Ba-Cathare: Bavua bena nkristo bafuile ditabuja anyi?

“BASHIPAYI buonso; Nzambi neamanye badi Bende.” Dituku adi dia muvu wa été wa 1209, basombi ba mu tshimenga tshia Béziers, ku Sud wa France, bakashipibua. Mudiambike Arnold Amalric, uvua mutekibue ku mutu kua bena krwazade (mvita) bena Katolike bu légat (muleji-mpala wa pa buende) wa pape, kakaleja luse nansha kakese. Pakamuebeja bantu bende mushindu kayi uvuabu mua kusunguluja bena Katolike ne batontolodi babu, bilondeshile muyuki, wakafila diandamuna mu mêyi mapite bubi atuatedi kuulu eku. Bashikuluji ba malu a kale bena Katolike badi batekesha diandamuna edi nunku: “Kanuditatshishi. Ndi mumanye ne: bakese menemene nebakudimune muoyo.” Nansha diandamuna diende dijalame dia mushindu kayi, tshipeta tshivua dishipibua dia bantu bu 20 000, balume, bakaji, ne bana ku bianza bia bena krwazade batue ku 300 000, balombola kudi bamfumu ba malu a Nzambi ba Ekleziya Katolike.

Ntshinyi tshiakakebesha dishipangana edi? Bitshivua amu ntuadijilu wa Krwasade wa bena Albi uvua Pape Innocent III mubangishe bua bavua bangatshibue bu batontolodi [ba Ekleziya] mu provense wa Languedoc, ku Sud wa tshitupa tshia pankatshi tshia France. Kumpala kua kujikaye bidimu bu 20 kunyima, pamu’apa bantu bu muliyo mujima​—ba-cathare, ba-vaudois too ne bena Katolike bavule—​bakajimija mioyo yabu.

Diabulukangana mu malu a Nzambi ku Mputu wa mu Moyen Âge

Dilubuluka lukasa dia bungenda mu siekele wa 11 B.B. diakatuala mashintuluka manene mu ndongoluelu ya nsombelu ya bantu ne mpetu ku Mputu wa mu Moyen Âge. Bimenga biakashibua bua kupetesha bungi buvu’anu buenda buvula bua bena mudimu wa bianza ne bangenda nzubu ya kulala. Ebi biakalubuluja ngenyi mipiamipia. Diabulukangana mu malu a Nzambi diakasa miji mu Languedoc, muaba ukavua ne nshidimukilu wa dinemeka mmuenenu wa bakuabu mubandile wa dikema ulubuluka kupita miaba mikuabu yonso ku Mputu. Tshimenga tshia Toulouse mu Languedoc tshivua tshisatu ku bivua bitambe kuikala ne bubanji ku Mputu. Ke muaba uvua bimbi ba tusala basonga nkela, bena imue misambu ivua yakula pa biena-bualu bia malu a tshididi ne a Nzambi.

Pa kumvuija nsombelu wa malu a Nzambi mu siekele wa 11 ne wa 12, tshikandakanda tshia Revue d’histoire et de philosophie religieuses tshidi tshiamba ne: “Mu siekele wa 12, anu bu mu siekele mushale, ngikadilu ya bamfumu ba bitendelelu, dibodiama diabu ne bintu, didia diabu dia mabuejila, ne tshiendenda tshiabu, biakatungunuka ne kuedibua mpata, kadi bivua nangananga bubanji buabu ne bukole buabu, diumvuangana diabu ne bamfumu ba ditunga, ne muvuabu batumika nabu bua kukumbaja bimue bipatshila ke bivuabu batalula.”

