“Bukenke bukole” bua Bible wa mu Tshilaminu tshia kale tshia mu Russie

BAMANYI babidi badi bakeba maniskri a kale a Bible (anyi biseba bivuabu bafundilepu Bible ku tshianza). Badi benza ngendu muntu ne muntu ku luende luseke, baya mu bipela, mu mbuebue, mu nzubu ya badiambike ne mu nzubu ya kale ya mu mbuebue. Bidimu bia bungi panyima, badi balua kusambakena mu tshilaminu tshia mikanda tshia kale menemene tshia mu Russie, muaba udibu bapeta maniskri a bungi a Bible atu bantu kabayi banji kumona. Bantu aba mbanganyi? Mmunyi muvua maniskri avuabu bapete mafike mu ditunga dia Russie?

Maniskri a kale adi abingisha Dîyi dia Nzambi

Bua kumanya umue wa ku bamanyi aba, tudi ne bua kupingana ku ntuadijilu kua bidimu bia 1800 pavua dishintuluka dia ngenyi ditampakane ku Mputu. Tshivua tshikondo tshia dilubuluka dia malu a siyanse ne a nshidimukilu tshivua tshisake bantu bua kuela malu avuabu bitaba katshia ku kale mpata. Bakonkononyi ba Bible bavua bakeba kukepesha bukole bua Bible. Bushuwa, bamanyi ba malu a Bible bavua bela mpata pa bujalame bua malu adi mafundamu.

Bamue bantu bavua babingisha Bible bakamona ne: bivua bimpe kukeba bintu bipiabipia (bu mudi maniskri a Bible a kale atubu kabayi banji kupeta) bua kujadika bujalame bua Dîyi dia Nzambi. Bu bobu mua kupeta maniskri makuabu mashilangane ne akavuaku, avua ne bua kujadika bujalame bua malu adi mu Bible, nansha muvuabu bakebe kumubutula anyi kukonyangaja malu adimu misangu ya bungi. Maniskri aa avua kabidi mua kuleja miaba mikese ivua bilema bibuele.

Amue a ku makokangana makole pa bujalame bua Bible avua menzeke mu ditunga dia Allemagne. Muine emu, mulongeshi mukuabu utshivua nsonga kushiyaye nsombelu muimpe uvuaye nende mu iniversite bua kuya ku luendu luvua mua kumufikisha ku dipeta dinene dia malu a Bible. Diende uvua Konstantin von Tischendorf, mumanyi uvua mubenge kulonda bakonkononyi ba Bible ne wakafika ku dipeta mushindu muimpe wa kubingisha bujalame bua malu a mu Bible. Luendu luende lua kumpala mu tshipela tshia Sinai mu 1844 luakapatula bipeta bilenga. Mu ditapa dîsu mu katunga ka kuimanshila bintu mu nzubu wa badiambike kampanda wakapeta Bible wa kale wa Septante (wa kale menemene kupita yonso ikavuabu bapete), anyi nkudimuinu wa tshiena-Greke wa Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu.

Muikale ne disanka dia bungi, Tischendorf wakafika ku diangata biseba bifunda 43. Nansha muvuaye mushindike ne: kuvua bikuabu, mu dipingana diende mu 1853 wakapeta anu bikese. Bikuabu bivua kuepi? Bu muvua Tischendorf katshiyi ne makuta, wakakeba dikuatshisha dia muntu uvua ne bubanji bua bungi ne kuakangataye dipangadika dia kumbuka kabidi mu ditunga diabu bua kuya kakeba maniskri a kale. Kadi kumpala kua kuyaye, wakaya kulomba diambuluisha dia mukalenge wa mu Russie.

Mukalenge udi utangila bualu ebu

Tischendorf uvua mua kuikala udiebeja muvuabu mua kumuakidila yeye mumanyi muena Mishonyi mu Russie, ditunga dinene dia bena Ortodokse. Diakalenga, Russie ukavua mubuele mu tshikondo tshilenga tshia dishintuluka. Diteka malu a kulonga kumpala diakafikisha Mukalenge-mukaji Catherine II (udibu babikila kabidi ne: Catherine Munene) ku dienza Tshilaminu tshia mikanda tshia Bukalenge tshia ku Saint-Pértersbourg mu 1795. Bu muvuatshi tshilaminu tshia bantu bonso tshia kumpala tshia mu Russie, tshivua ne mikanda ya bungi ivua bantu miliyo ne miliyo mua kubala.

