujandula nzubu wa munda munene mukubibue bimpe bia dikema. Ku bimana kuvua kumueneka dikuata mu mvita dia tshimenga kampanda tshia ngumbu ya kudisungidila nayi, bantu bakuatshibue ku mvita benda badianjidila kumpala kua mukalenge mubuedi ne mvita mu ditunga, musombe pa nkuasa wa bumfumu pambelu pa tshimenga. Pambidi pa mukalenge pavua tshiambilu kampanda tshidi bashikuluji ba mifundu ya tshiena-Assyrie bakudimuna mushindu’eu: “Senakeribe, mukalenge wa buloba bujima, mukalenge wa Assyrie, mmusombe pa nkuasa wa bumfumu, bena lukanu bakuatshila ku Lakish (La-ki-su) benda bapita kumpala kuende.”

Lelu’eu, bintu bizola ebi ne tshiambilu etshi bidi bisanganyibua ku British Museum, tshilaminu tshia bintu bia kale. Bidi bikumbanangane ne muanda wa kale udi mulondibue mu 2 Bakalenge 18:13, 14 ne: “Mu tshidimu tshia dikumi ne tshinayi tshia mukalenge Ezekiase Senakeribe, mukalenge wa Assyrie, uvuile ne mvita kudi bena bimenga bionso bivua ne ngumbu bia Yuda ne wakatuadija kubinyenga. Nunku, Ezekiase, mukalenge wa Yuda, mmutumine mukalenge wa Assyrie dîyi ku Lakish ne: ‘Ngenji mpekatu. Walukile kundi. Tshionso tshiwamfundila nenkutuadiletshi.’ Nenku, mukalenge wa Assyrie wakafundila Ezekiase, mukalenge wa Yuda, ntalanta nkama isatu ya argent ne ntalanta makumi asatu ya ngolo.”

Mifundu mikuabo ivua miangudibue mu dikolo dia Ninive, idi ifila mumvuija a pa mutu pa bidi bitangila dibuela ne mvita dia Senakeribe mu Yuda ne mulambu uvuabo bafute kudi Ezekiase. Layard mmufunde ne: “Pamu’apa, tshidi mua kutamba kukemesha ku bionso, ndikumbanangana dia muanda eu wa kale: mushinga wa biuma bia ngolo biakafutabo kudi Ezekiase, ntalanta makumi asatu, udi ukumbanangana mu miyuki eyi ibidi, eku payi kayiyi ifumina kaba kamue.” Sir Henry Rawlinson, uvua muambuluishe bua kushikuluja mifundu ya tshiena-Assyrie, wakamanyisha se: mifundu eyi “kayena ishiya pa kuelela mpata nansha kakese bua se: muntu eu wa ku kale [Senakeribe] uvuaku menemene.” Kabidi, Layard wakela lukonko elu mu mukanda wende wa Ninive et Babylone (angl.) ne: “Nnganyi uvua mua kuitabuja kumpala kua dijandula edi bua se: imue misangu, muinshi mua mushiki wa maloba awu ne wa bibuwa bia nzubu ebi, muvua mua kupetshibua mianda ya kale ya mvita ivua mienzeke pankatshi pa Ezekiase ne Senakeribe, ivua mifundibue kudi Senakeribe yeye muine mu tshikondo tshine tshivuayi mienzeke, bijadika nenku too ne tu-malu tukese tua muyuki udi mulondibue mu Bible?”

Bu pa tshibidilu, tumue tu-malu tukese tua muyuki uvua mufundibue kudi Senakeribe katuena mu diumvuangana ne Bible nansha. Tshilejilu, Alan Millard, mushikuluji wa bintu biangula muinshi mua buloba udi umanyisha ne: “Muanda udi utamba kutua ku muoyo ng’udi usanganyibua ku ndekelu [kua muyuki wa Senakeribe]. Ezekiase wakatuma mukenji wende, pamue ne mulambu mujima kudi Senakeribe ‘ku shòò, ku Ninive.’ Biluilu bia bena Assyrie kabivua bipingane ku mabo ne mulambu mu butshimunyi bu pa tshibidilu.” Bible udi ujadika se: mulambu uvua mufutshibue kumpala, mukalenge wa bena Assyrie kayi muanji kupingana ku Ninive. (2 Bakalenge 18:15-17) Bua tshinyi dishilangana edi? Ne bua tshinyi Senakeribe kavua mupete mushindu wa kudifunyisha bua ditshimuna dia musoko mupite bunene wa Yuda, Yeruzaleme, anu bu muvuaye muenze bua ditshimuna diende dia tshimenga tshia ngumbu tshia bena Yuda tshia Lakish? Bafundi basatu ba Bible badi bandamuna ku lukonko elu. Umue wa kudibo, mujadiki bumonyi wa mianda eyi, ufundile ne: “Muanjelu wa Yehowa wakapatuka, e kushipa ba mu tshiluilu tshia bena Assyrie, bantu binunu lukama makumi muanda-mukulu ne bitanu. Pakajukabo ne lunkelu, ekelekelee, monayi, buonso buabo bavua bitalu, bafue! Nunku, Senakeribe, mukalenge wa bena Assyrie wakaya, kupinganaye ne kusomba mu Ninive.”​—Yeshayi 37:36, 37; 2 Bakalenge 19:35; 2 Kulondolola 32:21.