Bayishi bena ngendu

Nansha Pape Innocent III wakitaba se: dinyanguka ditampakane munda mua ekleziya divua dikebesha kudi divula dia bungi bua bayishi babuludianganyi, bena ngendu ku Mputu, nangananga ku Sud wa France ne ku Nord wa Italie. Bavule ba kudibu bavua ba-cathare peshi ba-vaudois. Wakatandisha bikole bansaserdose muvuabu kabayi balongesha bantu, pa kuamba se: “Bana badi bakengela diampa dinudi kanuyi nusua kubatshibuluila.” Kadi, pamutu pa kulubuluja ndongeshilu wa Bible bua bantu, Innocent wakajadika se: “buondoke bua Mifundu ya Nzambi mbupite, ke bua tshinyi nansha bantu ba tshianana ne bapangi ba mukanda, ne nansha kabidi bena meji ne bantu balonge bine, kabena bakumbane tshishiki bua kuteta bua kuyumvua.” Bakakandika bantu buonso dibala Bible, pa kumbusha bamfumu ba ekleziya ne pinapu bianyishibue anu mu muakulu wa Latin.

Bua kuimakaja buambi buendakane bua babuludianganyi, pape wakafila dianyisha bua ditekibua dia Mulongo wa ba-Frère Bayishi, anyi ba-Dominicain. Bishilangane ne bamfumu ba ekleziya babanji bena Katolike, ba-frère aba bavua ne bua kulua bayishi bena ngendu bimikila bujitu bua kusungila ditaba dilelela dia bena Katolike ku “batontolodi” ba ku Sud wa France. Pape wakatuma kabidi ba-légat bende bua kuelangana meji ne ba-cathare ne kuteta bua kubapingaja kabidi mu tshikongu tshia Katolike. Bu muakapangila madikolela aa, ne bu mutubu bamba ne: umue wa ku ba-légat bende wakashipibua kudi mutontolodi kampanda, Innocent III wakatuma dîyi bua kuenzabu Krwasade wa bena Albi mu 1209. Albi uvua tshimue tshia ku bimenga bisunguluke muvua ba-cathare bavule, nunku balondi ba malu a ekleziya bavua babikila ba-cathare ne: bena Albi (mu Fransé, Albigeois) ne batumika ne muaku eu bua kufunkuna “batontolodi” buonso ba mu rejon au, pa kukonga ne ba-vaudois. (Tangila kazubu kadi kuinshi.)

Ba-cathare bavua banganyi?

Muaku “cathare” mmufumine ku muaku wa tshiena-Greke ka·tha·rosʹ, udi umvuija “mukezuke.” Kubangila ku siekele wa 11 too ne ku wa 14, ntendelelu wa ba-cathare wakatangalaka nangananga mu Lombardie, ku Nord wa Italie, ne mu Languedoc. Mitabuja a ba-cathare avua disambakaja dia dualisme (diangata muntu bu muenza kudi bitupa bibidi bikena kuabulula: mubidi ne spiritu) ne Gnostisisme (lungenyi luvuaku kale lua se: bionso bidi ne mubidi mbia mpekatu ne dipikudibua didi difumina ku dimanya dinene dia malelela a Nzambi) bia ku Est, bibueja pamu’apa mu ditunga kudi bangenda-mushinga ne ba-misionere ba ku matunga makuabu. Tshibungu tshia The Encyclopedia of Religion tshidi tshiumvuija dualisme wa ba-cathare bu ditabuja dia “mêyi-maludiki abidi: dimue dimpe, didi ne buenzeji pa bionso bivua bia mu nyuma, dikuabu diena bubi, divua ditangila bifukibua bionso bia mubidi, pa kusanga ne mubidi wa muntu.” Ba-cathare bavua bitabuja se: Satana ke wakafuka bionso bidi ne mubidi, bivua bifundila kakuyi buepuki dibutudibua. Ditekemena diabu divua dia kulamunyibua ku bukua-bifukibua bibi, bia ku mubidi.

Ba-cathare bavua badiabulule mu tusumbu tubidi, bapuangane ne bena kuitabuja. Bapuangane bavua babalongesha ku ngenzelu kampanda wa batismo wa mu nyuma, uvua ubikidibua ne: consolamentum. Ebi bivua bienjibua ku ditentekibua bianza, kunyima kua tshikondo tshia mateta tshia tshidimu tshijima. Bavua bela meji se: ngenzelu eu uvua upandisha mulumbidi ku bukokeshi bua Satana, umukezula ku mpekatu yonso, ne umupetesha spiritu munsantu. Ebi biakalela muaku “mupuangane,” mbikidilu uvua amu bua bantu bapiluke bakese bavua bakuata mudimu bu ba-ministre bua bena kuitabuja. Bapuangane bavua balaya Nzambi malaya a tshijila, bunonoke, ne bupele. Bu yeye mumana kuikala muena dibaka, mupuangane uvua ne bua kulekela muena dibaka nende, bualu ba-cathare bavua bitaba se: dimanyangana ku mubidi ke divua mpekatu wa ntuadijilu.

