Nkindi ya bena Greke yakalengeja Buena-Kristo anyi?

“Nansha muvua Buena-Kristo bubengangana ne bilele bia bampangano bena Greke ne bena Lomo, kadi buakitaba malu a bungi a nkindi yabu.”​—The Encyclopedia Americana.

MUNKATSHI mua bantu bavua ne buenzeji bukole pa ngenyi ya “bena Kristo,” Augustin “Munsantu” udi pa muaba wa kumpala. Bilondeshile tshibungu kampanda, “tshieledi tshia lungenyi tshia Augustin tshivua tshiengulujilu muvua tshitendelelu tshia Tshipungidi Tshipiatshipia tshidisambakaje tshionso nkong ne malongesha a Platon a nkindi ya bena Greke; ne anu bua lungenyi luende alu ke pakafikabu ku ditangalaja malu avuamu mu ekleziya ya bena Katolike ne ya bena Mishonyi ba Dishintuluka mu tshikondo tshia Moyen-Âge.”

Bushuwa, bumpianyi budi Augustin mushiye mbua kashidi. Mu diumvuija mushindu udi nkindi ya bena Greke mishintulule Bukua-Buena-Kristo, Douglas Holden wakamba ne: “Malongesha a malu a nzambi a bena Kristo mmasambakane bikole ne nkindi ya bena Greke, mafike too ne ku dipatula bantu badi ne bitupa tshitema bia ngenyi ya bena Greke ne tshitupa tshimue tshia ngenyi ya bena Kristo.”

Bamue bashikuluji ba malu a Nzambi batu bitaba ne: buenzeji bua nkindi ebu buakalengeja Buena-Kristo katshia ku ntuadijilu kuabu, buakalengeja kabidi malongesha abu ne kuafikisha ku ditamba kutuisha bantu. Bualu ebu buvua bulelela anyi? Mmunyi ne ntshikondo kayi tshiakatuadija nkindi ya bena Greke kushintulula malu? Yakalengeja Buena-Kristo anyi peshi yakabunyanga?

Bidi biumvuika bimpe patudi tulondolola amue malu akenzeka bituadijile mu siekele muisatu K.B.B. too ne mu siekele muitanu B.B. pa kukonkonona biambilu binayi ebi bidi kabiyi bia pa tshibidilu: (1) “Buena-Yuda busambakaja ne ngenyi ya bena Greke,” (2) “Buena-Greke busambakaja ne ngenyi ya Buena-Kristo,” (3) “Buena-Kristo busambakaja ne ngenyi ya bena Greke” ne (4) “Nkindi ya Buena-Kristo.”

“Buena-Yuda busambakaja ne ngenyi ya bena Greke”

Tshia kumpala, “Buena-Yuda busambakaja ne ngenyi ya bena Greke” ndikondakana dia bushuwa. Tshitendelelu tshia bena Ebelu tshia ku ntuadijilu tshivua tshijadika kudi Nzambi mulelela Yehowa, kabavua ne bua kutshinyanga ne ngenyi ya bitendelelu bia dishima nansha. (Dutelonome 12:32; Nsumuinu 30:5, 6) Katshia anu ku ntuadijilu, bukezuke bua ntendelelu buakamba kunyanguka ne bilele ne ngenyi ya bitendelelu bia dishima bivua pabuipi, bu mudi bilele bia bena Ejipitu, bena Kanâna ne bena Babulona. Bia dibungama, bena Isalele bakalekela ntendelelu wabu mulelela unyanguka bikole.​—Balumbuluishi 2:11-13.

Kunyima kua nkama ya bidimu, pakalua Palestine wa kale tshitupa tshia Ampire wa bena Greke mu bukokeshi bua Aleksandre Munene mu siekele muinayi K.B.B., malu akatungunuka ne kunyanguka bikole ne kuakashala buenzeji bua bungi. Aleksandre wakabueja bena Yuda mu tshiluilu tshiende. Malanda pankatshi pa bena Yuda ne mfumuabu mupiamupia eu akashintulula bikole ngenyi ya malu a Nzambi ya bena Yuda. Ngenyi ya bena Greke yakabuela mu malongesha a bena Yuda. Muakuidi Munene Yasone mmuende lumu bua muvuaye muase tshilongelu tshia bena Greke mu Yelushalema mu 175 K.B.B. bua kulongesha malu a Homère.