Nansha muvuabu bangate Tshilaminu tshia Bukalenge bu tshilaminu tshipite bionso bia ku Mputu, tshivua ne kaba kashale. Bidimu 50 kunyima kua kutshienzabu, tshivua anu ne maniskri ya tshiena-Ebelu isambombo. Katshivua mua kukumbaja dijinga divua dienda dibanda mu Russie dia kulonga miakulu ya mu Bible ne Bible mikuabu to. Catherine II ukavua mutume bamanyi mu iniversite ya ku Mputu bua kulonga tshiena-Ebelu. Bamanyi bamane kupingana, dilonga tshiena-Ebelu diakamuangalaka mu nzubu ya badiambike bena Ortodokse ya bungi ya mu Russie, ne bua musangu wa kumpala, bamanyi bena Russie bakatuadija kukudimuna Bible mujalame mu tshiena-Russie bashindamene pa tshiena-Ebelu tshia kale. Kadi bakapangila makuta ne balombodi ba tshitendelelu bavua kabayi basue dishintuluka bakabaluisha. “Butoke” bulelela kabuvua buanji kubanga bua bantu bavua bakeba dimanya dia mu Bible.

Mukalenge Alexandre II wakamona mushinga wa mudimu wa Tischendorf e kumuambuluishaye ne makuta. Nansha muvuaku “mukawu ne buluishi” bua bantu bakuabu, Tischendorf wakapingana ku luendu luende lua ku Sinai ne tshitupa tshia Bible wa Septante tshivua tshishale.a Bakalua kubikila Bible eu ne: Codex wa ku Sinai (anyi mukanda wa kale mufunda ku tshianza wa ku Sinai) ne utshidi anu umue wa ku maniskri a kale a Bible adiku. Padiye upingana mu Saint-Pétersbourg, Tischendorf udi uya lubilu ku nzubu uvua mukalenge usombela tshikondo tshia mashika. Udi ulomba mukalenge bua atue nyama ku mikolo “muanda munene mutambe wa dikonkonona ne dilonga Bible,” dipatula dia maniskri mapiamapia avuabu bapete, akaluabu kuteka mu Tshilaminu tshia mikanda tshia Bukalenge. Mukalenge wakitaba, ne Tischendorf muikale ne disanka dia bungi kufundaye pashishe ne: “Bukole bua Nzambi mbupeshe tshikondo tshietu . . . Bible wa ku Sinai bua ikale kutudi bukenke bukole bua menemene bua tshidi mifundu mine ya Dîyi dia Nzambi difunda ne bua kutuambuluisha bua kubingisha bulelela pa kushindika bujalame buayi.”

Maniskri a Bible a mu Crimée

Tuvua bakule bua mumanyi mukuabu uvua ukeba maniskri a Bible ku ntuadijilu. Nnganyi au? Bidimu bikese kumpala kua Tischendorf kupinganaye mu Russie, bakalua kupesha Tshilaminu tshia Bukalenge mushiki wa maniskri akakoka ntema ya mukalenge ne kuvuija bamanyi ba bungi ba ku Mputu mu Russie. Uvua muanda wakabakemesha bikole. Kumpala kuabu kuvua mushiki wa maniskri ne bintu bikuabu. Uvua ne bintu 2 412, kusangisha ne maniskri ne mivungu 975. Munkatshi mua bintu ebi muvua maniskri 45 a Bible a kumpala kua bidimu bia 900. Nansha mudibi mua kukemesha, maniskri onso aa avua masangisha kudi muntu umue nkayende diende Abraham Firkovich, mumanyi muena Karaite uvua tshikondo atshi ne bidimu bipite pa 70! Kadi Bakaraite bavua banganyi?b