Bena kuitabuja bavua bantu bavua, nansha kabayi basungula nsombelu wa budikengeshi, kadi bitaba malongesha a ba-cathare. Pa kutuila mupuangane binu mu ngenzelu kampanda wa ditendelela uvua ubikidibua ne: melioramentum, muena kuitabuja uvua ulomba dilekeledibua ne dibeneshibua. Bua kudipetesha mushindu wa kuikala ne nsombelu wa pa tshibidilu, bena kuitabuja bavua bapunga convenenza, anyi tshipungidi ne bapuangane, tshivua tshipetesha dipeshibua batismo wa mu nyuma pakadi muntu pa kukula muoyo, peshi consolamentum.

Mmuenenu wabu pa Bible

Nansha muvua ba-cathare batela Bible misangu ne misangu, bavua bamuangata kumpala bu mukanda wa mianu ne tusumuinu. Bavua bamba se: tshitupa tshinene tshia Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu ntshifumine kudi Diabolo. Bavua batumika ne bitupa bia Mifundu ya tshiena-Greke, bu mudi mifundu idi isunguluja mubidi ne spiritu, bua kushindika filozofi wabu wa dualisme. Mu Disambila dia Mukalenge, bavua basambila bua “diampa dietu dikena mubidi” (mbuena kuamba se: “diampa dia mu nyuma”) pamutu pa “diampa dietu dia ku dituku,” pa kuangata buabu buobu diampa dia ku mubidi bu tshintu tshibi tshidi tshikengedibua.

Malongesha mavule a ba-cathare kaavua umvuangana mu buludi ne Bible to. Tshilejilu, bavua bitabuja dibenga kufua dia anyima ne didienzulula muntu. (Fuanyikija ne Muambi 9:5, 10; Yehezekele 18:4, 20.) Bavua kabidi bashila mitabuja abu pa mifundu ikena mifunda ku spiritu. Nansha nanku, pavua ba-cathare benda bakudimuna bitupa bia Mifundu mu muakulu wa mu musoko, mu mushindu kampanda, bakavuija Bible mukanda mutambe kumanyibua bimpe mu Moyen Âge.

Kabavua bena nkristo

Bapuangane bavua badiangata nkayabu bu bapinganyi ba bapostolo bilondeshile mikenji ne, pa nanku, badibikila nkayabu se: “Bena nkristo,” bazangika mbikidilu eu pa kusakidila “balelela” anyi “bimpe.” Kadi, mu bulelela, mitabuja a bungi a ba-cathare avua menyi ku buena-nkristo. Nansha muvuabu bitabuja Yezu bu Muana wa Nzambi, ba-cathare bavua bimansha dilua diende panu ku mubidi ne mulambu wende bua dipikula. Pa kuikala ne ngumvuilu mutupakane wa mpishilu wa Bible wa mubidi ne bulongolodi ebu, bavua bangata bionso bidi ne mubidi bu bidi bifumina kudi mubi. Ke bua tshinyi bavua amu bamba ne: Yezu uvua ne bua kuikala amu ne mubidi wa mu nyuma, kabidi se: pavuaye pa buloba wakamueneka amu bu uvua ne mubidi wa musunyi. Amu bu batontolodi ba mu siekele wa kumpala, ba-cathare bavua “bantu badi kabayi batonda Yezu Kristo bu mulue mu mubidi.”​—2 Yone 7, NW.