Bualu budi bukemesha, pavuaye ufunda mu tshitupa tshibidi tshia siekele muibidi K.B.B., muena Samalea kampanda wakakeba bua kuleja miyuki ya mu Bible bu malu a kale muvuabu babueje ngenyi ya bena Greke. Mikanda ya bena Yuda idi kayiyi mifunda ku spiritu wa Nzambi, bu mudi wa Yudite ne wa Tobiya, mu bulelela idi yakula bua mianu ya bena Greke ya malu a mananga. Kuakapatuka bena nkindi bena Yuda bavule bakateta bua kukeba diumvuangana pankatshi pa ngenyi ya bena Greke ne ntendelelu wa bena Yuda ne Bible.

Philon, muena Yuda wa mu siekele wa kumpala B.B. ke udibu bamba ne: uvua mutambe kukeba diumvuangana edi. Wakadiangatshila ku bukole malongesha a Platon (wa mu siekele muinayi K.B.B.), a balondi ba Pythagore ne a ba Stoiko. Malongesha a Philon avua mashintulule bena Yuda bikole. Mu diumvuija mu tshikoso bua dibuela dia ngenyi ya bena Greke mu nshidimukilu wa bena Yuda, Max Dimont, mufundi muena Yuda, udi wamba ne: “Banemesha kudi ngenyi ya Platon, ya Aristote ne mamanya a Euclide, bamanyi ba mukanda bena Yuda bakalonga Torah ne bia-mudimu bipiabipia. . . . Bakatuadija kusakidila ngenyi ya bena Greke ku malu masokolola a bena Yuda.”

Kunyima, bena Lomo bakatonkola Ampire wa bena Greke, kukuatabu ne Yelushalema. Muanda eu wakunzulula njila bua kushintulula malu manene. Malongesha a nkindi ne a malu a Nzambi a bedi ba meji akalua kusunguluka bimpe mu siekele muisatu B.B. pakadienzejabu bua kualabaja ne kusangisha ngenyi ya Platon, mmamanyike buonso buawu lelu’eu bu malongesha a Platon mashintulula (néoplatonisme). Balondi ba ngenyi eyi bavua ne bua kuikala ne buenzeji bukole pa Buena-Kristo butontolodi.

“Buena-Greke busambakaja ne ngenyi ya Buena-Kristo”

Mu siekele itanu ya kumpala ya mu bikondo bietu ebi, bamue bena meji bakakeba bua kuleja diumvuangana pankatshi pa nkindi ya bena Greke ne bulelela buleja mu Bible. Mukanda kampanda udi wamba ne: “Bena Kristo balongi ba malu a bantu bakaleja bena Greke ba mu makumi a bidimu bia kumpala kua Kristo bu bantu bavua baluangane ne dikima dionso bua kufika ku dimanya kampanda dia Nzambi, kadi mu tshijimajima, bu bantu batete bua kupatula Yezu mu tshibuashibuashi patupu mu Atena, bua kufuikakaja Buena-Kristo mu mitu yabu ya bampangano kabayi meji.”

Plotin (205-270 B.B.), eu uvuaku kumpala kua bedi ba meji aba, wakapatula ngenyi mishindamene nangananga pa malongesha a Platon. Plotin wakapatula dilongesha dia anyima mutapuluke ne mubidi. Mulongeshi Washburn Hopkins wakamba bua Plotin ne: “Dilongesha diende dia malu a Nzambi . . . divua dishintulule bikole ba-Tatu ba ngenyi ya Buena-Kristo.”

“Buena-Kristo busambakaja ne ngenyi ya bena Greke” ne “Nkindi ya Buena-Kristo”

Bituadijile mu siekele muibidi B.B., bedi ba meji “bena Kristo” bakenza madikolela a tshisumi bua kulongesha bena meji bampangano. Nansha muvua mupostolo Paulo mudimuije patoke bua ‘kuepuka biakulakula bidi kabiyi biakanangane ne ditabuja’ ne “mpata ya malu adibo babikila mu dishima ne: ‘Ndungenyi,’” balongeshi aba bakasambakaja malongesha abu ne malu a nkindi mangatshila mu bilele bia bena Greke bavua babanyunguluke. (1 Timote 6:20, MML) Tshilejilu tshia Philon tshivua tshisua kuleja ne: kudi mushindu wa kukeba diumvuangana pankatshi pa Bible ne ngenyi ya Platon.​—Tangila 2 Petelo 1:16.