Mu mukanda wende wa Trésors des temps bibliques, Millard udi ukomesha ne: “Kakuena pa kuelela mpata nansha mikese bua muyuki eu . . . Bu pa tshibidilu, Senakeribe kavua mua kufunda bua kabutu ka mushindu’eu, bifuane bia bavua kubala, e kumufuisha bundu kudi aba bavua kupingana pa muaba wende.” Pamutu pa kuenza nanku, Senakeribe uvua mukebe bua kudingidija se: uvua mutshimune mu mvita ivuaye muye kubuela nayi mu ditunga dia Yuda, udingidija kabidi ne: Ezekiase utshidi utungunuka ne dimukokela, utshimutumina ne milambu ku Ninive.

Ntuadijilu wa Assyrie udi ushindikibua

Biblioteke bia mbombo ne mbombo ya mabaya a buloba bua dibumba bivua kabidi biangudibue ku Ninive. Mifundu eyi idi ileja patoke se: miji ya Bukalenge bua bena Assyrie idi isanganyibua ku Sud wa Babilone, anu bu mudi Genese 10:11 ubileja. Bilondeshile dimanyisha edi, bashikuluji ba bintu biangula munshi mua buloba bakatamba kuenzela madikolela abo ku Sud. Encyclopédie biblique udi umvuija ne: “Bionso bivua bena Assyrie bashiye panyima pabo bivua bifunkuna ntuadijilu wabo wa ku Babilone. Muakulu wabo ne mfundilu wabo wa mikanda, mikanda yabo, ntendelelu yabo ne mamanya abo a science bivua biangatshibue kudi bena mutumba nabo ba ku Sud, kadi, kuikale anu mashintuluka makese.”

Dijandula dia malu a mushindu’eu diakenzeja batontolodi ba Bible bua kuikalabo ne mmuenenu wa pankatshikatshi. Bushuwa, dikonkonona dia Bible ne mutshima umue didi dileja se: uvua mufundibue kudi bantu bavua balonda anu malu malelela, kakuyi didinga. Kunyima kua makonkoloja ende a malu a mu Bible, mulombodi wa kale wa Cour Suprême wa Etats-Unis, Salmon Chase, wakamba ne: “Divua dikonkonona dia mutantshi mule, dia kadiyi bilele ne diondoke: pa kutumika ne mêyi-maludiki a muomumue a dijadika nawu bulelela pa muanda eu udi utangila ntendelelu anu bu munsombele ngenza pa tshibidilu bua malu adi kaayi a Nzambi, ngafiki ku nkomenu wa se: Bible mmukanda udi kawuyi ufumina kudi muntu, apo, udi ufumina kudi Nzambi.”​—Une introduction au livre des livres (angl.).

Bushuwa, Bible udi ne mushinga mupite mukanda kampanda wa mianda milelela ya ku kale. Udi Dîyi difundisha ku buenzeji bua spiritu wa Nzambi, dipa difila bua kuambuluisha bukua-bantu. (2 Timote 3:16) Tshijadiki tshia muanda eu netshimueneke pa kukonkonona jeografi wa mu Bible. Ke tshituavua kukonkonona mu nimero wetu udi ulonda.

[Bimfuanyi mu mabeji 6, 7]

Kuulu eku: Mumvuija asatu a tshimfuanyi tshizola pa tshimana

Kuinshi eku: Tshimfuanyi tshizola pa tshimana tshia bena Assyrie tshileja dijingidibua dia Lakish

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

(Ne dianyisha dia British Museum)

(Bilondeshile mukanda wa The Bible in the British Museum [angl.], imprimerie wa British Museum)

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 4]

Ne dianyisha dia balombodi ba British Museum