Mu mukanda wende wa Medieval Heresy (Butontolodi bua mu Moyen Âge), M. D. Lambert mmufunde ne: ntendelelu wa ba-cathare “wakapingaja budikengeshi bua ku bukole pa muaba wa nsombelu wa buena nkristo, . . . wakumbusha dipikudibua pa kubenga bua kuanyisha bukokeshi bua kupandisha bua [lufu lua Kristo].” Mmumone se: “kudi difuanangana dilelela dia bapuangane ne balongeshi badikengeshi ba ku Est, ba-bonze ne ba-fakir ba mu Chine anyi mu Inde, batendeledi ba malu masokoka a Orphée, anyi balongeshi ba Gnostisizme.” Mu ditabuja dia ba-cathare, lupandu luvua lusuikakaja, ki nku mulambu wa tshia-bupikudi wa Yezu Kristo, kadi ku consolamentum, anyi batismo mu spiritu munsantu. Nunku bua aba bavua bakezula, lufu luvua lubabuluja ne mubidi.

Krwazade ukena munsantu

Bantu ba tshianana, ne mioyo mishikila munda bua malomba a bunyengi a bamfumu ba ekleziya ne dinyanguka dia nsombelu wa bantu ditangalake, bakakokibua ku nsombelu wa ba-cathare. Bapuangane bakafunkuna Ekleziya Katolike ne dilondangana mu mianzu diende bu “nsunagoga wa Satana” ne “mamu wa [bandumba, NW]” bia mu Buakabuluibua 3:9 ne 17:5. Ntendelelu wa ba-cathare uvua ulubuluka ne utamba ekleziya mu Sud wa France. Ngandamuinu wa Pape Innocent III uvua kutuadija ne kukuatshisha ne mfranga mvita yakabikilabu ne: Krwazade wa bena Albi, krwazade wa kumpala wakalongololabu munkatshi mua Bukua-buena-nkristo bua kuluisha bantu bavua badiamba muvuabu bena nkristo.

Ku butuangaji bua mikanda ne ba-légat bende, pape wakapungisha bakalenge, ba-konte, ba-dike, ne basalayi bena tubalu bena Katolike ba ku Mputu. Wakalaya buonso bavua mua kuluangana bua kumana butontolodi “ku mushindu kayi wonso” malekelela a kudiye ne mabanji a mu Languedoc. Kabakapanga kuteleja dilomba diende. Balombola kudi bamfumu ba malu a Nzambi ne badiambike bena Katolike, musumba wa bantu bashilashilangane bena krwazade bena ku Nord wa France, ku Flandres, ne ku Allemagne bakaya batangile ku Sud ku tshibanda tshia Rhône.

Dibutudibua dia Béziers ke diakatuadija mvita ya dikokesha yakavingutula Languedoc ku tshikisu ne diupumunyibua dia mashi bikuate buôwa. Bimenga bia Albi, Carcassonne, Castres, Foix, Narbonne, Termes, ne Toulouse biakabutudibua bionso kudi bena krwazade bitshikiji ba mashi. Mu miaba-mikolesha ya ba-cathare bu mudi Cassès, Minerve, ne Lavaur, nkama ne nkama ya bapuangane bakuoshibua mu kapia ku mitshi. Bilondeshile mudiambike mulondi wa malu Pierre des Vaux-de-Cernay, bena krwazade ‘bakuosha bapuangane batshikale ne muoyo, ne disanka mu mitshima yabu.’ Mu 1229, kunyima kua bidimu 20 bia diluangana ne dibutula, Languedoc wakapona ku bukokeshi bua bena France. Kadi dishipangana kadivua dianji kujika nansha.

Dikonkoloja didi dibutula

Mu 1231, Pape Grégoire IX wakajadika Dikonkoloja dia pape bua kutua diluangana ne bia lufu nyama ku mikolo.a Ndongoluelu wa Dikonkoloja uvua muashila kumpala pa disonguelangana ne ditondesha bantu malu ku bukole ne, pashishe, pa kanyawu kena dîna. Kipatshila kadi kavua ka kumana nkong tshivua muele wa mvita mupange kubutula. Banzuji bena Dikonkoloja​—bavule bavua ba-frère Dominicain ne ba-Franciscain—​bavua ne bualu amu ne pape nkayende. Lufu ku dioshibua mu kapia ke dinyoka divua dimanyike bua butontolodi. Disuminyina dinekesha divuaku ne tshikisu tshidi tshikuatshisha lunyanyi tshia bena Dikonkoloja, biakatuadija mu miaba mikuabu bu mudi Albi ne Toulouse. Mu Avignonet, bena mu kabadi ka Dikonkoloja buonso bakashipibua.

