Maimonides: Muntu wakajadikulula buena-Yuda

“KATSHIA ku Mozese too ne ku Mozese [Maimonides], kakuvua muntu mukuabu bu Mozese [Maimonides].” Bena Yuda bavule badi bitaba nshinga eu bu mêyi a dianyina Mozese Ben Maimon​—mumanyike kabidi bu Maimonides ne bu Rambam, muena nkindi muena Yuda wa mu siekele wa 12, muakaji wa mêyi ne mikandu, muedi wa nseke pa Talmud (mikenji mifunda ya bena Yuda) ne pa Mifundu.a Lelu’eu bavule kabena bamanye Maimonides, nansha muvua mifundu yende ne buenzeji buondoke kudi bena Yuda, ba-mizilma, ne pa ngeledi wa meji wa ekleziya mu matuku ende. Wakajadikulula buena-Yuda mu nshindamenu wabu. Maimonides uvua nganyi, ne bua tshinyi bena Yuda bavule badi bamumona bu “Mozese muibidi”?

Maimonides uvua nganyi?

Maimonides wakaledibua ku Cordoue, mu Espagne, mu 1135. Tatuende, Maimon, wakamupa tshitupa tshinene tshia dishidimuna dia malu a Nzambi dia ku ntuadijilu, uvua mushikuluji muenda lumu mufuma mu dîku dia pa buadi dia ba-rabi. Pakatshimuna ba-Almohad Cordoue mu 1148, bena Yuda bavua ne bua kuenza disungula dia kulua ba-mizilma anyi kunyema. Ke pakatuadija tshikondo tshile tshia dinyemakana dia dîku dia Maimonides. Mu 1160 bakasombela ku Fez, mu Maroc, kuakalongelaye bu-munganga. Mu 1165 dîku diende diakanyemena ku Palestine.

Nansha nanku, nsombelu wa mu Izalele kavua mubatame to. Tshiota tshia bena Yuda tshiakakama njiwu ya kudi biluilu bia Bukua-buena-nkristo ne bia ba-Mizilma kabidi. Kunyima kua ngondo mishadile ku isambombo mu “Buloba Bunsantu,” Maimonides ne dîku diende bakaya kuela kambuedele ku Fustat, Tshimenga tshia kale tshia Caire, mu Ejipitu. Mu musoko eu ke muakanyishabu meji ende menemene. Mu 1177 wakalua ntunga-mulongo wa tshiota tshia bena Yuda, ne mu 1185 wakasungudibua munganga mu nzubu wa ntunga-mulongo wa ba-Mizilma muenda lumu Saladin. Maimonides wakashala ne mianzu eyi ibidi too ne ku lufu luende mu 1204. Dimanya diende dia malu a luondapu divua dienda lumu bikole too ne muakambibuabi ne: Mukalenge wa Angleterre, Richard the Lion-Hearted nansha muvuaye kule wakateta bua Maimonides alua munganga wende.

Tshiakafundaye ntshinyi?

Maimonides uvua mufundi wa kalanda musenga. Pavuaye wenda unyema dikengeshibua kudi ba-Mizilma, mu disokoma ne mu nsombelu wende wa buena tshimuangi, wakakuatakaja tshitupa tshinene tshia mukanda wende wa Commentary on the Mishnah.b Mufunda mu tshiena-Arabe, mukanda eu wakatokesha ngenyi mivule ne miaku ya mu Mishnah, imue misangu wanji uditua mu mumvuija a ngenyi ya Maimonides pa buena-Yuda. Mu tshitupa mudiye umvuija mukanda wa Sanhedrin, Maimonides wakasunguluja mêyi-maludiki 13 a ditabuja dia bena Yuda. Tshitendelelu tshia bena Yuda katshitu tshianji kujadika dimanyisha dia mitabuja nansha. Ne, mêyi-maludiki 13 a ditabuja a Maimonides akalua tshitembelu tshia mulongolongo wa majadika a ditabuja dia bena Yuda.​—Tangila kazubu, dibeji dia 23.