Bionso abi bivua anu bua kunyanga bulelela bua mu Bible. Balongeshi “bena Kristo” bakakeba bua kuleja ne: Buena-Kristo buvua bumvuangana ne nkindi ya bena Greke ne bena Lomo idi itangila muntu ne disanka diende. Clément wa ku Alexandrie ne Origène (siekele muibidi ne muisatu B.B.) bakavuija malongesha a Platon mashintulula bu tshishimikidi tshiakalua “Nkindi ya Buena-Kristo.” Ambroise (339-397 B.B.), muepiskopo wa mu tshimenga tshia Milan, uvua “mulonge malu a mamanya atshivua apatukilaku mu Grèce, a bena Kristo ne a bampangano​—nangananga mikanda . . . ya mumpangano Plotin, mulondi wa ngenyi ya Platon ivuabu bashintulule.” Wakakeba bua kupesha bamanyi ba mukanda bena Lomo ngumvuilu wa Buena-Kristo bilondeshile ngenyi ya bena Greke ne bena Lomo. Augustin wakalonda tshilejilu tshiende!

Siekele umue pashishe, Denys wa ku Aleopago (uvuabu babikila kabidi ne: Denys wa dishima), pamu’apa uvua mudiambike wa mu Sulia, wakakeba bua kusangisha nkindi ya malongesha a Platon avuabu bashintulule ne “teoloji (anyi dilongesha dia malu a Nzambi) wa bena Kristo.” Bilondeshile tshibungu kampanda, “mikanda yende yakabueja ngenyi mipiamipia ya Platon mu malongesha ne malu a mu nyuma a bena Kristo ba mu tshikondo tshia Moyen-Âge . . . ngenyi idi itungunuka ne kuleja ngikadilu mishilangane bua kujadika bikala mikanda eyi ya malu a Nzambi too ne lelu’eu.” Edi ndipetula mubelu wa mupostolo Paulo wakafilaye bua kudimukila ‘nkindi ne lubombo lua patupu, bu mudi bilele biamba kudi bantu.’​—Kolosai 2:8.

Bantu bakanyanga malu

Bakamba ne: “Bena Kristo balondi ba Platon bakatamba kushindamena pa malu masokolola ne bavua bangata nkindi ya Platon bu tshintu tshitambe buimpe tshivua mua kuambuluisha bua kumvua ne kubingisha malongesha a mu Mifundu ne bilele bia ekleziya.”

Platon nkayende uvua mutuishibue ne: kudi anyima utu kayi ufua. Tumanye ne: dimue dia ku malongesha manene a dishima akabuela mu teoloji wa “bena Kristo” ndia anyima utu kayi ufua. Kakuena mushindu nansha mukese wa kubingisha ditaba dia dilongesha edi pa kudingila ku se: ndisake bantu ba bungi ku dianyisha Buena-Kristo nansha. Pavuaye uyisha mu Atena, nsangilu muine wa bilele bia bena Greke, mupostolo Paulo kakalongesha dilongesha dia Platon dia anyima utu kayi ufua nansha. Kadi wakalongesha dilongesha dia bena Kristo dia dibika dia bafue, nansha muvua bena Greke ba bungi bavua bamuteleja bamone bikole bua kuitaba tshivuaye wamba.​—Bienzedi 17:22-32.

Bishilangane ne nkindi wa bena Greke, Mifundu idi ileja patoke ne: anyima ki ntshintu tshidi natshi muntu kadi ntshidiye. (Genese 2:7) Padi muntu ufua, anyima kêna kabidi ne muoyo nansha. (Yehezekele 18:4) Muambi 9:5 udi utuambila ne: ‘Bualu bua badi ne muoyo badi bamanye ne: netufue; kadi bafue kabena bamanye bualu [nansha] bumue, kabena ne difutu diabu kabidi; kabena babavuluka.’ Mu Bible kamutu dilongesha dia anyima utu kayi ufua nansha.

Dikuabu dilongesha dia dishima ndidi ditangila muaba uvua nawu Yezu bangabanga ne kuluaye bu muntu pa buloba, dilongesha dia se: uvua mumue ne Tatuende. Mukanda kampanda (The Church of the First Three Centuries) udi umvuija ne: “Dilongesha dia Busatu Bunsantu . . . ndifumine kua naka, ki mmu Mifundu ya Bena-Yuda anyi ya bena Kristo to.” Nkuepi kuakafuminadi? Dilongesha edi “diakatuadija ne bakadibueja mu Buena-Kristo kudi ba-Tatu balongeshi ba ngenyi ya Platon.”

Bushuwa, mu bungi bua bidimu, bu muvua buenzeji bua malongesha a Platon avuabu bashintulule buenda bukola kudi ba-Tatu ba Ekleziya, balongeshi ba Busatu Bunsantu bakapeta mpunga wa kubingisha dilongesha edi. Bidi bimueneka ne: nkindi ya Platon mishintulula ya mu siekele muisatu yakabambuluisha bua kukeba diumvuangana pankatshi pa tshidi katshiyi mua kumvuangana​—kuvuija Nzambi isatu imueneka bu Nzambi umue. Bikale bafila ngenyi ya malu a nkindi, bakamba mudi bantu basatu mua kuikala Nzambi umue eku muntu yonso wa ku basatu aba ushala mulame bumuntu buende.