Mu 1244, ditshimunyibua dia muaba-mukolesha muashila pa mukuna wa Montségur, tshinyemenu tshia ndekelu tshia bapuangane bavule, diakabutula ntendelelu wa ba-cathare. Bantu bu 200 balume ne bakaji bakapeta lufu pa kuoshibua mu tshibungi ku mitshi. Mu kupita kua bidimu, Dikonkoloja diakajula too ne miji mishale ya ba-cathare. Batu bamba ne: cathare wa ndekelu wakoshibua ku mutshi mu Languedoc mu 1330. Mbafunde mu mukanda wa Medieval Heresy ne: “Dikuluka dia ntendelelu wa ba-cathare divua dikumbaja ditambe kumueneka dia Dikonkoloja.”

Bushuwa ba-cathare kabavua bena nkristo balelela. Kadi ditalula diabu dia Ekleziya Katolike diakabingisha dishipibua diabu ne tshikisu kudi bena nkristo ba ku dîna anyi? Babakengeshi ne babashipi babu bena Katolike bakapanga kuambika Nzambi ne Kristo bunême ne bakaleja buena-nkristo bulelela mu mushindu mubi pakanyawulabu ne kushipa makumi a binunu a babuludianganyi abu.

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Kazubu mu dibeji 28]

BA-VAUDOIS

Pabuipi ne ndekelu wa siekele wa 12 B.B., Pierre Valdès, peshi Pierre Valdo, ngenda-mushinga mubanji wa mu tshimenga tshia Lyon, wakalongolola mfranga bua nkudimuinu ya kumpala ya bitupa bia Bible mu mishindu kabukabu ya muakulu wa provençal, uvuabu bakula ku Sud ne ku Sud-Est wa France. Muena Katolike wa muoyo muimpe, wakalekela bungenda buende ne kudifila mu diyisha Evanjeliyo. Bikale ne njiya pa kumona dinyanguka dia bamfumu ba ekleziya, bakuabu bena Katolike bavule bakamulonda ne bakalua bayishi bena ngendu.

Mu katupa kakese, Valdo wakapetangana ne buluishi bua kudi bamfumu ba ekleziya ba mu ditunga, bakenzeja pape bua kukandika bumanyishi buende bua patoke. Badi bamba ne: diandamuna diende divua se: “Tudi ne bua kutumikila Nzambi pamutu pa bantu.” (Fuanyikija ne Bienzedi 5:29.) Bua mutu wende mukole, Valdo wakipatshibua [mu Ekleziya]. Bamulondi bende, bavua babikidibua ne: ba-vaudois, peshi Bapele ba mu Lyon, bakaluangana ne tshisumi bua kulonda tshilejilu tshiende, pa kuyisha babidi babidi ku mbanza ya bantu. Ebi biakapetesha ditangalaka dia lukasa dia malongesha abu ku Sud, ku Est, ne bimue bitupa bia ku Nord wa France, pamue ne ku Nord wa Italie.

Bavua nangananga balomba bantu dipingana ku mitabuja ne ngenzelu bia buena-nkristo bua nzanzanza. Bavua bela mpata pa malongesha bu mudi a mpurgatoriyo, masambila bua bafue, ntendelelu wa Mariya, masambila kudi “bansantu,” ditendelela nkuruse, malekelela [a kudi pape], Ukaristiya, ne batismo wa bana batekete.b

Malongesha a ba-vaudois avua mashilangane bikole ne malongesha a dualisme akena a bena nkristo a ba-cathare, badibu misangu yonso babafuanyikija nabu. Difuanyikija edi ndifumine kumpala ku bedianganyi ba mpata bena Katolike bakateta bua kufuanyikija ku bukole buambi bua ba-vaudois ne malongesha a bena Albi, peshi ba-cathare.

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 29]

Bantu binunu muanda-mutekete bakafuila mu nzubu wa nzambi wa Ste. Marie Madeleine mu Béziers, muaba uvua bena krwazade bashipe bantu 20 000, balume, bakaji ne bana