Lukonko elu luvua ne mushinga wa bungi bua mukalenge. Russie uvua mualabaje mikalu yende kuangataye ne bitupa bia maloba bivua mu matunga makuabu. Bisamba bipiabipia biakabuela mu bukalenge. Tshitupa tshia buloba tshilenga tshia Crimée, ku muelelu kua Mbuu Mufike, tshivua ne bantu bavua bamueneka bu bena Yuda kadi bikale ne bilele bia bena Turquie ne bakula muakulu mufuane wa tshiena-Tartare. Bakaraite aba bavua bafumine kudi bena Yuda bavua baye mu bupika mu Babulona panyima pa dibutuka dia Yelushalema mu 607 kumpala kua bikondo bietu ebi. Kadi bavua bashilangane ne bena Yuda ba ba-rabi, bualu bobu bavua babenga Talmud ne bashindamena pa dibala dia Mukanda wa Nzambi. Bakaraite ba mu Crimée bavua ne dijinga dikole dia kuleja mukalenge tshijadiki tshia dishilangana diabu ne bena Yuda ba ba-rabi bua kubasungulujabu. Pakafilabu maniskri a kale avua Bakaraite nawu, bavua bajinga kuleja ne: bavua bafumine kudi bena Yuda bavua balue kusombela mu Crimée panyima pa bupika bua mu Babulona.

Pavua Firkovich mutuadije kukeba mifundu ne maniskri a kale, wakabangisha mu nzubu ya mu mbuebue ya mu Crimée ya mu Chufut-Kale. Bipungu bia bungi bia Bakaraite bivua bisombela ne bitendelela mu tuzubu tukese etu tuibaka ne mabue mumbusha ku mikuna. Bakaraite kabavua babutula mifundu ya kale ivua ne dîna dia Nzambi Yehowa bualu bavua bamona kuyibutula anu bu kunyanga tshintu tshia tshijila. Bavua bateka maniskri au mu tuzubu tukese tua kulamina bintu tuvuabu babikila ne: genizah, mbuena kuamba ne: “muaba musokoka” mu tshiena-Ebelu. Bu muvua Bakaraite banemeka bikole dîna dia Nzambi, bivua bikole bua kunyungushabu biseba bivua bifunda dîna dia Nzambi ebi.

Nansha muvuaku lupuishi lua nkama ya bidimu, Firkovich wakakeba miaba ivua genizah ne ntema yonso. Mu genizah umue wakapeta maniskri mende lumu a mu 916 bikondo bietu ebi. Badi baabikila ne: Codex wa Saint-Pétersbourg wa baprofete ba ndekelu, ne udi munkatshi mua maniskri a Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu a kale adi koku lelu.

Firkovich wakafika ku disangisha maniskri a bungi, ne mu 1859 kupangadijaye bua kuafila mu Tshilaminu tshia mikanda tshia Bukalenge. Mu 1862, Alexandre II wakambuluisha bua kusumbabu maniskri au bua tshilaminu tshia mikanda ku ruble 125 000, avua makuta a bungi menemene tshikondo atshi. Tshikondo atshi, makuta onso avuabu batula bua tshilaminu tshijima kaavua apita pa ruble 10 000 ku tshidimu to! Mu maniskri avuabu basumbe au muvua Codex wa Leningrad (B 19^A). Maniskri aa nga mu 1008 ne ke Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu mijima ya kale menemene idiku. Mumanyi mukuabu wakamba ne: adi “mua kuikala maniskri a Bible amue adi ne mushinga wa bungi, bualu wowu ke nshindamenu wa Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu ya Bible ya bungi lelu.” (Bala kazubu.) Anu mu 1862 amu, bakapatula Codex wa ku Sinai wa Tischendorf ne bantu bakasanka bikole.

Butoke bua mu nyuma mu tshikondo tshietu etshi

Tshilaminu etshi tshidi tshimanyike lelu bu Tshilaminu tshia mikanda tshia ditunga dia Russie tshidi munkatshi mua ebi bidi ne maniskri a kale a bungi menemene.c Munkatshi mua bidimu bipite pa 200, dîna dia tshilaminu tshia mikanda etshi ndishintuluke misangu muanda mutekete bilondeshile mianda ivua yenzeka mu Russie. Dimue dîna didi ditambe kumanyika ke Tshilaminu tshia bantu bonso tshia Saltykov-Shchedrin. Nansha muvua bimvundu bia mu bidimu bia 1900 binyange tshilaminu etshi, maniskri adimu mmapanduke ku mvita yonso ibidi ya buloba bujima ne ku dijingila dia tshimenga tshia Leningrad. Maniskri aa adi atuambuluisha ku tshinyi?