Kadi bulelela bua mu Bible budi buleja patoke se: Yehowa nkayende udi Nzambi Wa-Bukole-Buonso, Yezu Kristo m’Muanende wakafukaye, mushadile kudiye, ne spiritu munsantu mbukole Buende buenzeji. (Dutelonome 6:4; Yeshaya 45:5; Bienzedi 2:4; Kolosai 1:15; Buakabuluibua 3:14) Dilongesha dia Busatu Bunsantu didi dipepeja Nzambi umuepele mulelela ne didi dikondakaja bantu, dibapambula kule ne Nzambi udibu kabayi mua kumvua.

Buenzeji bua malongesha a Platon mashintulula buakanyanga kabidi ditekemena dia bidimu tshinunu dia mu Mifundu didi nadi bena Kristo. (Buakabuluibua 20:4-6) Origène mmumanyike bua muvuaye udiwula balongeshi ba ditekemena dia bidimu tshinunu. Bua tshinyi uvua uluisha dilongesha edi dishindamene pa Bible divua diakula bua bukokeshi bua Kristo bua bidimu tshinunu? Tshibungu kampanda tshidi tshiandamuna ne: “Bu muvua malongesha ende mashindamene pa ngenyi ya Platon mishintulula . . . , [Origène] kavua mua kulamata ku tshia bantu bavua bitaba dilongesha dia bukokeshi bua bidimu tshinunu nansha.”​—The Catholic Encyclopedia.

Bulelela

Malu onso atudi batele kuulu eku kaavua umvuangana ne bulelela nansha. Bulelela nnsangilu mujima wa malongesha a bena Kristo adi mu Bible. (2 Kolinto 4:2; Tite 1:1, 14; 2 Yone 1-4) Bible ke mpokolo umuepele wa bulelela.​—Yone 17:17; 2 Timote 3:16.

Kadi muluishi wa Yehowa, wa bulelela, wa bukua-bantu ne wa muoyo wa tshiendelele​—Satana Diabolo, ‘mushipianganyi’ ne ‘tatu wa mashimi’—​mmukuate mudimu ne ngenyi mikonyangale ya mishindu yonso bua kunyanga bulelela. (Yone 8:44; tangila 2 Kolinto 11:3.) Munkatshi mua bintu bidi ne bukole bua bungi bidiye mukuate nabi mudimu bua kunyanga malu ne ngikadilu wa malongesha a bena Kristo mudi malongesha a nkindi ya bampangano bena Greke, adi mikale aleja menemene ngelelu wende wa lungenyi.

Disambakaja edi dibi dia malongesha a bena Kristo ne nkindi ya bena Greke didi dileja muvuabu bakeba bua kutekesha bulelela bua mu Bible, bua kukepesha bukole buabu ne kupangisha bua kababuanyishi kudi bantu bena bupuekele ne bena muoyo mulenga badi bakeba bua kubulonga. (1 Kolinto 3:1, 2, 19, 20) Disambakaja edi dia malongesha didi kabidi ditangile ku dinyanga bukezuke bua malongesha matoke a mu Bible, dibuitshidija dishilangana didi pankatshi pa bulelela ne dishima.

Lelu’eu, ku bulombodi bua Yezu Kristo, Mfumu wa tshisumbu, mbapingaje malongesha malelela a bena Kristo bu muvuawu kumpala. Kabidi, mbipepele bua bantu badi bakeba bulelela ne muoyo mujima kumanyinabu tshisumbu tshilelela tshia bena Kristo ku mamuma atshi. (Matayo 7:16, 20) Bantemu ba Yehowa mbasue ne badi bajinga kuambuluisha bantu aba bua kupeta mâyi a bulelela adi kaayi manyanguke ne kubakuatshisha bua kushalabu balamate bikole ku bumpianyi bua muoyo wa tshiendelele budi Tatu wetu Yehowa mufile.​—Yone 4:14; 1 Timote 6:19.

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 11]

Augustin

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua bimfuanyi mu dibeji 10]

Mifundu ya mu tshiena-Greke: Miangatshila mu mukanda wa Ancient Greek Writers: Plato’s Phaedo, 1957, Ioannis N. Zacharopoulos, mu Atena; Platon: Musei Capitolini, ku Lomo