Maimonides wakakeba bua kujadika bulongame bumvuika mu bintu bionso nansha biobio bimueneka nansha biobio bia mu nyuma. Wakapidia ditabuja difofo, ulomba mumvuija pa tshintu tshionso bilondeshile tshivuaye umona bu bijadiki bia lungenyi ne biumvuike. Dijinga edi dia ku tshilelelu diakamufikisha ku difunda mukanda wende munene wa​—Mishnah Torah.c

Mu tshikondo tshia Maimonides bena Yuda bavua bamona “Torah,” anyi “Mikenji,” ki ng’anu bu mêyi mafunda kudi Mozese kadi, ne mumvuija wonso a ba-rabi a Mikenji bifila mu kupita kua siekele. Ngenyi eyi ivua mifunda mu Talmud ne mu binunu bivule bia mapangadika a ba-rabi ne mifundu pa Talmud. Maimonides wakanyisha se: dialabala mu kabujima ne dikodiakana dia mamanyisha wonso aa bivua bishiya muena Yuda wa pankatshi kayi mua kuangata mapangadika avua alenga nsombelu wende wa ku dituku dionso. Bavule kabavua ne mushindu wa kuenza dilonga dia musangu mule dia mifundu yonso ya ba-rabi, mivule ya kudiyi mifunda mu tshiena-Arameen tshikole. Lungenyi lua Maimonides luvua lua kufunda mumvuija aa, kuzangika mapangadika a kukuata nawu mudimu, ne kualongolola mu tshisumbu tshilongame tshia mikanda 14, mikosoloja bilondeshile tshiena-bualu. Wakaufunda mu tshiena-Ebelu tshipepele menemene, tshia matuku wonso.

Bu muvua Mishneh Torah muikale mulombodi wa mu nsombelu, bamue ba-ntunga-mulongo bena Yuda bavua ne buôwa bua se: uvua mua kupingana menemene pamutu pa Talmud. Kadi, nansha aba bavua ne mpata bakitaba bushikuluji bua nsongo bua mukanda eu. Mêyi ne mikandu ebi biakaja ne bitokesha bivua dishintuluka dinene, diakajulula tshitendelelu tshia bena Yuda tshivua muntu wa pankatshi kayi mua kueyemena anyi kumvua.

Nunku, Maimonides wakapangadija bua kufunda mukanda mukuabu munene wa​—The Guide for the Perplexed. Ne dikudimuna dia mikanda ya bushikuluji bua bena Greke mu tshiena-Arabe, bena Yuda bavule bakibidilangana ne Aristote ne bena nkindi bakuabu. Bamue bakelakana, bamona bikole bua kusuikakaja diumvuija diena dîna dia miaku ya mu Bible ne nkindi. Mu mukanda wa The Guide for the Perplexed, Maimonides, uvua wanyisha bikole Aristote, wakakeba mua kuimvuija buikadi bua Bible ne bua buena-Yuda mu mushindu mumvuangane ne meji a nkindi ne meji malulame.​—Fuanyikija ne 1 Kolinto 2:1-5, 11-16.

Kusakidila pa mikanda eyi minene ne mifundu mikuabu pa malu a Nzambi, Maimonides wakafunda ne bukenji buonso pa malu a luondapu ne a mabulunge. Luseke lukuabu lua mikanda yende mivulavulayi kaluena ne bua kulenguludibua. Mukanda wa Encyclopaedia Judaica udi umvuija ne: “Mikanda ya Maimonides mmishiya tshimanyinu mu tshikondo tshia difunda mikanda. Udi mufundi muena Yuda wa kumpala udi mikanda yende milamibue bikole. . . . Mikanda yende idi yelesha meji ne itua bayibadi ku muoyo, ne uvua ushintulula mfundilu wende bua kubasankisha.”

Tshiakalongeshaye ntshinyi?

Mu Mêyi-maludiki ende 13 a Ditabuja, Maimonides wakafila malu manene a ditabuja matokesha, amue mikale ne miji mu Mifundu. Nansha nanku, mêyi-maludiki muanda-mutekete anyi tshitema adi abengangana ne dikala dia ditabuja diashila pa Mifundu mu Yezu bu Masiya.d Pakumona malongesha a butontolodi a Bukua-buena-nkristo, bu mudi Busatu-Bunsanto, ne lubombo lubialubia luleja mu dishibeyangana dia biluilu bia ba-Croisade, kabiena bikemesha padi Maimonides kayi muenza makebulula menemene pa bualu bua Yezu bu Masiya.​—Matayo 7:21-23; 2 Petelo 2:1, 2.