Maniskri a kale adi nshindamenu wa Bible ya bungi ya lelu. Adi ambuluisha bantu badi bakeba bulelela bua kupeta nkudimuinu mujalame wa Mukanda wa Nzambi. Codex wa ku Sinai ne Codex wa Leningrad ke idi miambuluishe bua kukudimuna Les Saintes Écritures​—Traduction du monde nouveau, mupatula kudi Bantemu ba Yehowa mu bujima buende mu 1961 mu Anglais. Tshilejilu, Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia ne Biblia Hebraica wa Kittel ivua kasumbu ka bakudimunyi ba Traduction du monde nouveau benze nayi mudimu mmishindamene pa Codex wa Leningrad ne idi ne maleta anayi a dîna dia Nzambi misangu 6 828 mu mifundu ya ntuadijilu.

Babadi bakese ba Bible ke badi bamanye dibanza didibu nadi kudi tshilaminu tshia mikanda tshia mu Saint-Pétersbourg ne maniskri atshi, makuabu mikale ne dîna dia Leningrad, dîna dia kale dia tshimenga etshi. Kadi dibanza dietu dinene didi kudi Muena Bible, Yehowa, udi utupesha butoke bua mu nyuma. Ke bualu kayi mufundi wa Misambu wakamulomba ne: “Utume munya webe ne bushuwa buebe ku mpala kuebe; bindombole.”​—Musambu 43:3.

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Kazubu mu dibeji 13]

DÎNA DIA NZAMBI NDIMANYIKE NE BADI BADIBIKILA

Mu meji ende, Yehowa mmuenze bua balame Bible, Dîyi diende too ne mu tshikondo tshietu etshi. Mudimu mukole wa baskribe munkatshi mua bidimu bia bungi mmuambuluishe bua ikaleku too ne lelu. Ba-Masorete, baskribe bena Yuda bakenza mudimu wa difundulula Bible kumbukila ku bidimu bia 500 bikondo bietu ebi too ne ku bia 900, ke bakenza mudimu eu ne ntema ya bungi menemene. Kabavua bafunda tshiena-Ebelu tshia kale ne maleta majikuke to. Pavua bidimu bienda bipita, njiwu ya kujimija dishindumuna dimpe yakavula bu muvua tshiena-Alama tshipingana muaba wa tshiena-Ebelu. Ba-Masorete bakasakidila ku mifundu tutoba tuvua tuleja maleta majikuke bua kuleja mushindu muimpe wa kushindumuna miaku ya tshiena-Ebelu.

Tutoba tua maleta majikuke tuvua ba-Masorete basakidile mu Codex wa Leningrad tudi tuleja mushindu wa kubala maleta anayi a dîna dia Nzambi ne: Yehwah’, Yehwih’, ne Yeho·wah’. Lelu, bantu ba bungi menemene badi bashindumuna dîna dia Nzambi ne: “Yehowa.” Dîna dia Nzambi divua dimanyike bimpe kudi bafundi ba Bible ne bantu bakuabu ba kale. Lelu’eu, dîna dia Nzambi ndimanyike ne badi badibikila kudi bantu miliyo ne miliyo badi bitaba ne: ‘Yehowa nkayende ngudi Mutambe Bunene wa pa mutu pa buloba bujima.’​—Musambu 83:18.

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 10]

Nzubu wa maniskri wa mu Tshilaminu tshia mikanda tshia ditunga dia Russie

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 11]

Mukalenge-mukaji Catherine II

[Bimfuanyi mu dibeji 11]

Konstantin von Tischendorf (pankatshi) ne Alexandre II, mukalenge wa Russie

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 12]

Abraham Firkovich

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 10]

Bimfuanyi bionso bibidi: National Library of Russia, St. Petersburg

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua bimfuanyi mu dibeji 11]

Catherine II: National Library of Russia, St. Petersburg; Alexandre II: Mu mukanda wa Spamers Illustrierte Weltgeschichte, Leipzig, 1898