Maimonides udi ufunda ne: “Kudiku mua kuikala tshilenduishi tshitambe bunene bu [Buena-nkristo] anyi? Baprofete buonso bakatela Masiya bu mupikudi wa Izalele ne musungidi wende . . . [Bishilangane, Buena-nkristo] mbushipesha bena Yuda ku muele, bashadila babu babatangalaja ne babafuisha bundu, banyangakaja Torah, ne bapambuisha tshitupa tshinene tshia bantu ne babafikisha ku disadila nzambi mukuabu udi kayi Mukalenge.”​—Mishneh Torah, “Mikenji ya Bakalenge ne mvita yabu,” nshapita wa 11.

Kadi, bua kanemu kuonso kadi kamuleja, bena Yuda bavule mbasue kupuwa pa amue malu a Maimonides avuaye muakula ne bululame buonso. Ne didiunda dia buenzeji bua buena-Yuda bua majimbu (Kabbalah), lubuku lua mitoto luvua lutangalake munkatshi mua bena Yuda. Maimonides wakafunda ne: “Muntu yonso udi mubuelakane mu lubuku lua mitoto ne mu didianjila kulongolola mudimu wende anyi luendu bilondeshile kalandrié ka badi bakontolola muulu udi ne bua kukumibua fimbu . . . Malu wonso aa adi mashimi ne didinga . . . Yonso udi witabuja malu aa . . . mmupale ne mubule lungenyi.”​—Mishneh Torah, “Mikenji ya ditendelela mpingu,” nshapita wa 11; fuanyikija ne Lewitiki 19:26; Dutelonome 18:9-13.

Maimonides wakadiwula kabidi bikole tshibidilu tshikuabu: “[Ba-rabi] bavua bajadika buobu nkayabu mfranga milombibue kudi bantu ne bisumbu ne bafikisha bantu ku diela meji, ne bupale buonso se: bivua bikengedibua ne bimpe . . . Bionso ebi mbibi. Kakuena muaku nansha umue, nansha mu Torah anyi mu mêyi a bena meji [a mu Talmud], adi atue bualu ebu nyama ku mikolo.” (Mukanda wa Commentary on the Mishnah, Avot 4:5) Bishilangane ne ba-rabi, Maimonides wakenza mudimu ne tshikandi tshionso bua kudidiisha bu munganga, kayi witaba difutu nansha dimue bua midimu yende ya Nzambi.​—Fuanyikija ne 2 Kolinto 2:17; 1 Tesalonike 2:9.

Mmushindu kayi uvuabi ne buenzeji pa buena-Yuda ne mitabuja makuabu?

Profesere Yeshaiahu Leibowitz wa ku Université wa bena-Ebelu, ku Yeruzaleme, wakamba ne: “Maimonides mmuntu udi ne buenzeji butambe bunene mu malu a kale a bena Yuda, katshia ku Ba-nkambua ne Ba-profete too ne lelu.” Tshibungu tshia Encyclopaedia Judaica tshidi tshileja ne: “Buenzeji bua Maimonides pa didiunda ditshilualua dia buena-Yuda kadiena kubala. . . . C. Tchernowitz . . . wakafika too ne ku diamba ne: bu kabiyi bua Maimonides buena-Yuda buvua mua kuikala bukosoloka mu tutendelelu tukese tushilangane ne mitabuja mashilangane . . . Mbualu bunene buakenzaye bua kukuatakaja bitupa bishilangane.”

Pa kuakajilula ngenyi ya bena Yuda bua yumvuangana ne ngenyi yende pa bulongame ne meji, Maimonides wakajadikulula buena-Yuda. Bashikuluji pamue ne bantu ba tshianana bakamona diumvuija dipiadipia edi diumvuana ne nsombelu ne disonsodi. Nansha baluishi bende bakitaba kunyima ngenyi mivule ya Maimonides. Nansha muvua mifundu yende ne tshipatshila tshia kupikula bena Yuda ku dikengedibua dia kueyemena mumvuija kaayi ndekelu, mu tshikondo tshîpi mumvuija mapite bule akafundibua pa bidi bitangila mikanda yende.

Mukanda wa Encyclopaedia Judaica udi wamba ne: “Maimonides uvua . . . muena nkindi muena Yuda wa mu tshikondo tshia Moyen Âge uvua ne buenzeji butambe bunene, ne mukanda wende wa Guide of the Perplexed udi mukanda wa filozofi mutambe mushinga mufunda kudi muena Yuda.” Nansha muvuawu mufunda mu tshiena-Arabe, mukanda wa The Guide for the Perplexed wakakudimunyibua mu tshiena-Ebelu patshivua Maimonides ne muoyo ne katupa kakese kunyima mu Latin, kulongolodibuawu bua dilonga mu matunga a Mputu. Bu tshipeta, dikuatakaja dia pa buadi dia ngenyi ya Aristote ne ngenyi ya bena Yuda dienza kudi Maimonides diakapeta ne lukasa luonso muaba mu bulombodi bua meji a Bukua-buena-nkristo. Bashikuluji ba Bukua-buena-nkristo ba tshikondo atshi bu mudi Albertus Magnus ne Thomas Aquinas, bavua misangu mivule beyemena ku mmuenenu ya Maimonides. Bashikuluji ba Izlame bavue pabu benzejibue. Ngenyi ya Maimonides ivua ne buenzeji pa bena nkindi bena Yuda kunyima, bu mudi Baruch Spinoza, pa kubakosoloja menemene ne buena-Yuda budi bulamate ku dilongesha.

Maimonides udi mua kubadibua bu muntu muena lungenyi lutue uvua ne muoyo kumpala kua tshikondo tshia Dijululula meji a kale. Difyatutuka diende dia se: ditabuja ndisuikibue ku lungenyi ditshidi’anu dîyi-diludiki dia mushinga. Dîyi-diludiki edi diakamufikisha ku didiwula bikole tshitabataba tshia malu a Nzambi. Kadi, tshilejilu tshibi tshia Bukua-buena-nkristo ne buenzeji bua ngenyi ya Aristote biakamupangisha misangu mivule bua kufika ku nkomenu mumvuangane menemene ne bulelela bua mu Bible. Nansha mudi buonso kabayi mua kuanyisha mêyi mafunda pa lukita lua Maimonides ne:—“Katshia ku Mozese too ne ku Mozese, kakuvua muntu mukuabu bu Mozese”​—bidi bikengela kuanyisha se: wakajadikulula luendu ne ndongoluelu wa buena-Yuda.

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Kazubu mu dibeji 23]

MEYI-MALUDIKI 13 A DITABUJA A MAIMONIDESe

1. Nzambi udi Mufuki ne Mfumu wa bintu bionso. Yeye nkayende wakafuka, udi ufuka, ne neafuke bintu bionso.

2. Nzambi udi umue. Kakuena bumue bukuabu budi mu mushindu nansha umue bufuanangana ne Buende.

3. Nzambi kêna ne mubidi to. Ngenyi pa bintu bidi bimueka kayena mimuakanyine.

4. Nzambi udi wa kumpala ne wa ndekelu.

5. Bidi bimpe kusambila Nzambi nkayende. Muntu kêna mua kusambila muntu mukuabu anyi tshintu tshikuabu.

6. Mêyi wonso a ba-profete adi malelela.

7. Tshiprofete tshia Mozese tshidi mu mishindu yonso tshilelela. Uvua ntunga-mulongo wa ba-profete buonso, kumpala ne kunyima kuende.

8. Torah mujima utudi nende lelu udi ewu wakapeshabu Mozese.

9. Torah kakushintuluka to, ne Nzambi kakufila mukuabu.

10. Nzambi mmumanye bienzedi bionso bia muntu ne ngenyi yende yonso.

11. Nzambi udi ufuta badi banemeka mêyi-matuma ende, ne udi unyoka badi kabayi bamutumikila.

12. Masiya nealue.

13. Bafue nebabiishibue ku lufu.

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 21]

Jewish Division/​The New York Public Library/​Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations