Nshapita Wa Dikumi Ne Muinayi

Bakalenge Babidi badi Bashintuluka

1, 2. (a) Ntshinyi tshiakafikisha Antiyokuse IV bua kuitaba malu avua Lomo umusuisha? (b) Ndîba kayi diakalua Sulia provense wa bena Lomo?

ANTIYOKUSE IV mukokeshi wa mu Sulia udi ukuata Ejipitu ne uditeka mukalenge wa ditunga edi. Ku dilomba dia Petolemeye VI Mukalenge wa Ejipitu, Lomo udi utuma Mulopo Caius Popilius Laenas mu Ejipitu. Udi ulua ne mazuwa a mvita mavule ne mukenji udi Tshipangu tshikulu tshia bena Lomo tshitume ne: Antiyokuse IV umbuke mu bukalenge bua mu Ejipitu ne umbuke mene mu ditunga edi. Mukalenge wa mu Sulia ne mulopo wa bena Lomo badi batuilangana mpala ne mpala ku Éleusis, musoko wa pa mpenga wa mu Alesandelia. Antiyokuse IV udi ulomba bua anji kuya kuyukila ne bafidi bende ba mibelu, kadi Laenas udi wela tshijengu tshinyunguluke mukalenge eu ne umuambila bua andamune kumpala kua yeye kutshisambuka. Ne bundu ku mêsu, Antiyokuse IV udi utumikila dîyi dituma kudi Lomo ne upingana mu Sulia mu 168 K.B.B. Mushindu’au ke udi dikokangana pankatshi pa mukalenge wa ku nôde muena Sulia ne mukalenge wa ku sude muena Ejipitu dijika.

² Bu mudi Lomo muikale ne dîyi dia kuamba mu malu a mu matunga a ku Proche-Orient, udi utungunuka ne kuenzeja Sulia malu adiye musue. Nunku, nansha mudi bakalenge bakuabu ba mu mulongo wa Selesiya bakokesha mu Sulia kunyima kua lufu lua Antiyokuse IV mu 163 K.B.B., kabena bangata muaba wa ‘mukalenge wa ku nôde’ to. (Danyele 11:15) Ndekelu wa bionso Sulia udi ulua provense wa Lomo mu 64 K.B.B.

3. Ndîba kayi ne mmunyi muvua Lomo mufike ku ditamba Ejipitu bukole?

³ Mulongo wa bakokeshi ba mu Ejipitu bena mu dîku dia Petolemeye wakatungunuka ne muanzu wa ‘mukalenge wa ku sude’ munkatshi mua bidimu bipite kakese pa 130 kunyima kua lufu lua Antiyokuse IV. (Danyele 11:14) Mu mvita ya ku Actium, mu 31 K.B.B., Octavien mukokeshi wa bena Lomo udi utshimuna biluilu bidisange, tshia Kleyopatra VII mukalenge-mukaji wa mu mulongo wa ba Petolemeye, ne tshia Marc Antoine muena Lomo uvuabu banangangane nende. Padi Kleyopatra udishipa tshidimu tshidi tshilonda, Ejipitu pende udi ulua provense wa bena Lomo ne kêna kabidi ne muaba wa mukalenge wa ku sude to. Mu 30 K.B.B., Lomo udi utamba Sulia ne Ejipitu bukole. Tudiku ne bua kutekemena mpindieu bua makokeshi makuabu kuangatawu muaba wa mukalenge wa ku nôde ne mukalenge wa ku sude anyi?

MUKALENGE MUPIAMUPIA UDI UTUMA “MULAMBUISHI”

4. Bua tshinyi tudi ne bua kutekemena tshisumbu tshikuabu tshia bakokeshi bua kuangatabu muaba wa mukalenge wa ku nôde?

⁴ Mu muvu wa printemps wa mu 33 B.B., Yezu Kristo wakambila bayidi bende ne: ‘Panuamona [tshintu tshibipe tshidi tshikebesha] dibutuka, tshiakambabu kudi muprofete Danyele, tshimane mu muaba wa tshijila, ku tshikondo atshi badi mu Yudaya banyemene ku mikuna.’ (Matayo 24:15, 16) Yezu wakatela mêyi a mu Danyele 11:31 bua kudimuija bayidi bende bua dilua dia ‘tshintu tshibipe tshidi tshikebesha dibutuka.’ Bakafila mulayi eu uvua utangila mukalenge wa ku nôde bidimu bitue ku 195 kunyima kua lufu lua Antiyokuse IV, mukalenge wa mu Sulia wa ndekelu uvua ne muanzu eu. Bushuwa, tshisumbu tshikuabu tshia bakokeshi tshivua ne bua kuangata muaba wa mukalenge wa ku nôde. Bakokeshi abu bavua banganyi?

5. Nnganyi wakajuka bu mukalenge wa ku nôde, kuangataye muaba wa Antiyokuse IV?

⁵ Muanjelu wa Yehowa Nzambi wakamanyisha ne: ‘Mukuabu neapingane mu muaba wende [wa Antiyokuse IV]; neatume mulambuishi bua kupitaye ku luseke lua bukalenge ludi lupita bulengele; kadi papita anu matuku mîpi, yeye neumushibue kakuyi tshiji, kakuyi mvita.’ (Danyele 11:20) Muntu ‘wakapingana’ nunku uvua Octavien, amperere wa kumpala wa bena Lomo, uvua mumanyike ku dîna dia Kaisa Augusto.—Bala tshiena-bualu tshia: “Umue mutumbisha, mukuabu mupetula,” mu dibeji dia 248.

6. (a) Ndîba kayi divuabu batume “mulambuishi” bua kupitshilaye mu ‘luseke lua bukalenge ludi lupita bulengele,’ ne mmushinga kayi uvua nawu muanda eu? (b) Bua tshinyi tudi mua kuamba ne: Augusto wakafua ‘kakuyi tshiji, kakuyi mvita’? (c) Ndishintuluka kayi diakamueneka pa bidi bitangila mukalenge wa ku nôde?

⁶ ‘Luseke lua bukalenge ludi lupita bulengele’ lua Augusto luvua luangata “buloba bulengele,” mbuena kuamba ne: provense wa Yudaya uvua mu bianza bia bena Lomo. (Danyele 11:16) Mu 2 K.B.B., Augusto wakatuma “mulambuishi” pakatumaye dîyi bua bafunde mêna a bantu anyi babale bungi buabu, pamu’apa bua yeye kumanya bungi buabu bua kubalambuishaye bitadi ne bua mudimu wa busalayi. Bua mukenji eu uvuaye muele, Yosefe ne Mariya bakenza luendu batangile ku Beteleheme bua kudifundisha ku mikanda ya mbulamatadi, kufikishabi ku diledibua dia Yezu muaba ukavuabu badianjile kumanyisha. (Mika 5:2; Matayo 2:1-12) Mu ngondo wa Tshimungu wa 14 B.B., ‘mu matuku mîpi’ peshi matuku makese panyima pa diela dia mukenji bua kufundabu bantu ku mikanda ya mbulamatadi, Augusto wakafua ne bidimu 76, kayi mushipa mu “tshiji” kudi muntu kampanda peshi mu ‘mvita,’ kadi mufue disama. Mukalenge wa ku nôde uvua mushintuluke tshia bushuwa! Mukalenge eu ke uvua mulue mpindieu Ampire wa bena Lomo mulombola kudi ba-amperere bende.

‘MUNTU UDIBU BAPETULA UDI UJUKA’

7, 8. (a) Nnganyi wakapingana mu muaba wa Augusto wa mukalenge wa ku nôde? (b) Bua tshinyi bakapesha Augusto Kaisa “bunême bua bukalenge” ku tshimfula-muoyo?

⁷ Muanjelu wakatungunuka ne mulayi wamba ne: ‘Muntu udi bakuabu bapetula neapingane mu muaba wende [wa Augusto], [bushuwa kabakumuambika bunême bua bukalenge]; yeye neamueneke mu tshikondo tshidi bantu basombe talalaa, neapete bukalenge ku mêyi ende a lubombo. Bena mvita nebanyeme kumpala kuende bu mâyi mapasalale mapite mielelu ya musulu, nebabutudibue; mukalenge wa tshipungidi kabidi neabutudibue.’—Danyele 11:21, 22.

⁸ ‘Muntu udi bakuabu bapetula’ uvua Tibelio Kaisa, muana wa Livie, mukaji muisatu wa Augusto. (Bala “Umue mutumbisha, mukuabu mupetula,” mu dibeji dia 248.) Augusto uvua mukine muana wa mukajende eu bua ngikadilu yende mibi ne kavua musue bua yeye kulua Kaisa nansha. Bakamupesha “bunême bua bukalenge” ku tshimfula-muoyo anu kunyima kua bakuabu bonso bavua mua kuangata muanzu eu bamane kufua. Augusto wakangata Tibelio bu muanende mudila buledi mu tshidimu 4 B.B. ne yeye kumuteka mupianyi wa nkuasa wa bumfumu. Kunyima kua lufu lua Augusto, Tibelio (muikale ne bidimu 54), muntu uvuabu bapetula, ‘wakapingana mu muaba wende,’ kuangataye bukokeshi bua kuikala amperere wa bena Lomo ne mukalenge wa ku nôde.

9. Mmunyi muvua Tibelio ‘mupete bukalenge ku mêyi ende a lubombo’?

⁹ Mukanda mukuabu udi wamba ne: “Tibelio, wakashimakaja bena mu Tshipangu tshikulu ne mu matuku mafike ku ngondo mujima [kunyima kua lufu lua Augusto] kakabanyishila bua bamuteke amperere to.” (The New Encyclopædia Britannica) Wakambila bena Tshipangu tshikulu etshi ne: pa kumbusha Augusto kakuvua muntu mukuabu uvua mua kuambula bujitu bua kukokesha Ampire wa bena Lomo, ne wakabalomba bua bapingaje ditunga dilue repiblike mukokesha kudi tshisumbu tshia bantu pamutu pa muntu umuepele. Mufundi wa miyuki ya kale Will Durant wakamba ne: “Bu muvuabu kabayi basue kuitaba bivuaye wamba, bena mu Tshipangu tshikulu bakamuela kalumbandi ne kumutua makumbu too ne pakitabaye bua kuangata bumfumu.” Durant wakamba kabidi ne: “Mayele aa akakumbana ku nseke yonso ibidi. Tibelio uvua musue nkokeshilu wa ampire musambakaja ne amue malu a mu repiblike, uvuabu babikila ne: principat, tshianana uvua mua kukeba mushindu wa kuepuka nkokeshilu eu; bena mu Tshipangu tshikulu bavua batshina Tibelio ne kabavua bamusue to, kadi kabavua mua kuteta bua kupingaja kabidi ditunga bua dilue repiblike to.” Mushindu’eu ke uvua Tibelio ‘mupete bukalenge ku mêyi ende a lubombo.’

10. Mmunyi ‘muakabutudibua bena mvita’?

¹⁰ Pa bidi bitangila ‘bena mvita,’ mmumue ne: basalayi ba mu makalenge avua mabanyunguluke, muanjelu wakamba ne: ‘Nebanyeme bu mâyi mapasalale mapite mielelu ya musulu, nebabutudibue.’ Pakalua Tibelio mukalenge wa ku nôde, Germanicus Kaisa muana wa muanabu wa bakaji, ke uvua kamanda ka masalayi a bena Lomo ku Musulu wa Rhin. Mu 15 B.B., Germanicus wakaya ne basalayi bende bua kuluisha Arminius, tshilobo tshia bena mvita ba bena Allemagne, yeye kumutshimuna kakese. Kadi, misangu mikese ivuaye mutshimune uvua mujimije basalayi ba bungi, pashishe Tibelio wakalekela dituma basalayi bua kuya kuluisha bena Allemagne. Kadi wakajudija mvita pankatshi pa bena ditunga bua kumona mua kupangisha bisa bia mu Allemagne bua kudisanga mu buobumue. Pa tshibidilu, tshididi tshia Tibelio tshivua tshia kukuba ditunga ne wakatamba kudifila ku dilama bimpe mikalu ya ditunga edi. Lungenyi elu luakakumbana bimpe. Mushindu’eu ke wakatekeshabu ‘bena mvita’ ne ‘wakabutudibuabu.’

11. Mmushindu kayi ‘wakabutudibua Mukalenge wa tshipungidi’?

¹¹ ‘Mukalenge wa tshipungidi’ tshivua Yehowa Nzambi mudie ne Abalahama bua kubenesha mêku onso a pa buloba ‘wakabutudibua’ pende. Yezu Kristo ke uvua Kankanunuina ka Abalahama kavuabu balaye mu tshipungidi atshi. (Genese 22:18; Galatia 3:16) Mu dia 14 Nisana 33 B.B., Yezu wakimana kumpala kua Pontio Pilato mu nzubu wa ngovena wa bena Lomo mu Yelushalema. Bakuidi bena Yuda bavua bafunde Yezu bamba ne: uvua mutungile amperere tshitungu. Kadi Yezu wakambila Pilato ne: ‘Bukalenge buanyi kabuena bua pa buloba ebu. Bukalenge buanyi kabuena bua kunoko.’ Bua ngovena wa bena Lomo kalekedi Yezu eu uvua kayi ne bualu, bena Yuda bakela mbila ne: ‘Biwalekela muntu eu, kuena mulunda wa Kaisa; muntu yonso udi udivuija bu mukalenge udi utombokela Kaisa.’ Kunyima kua bobu bamane kulomba bua bashipe Yezu, bakamba ne: ‘Katuena ne mukalenge mukuabu, anu Kaisa.’ Bilondeshile mukenji udibu babikila ne: “lèse-majesté,” uvua Tibelio mualabaje bua kunyoka too ne muntu uvua wamba Kaisa nansha ka-bualu kakese bu tshipendu, Pilato wakafila Yezu bua ‘abutudibue’ anyi bua bamushipele ku mutshi wa makenga.—Yone 18:36; 19:12-16; Mâko 15:14-20.

MUKOKESHI WA TSHIKISU ‘UDI UPANGADIJA MALU ADIYE MUSUE KUENZA’

12. (a) Mbanganyi bakatua ndondo ne Tibelio? (b) Mmushindu kayi uvua Tibelio ‘muvudije bukole buende, nansha muvuaye ne bantu bakese bavua bamulonda’?

¹² Muanjelu wakatungunuka ne kumanyisha malu avua atangila Tibelio, wamba ne: “Yeye mutue ndondo ne muntu, udi amu umudinga. Mushindu ewu, neavudije bukole buende, nansha yeye ne bantu bakese badi bamulonda.” (Danyele 11:23, MMM) Bena mu Tshipangu tshikulu tshia bena Lomo bavua ‘batua ndondo’ ne Tibelio bilondeshile mikenji, ne yeye uvua ubeyemena anu bia tshidingishilu. Kadi uvua ubashima, ne mu bulelela wakavudija “bukole buende, nansha [muvuaye] ne bantu bakese [bavua] bamulonda.” Bantu bakese abu bavua basalayi bena Lomo bavua balama amperere, bavua base anu pabuipi ne ngumbu ya Lomo. Dikala diabu pabuipi apu divua ditshingisha bena mu Tshipangu tshikulu ne diambuluisha Tibelio bua kubabidila buntomboji buonso buvua bantu mua kujudila bukokeshi buende. Tibelio wakashala ne bukole ku diambuluisha dia basalayi bavua bamulame batue ku 10000.

13. Mmu malu kayi muvua Tibelio mupite bankambua bende?

¹³ Muanjelu wakamba kabidi ne: ‘Mu tshikondo tshidi bantu basombe talalaa, nealue ku miaba ya mu provense idi mipite bulengele, neenze malu adi batatuende anyi bankambua bende kabayi banji kuenza. Neabanyine ba munkatshi muabu bintu biakunyengaye, bintu biakupaulaye ne biuma bikuabu. E, neapangadije malu adiye musue kuenzela misoko miasa ne ngumbu ya mvita, kadi neenze nunku [too ne tshikondo kampanda].’ (Danyele 11:24) Tibelio uvua utamba kubandangana ne malu be, ke bualu kayi mu bukokeshi buende uvua mushipeshe bantu ba bungi ba dikema. Matuku a ndekelu a bukokeshi buende avua muule tente ne tshikisu, tshienzeja nangananga kudi Séjan, uvua kamanda ka masalayi avua alama amperere. Ndekelu wa bionso, bakabanda pende Séjan ne bobu kumushipa. Tibelio uvua mupite bankambua bende ku mushindu uvuaye ukisa bantu.

14. (a) Mmu ngumvuilu kayi muvua Tibelio muabanyine bantu ‘bintu biakanyengaye ne bintu biakapawulaye ne biuma bikuabu’ mu provense yonso ya mu Lomo? (b) Mmunyi muakangatabu Tibelio pakafuaye?

¹⁴ Nansha nanku, Tibelio wakabanyinangana ‘bintu bivuaye munyenge ne biuma bikuabu’ mu provense yonso ya bena Lomo. Mu tshikondo tshiakafuaye atshi, bantu bonso bavuaye ukokesha bavua ne bubanji bua bungi. Bitadi bivua mushinga mutekete, ne uvua upesha bantu bavua mu miaba ivua ntatu bintu. Pavua basalayi anyi bena mbulamatadi bakengesha muntu anyi bakosa bilumbu bibi, bavua ne bua kutekemena dinyoka dia kudi amperere. Dikokesha ne dîsu dikole nunku diakenza bua se: kuikale bupole mu bantu, ne njila mienza bimpe yakafila mushindu wa kuenda mushinga. Tibelio uvua musue bua bikale bakosa bilumbu ne lukasa kakuyi kansungansunga munda ne pambelu pa Lomo. Bakalengeja mikenji, ne bakalengeja kabidi mêyi ne mikandu ya nsombelu ne ngikadilu wa bantu mu dilonda malu akavua Augusto Kaisa mutuadije kushintulula. Nansha nanku, Tibelio ‘wakapangadija malu avuaye musue kuenza,’ ke mufundi wa miyuki ya kale Tacite kufika ku dimuamba ne: uvua muntu muena lubombo, mupiluke mu didipesha bimuenekelu bia dishima. Pakafuaye mu Luabanya 37 B.B., bantu bavua bangata Tibelio bu muena tshikisu.

15. Nsombelu uvua mushindu kayi mu Lomo ku ndekelu kua lukama lua kumpala ne ku ntuadijilu kua lukama luibidi lua bidimu mu bikondo bietu ebi?

¹⁵ Munkatshi mua bantu bakapingana Tibelio bavua bangate muaba wa mukalenge wa ku nôde muvua Gaisus César (Caligula), Claude I, Néron, Vespasien, Titus, Domitien, Nerva, Trajan ne Hadrien. Mukanda kampanda udi wamba ne: “Bapinganyi ba Augusto bakatungunuka ne kulonda nkokeshilu wende ne ndongamu wende wa luibaku, nansha muvuabu kabayi batambe kushintulula bintu bia bungi kadi bikale baditambisha bikole.” Mukanda muine eu udi wamba kabidi ne: “Ku ndekelu kua lukama lua kumpala ne ku ntuadijilu kua lukama luibidi lua bidimu, ampire wa bena Lomo uvua mutumbe bikole bua bunene buende ne bua bungi bua bantu bavuamu.” (The New Encyclopædia Britannica) Nansha muvua Ampire wa bena Lomo muikale ne ndululu ku mikalu yende, diluangana diende dia kumpala ne mukalenge wa ku sude dikavuabu bamanyishe kadiakenzeka kumpala kua lukama luisatu lua bidimu mu bikondo bietu ebi.

UDI ULUISHA MUKALENGE WA KU SUDE

16, 17. (a) Nnganyi wakangata muaba wa mukalenge wa ku nôde udibu bambe mu Danyele 11:25? (b) Nnganyi wakalua kuangata muaba wa mukalenge wa ku sude, ne mmunyi muakenzeka bualu ebu?

¹⁶ Muanjelu wa Nzambi wakatungunuka ne mulayi, wamba ne: ‘[Yeye (mukalenge wa ku nôde) neajule] tshisumbu tshinene tshia masalayi, neikale ne bukole ne dikima bua kuluisha mukalenge wa ku sude. Mukalenge wa ku sude nealuangane nende mvita ne tshisumbu tshia bena mvita tshipite bunene ne bukole, kadi [mukalenge wa ku nôde] neapange mu mvita bualu bua nebamuelele bifufu. Bushuwa, badi badia biakudia biende bisheme nebamupangishishe mu mvita, bena mvita bende nebatangalake bu mudi mâyi a mu musulu mapasalale mapite mielelu yawu; ba bungi nebapone panshi bashipibue.’—Danyele 11:25, 26.

¹⁷ Bidimu bu 300 kunyima kua Octavien mumane kuvuija Ejipitu provense wa bena Lomo, Amperere wa bena Lomo Aurélien wakangata muaba wa mukalenge wa ku nôde. Mu tshikondo atshi, Mukalenge-mukaji Septimia Zenobia (Zénobie) wa mu tshimenga tshia Palmyre tshivua ku bupika bua bena Lomo wakangata muaba wa mukalenge wa ku sude.a (Bala “Zénobie: Mukalenge-mukaji muluanganyi wa mvita wa mu Palmyre,” mu dibeji dia 252.) Basalayi ba tshiluilu tshia mu Palmyre bakakuata Ejipitu mu 269 B.B., bashima muvuabu bakeba kumulamina bena Lomo. Zénobie uvua musue kuvuija Palmyre tshimenga tshinene tshia ku esete ne uvua ujinga kukokesha provense ya Lomo ivua ku esete. Bu muvuaye mupampakaja kudi lukuka lua kukokesha luvua nalu mukaji eu, Aurélien wakajula “tshisumbu tshinene tshia masalayi” bua kuluisha Zénobie.

18. Mmushindu kayi wakajika mvita ivua pankatshi pa Amperere Aurélien mukalenge wa ku nôde ne Mukalenge-mukaji Zénobie mukalenge wa ku sude?

¹⁸ Mukalenge wa ku sude (tshisumbu tshia bakokeshi tshilombola kudi Zénobie) ‘wakaluangana’ mvita ne mukalenge wa ku nôde ‘ne tshisumbu tshia bena mvita tshipite bunene ne bukole,’ tshilombola kudi ba-jenerale babidi: Zabdas ne Zabai. Kadi Aurélien wakakuata Ejipitu ne kutumaye basalayi ku mvita mu Asia Mukese ne mu Sulia. Bakatshimuna Zénobie ku Émèse (lelu Homs), nanku ke yeye kunyemena mu Palmyre. Pakajingila Aurélien tshimenga atshi, Zénobie wakatshiluila mvita ne dikima dionso, kadi kakatshimuna to. Yeye ne muanende wa balume bakanyemena mu Pelasa, kadi bena Lomo bakamukuatshila pabuipi ne Musulu wa Pelata. Bena mu Palmyre bakadifidila nkayabu tshimenga tshiabu mu 272 B.B. Aurélien wakalama Zénobie ne muoyo, kumuvuijaye tshintu tshia kuleja bantu mu luendu luende lua butshimunyi mu Lomo mu 274 B.B. Wakajikijila kuine aku matuku ende a muoyo avua mashale bu inabanza muena Lomo.

19. Mmunyi muakapona Aurélien bua ‘bifufu bivuabu bamuelele’?

¹⁹ Aurélien nkayende ‘wakapanga mu mvita bualu bua bifufu biakamuelelabu.’ Mu 275 B.B., wakatuma basalayi bua kuya kuluisha bena Pelasa. Pavuaye muindile mu Thrace bua kupeta mushindu wa kusabuka dia muamua dia mâyi ne kubuela mu Asia Mukese, bantu bavua ‘badia biakudia biende’ bakamuelela bifufu ne bakamupangishisha ‘mu mvita.’ Ukavua pa kunyoka mufundi wende Eros bua malu kampanda avua kaayi mimpe. Kadi Eros wakafuikakaja mêna a basalayi bavuabu bafundile lufu. Pakamona basalayi abu dibeji divua ne mêna abu au, bakelela Aurélien tshifufu bua kumushipa.

20. Mmunyi muvua ‘bena mvita’ ba mukalenge wa ku nôde ‘bapasalale bu mudi mâyi a musulu mapite mielelu yawu’?

²⁰ Lufu lua Amperere Aurélien kaluvua ndekelu wa muanzu wa mukalenge wa ku nôde to. Kuakalua bakokeshi bakuabu bena Lomo. Munkatshi mua tshikondo kampanda, kuvua amperere wa ku wesete ne wa ku esete. Pavua bantu aba bakokesha, ‘bena mvita’ ba mukalenge wa ku nôde bavua ‘bapasalale bu mudi mâyi a mu musulu mupite mielelu yawu,’ anyi bavua ‘batangalake,’b ne ba bungi ‘bakapona panshi bashipibue’ mu mvita ivuabu babaluisha kudi bisa bia bena Allemagne bivua bibuelela ku nôde. Ba-Goth bakabuela ku bukole mu Ampire wa bena Lomo mu bidimu bia 300 B.B. Ku tshimue ku tshimue, bisa ebi biakatungunuka ne kuluisha bena Lomo. Mu 476 B.B., mfumu wa bena Allemagne Odoacre wakumbusha amperere wa ndekelu uvua ukokesha mu Lomo mu nkuasa. Ku ntuadijilu kua bidimu bia 500, Ampire wa bena Lomo wa ku wesete ukavua mukosoloke, ne bakalenge bena Allemagne bavua bakokesha mu Bretagne, mu Gaule, mu Italie, mu Afrike wa ku nôde ne mu Espagne. Tshitupa tshia ku esete tshia Ampire eu tshiakashala tshiotshi too ne mu bidimu bia 1400.

AMPIRE MUNENE UDI UPANDULUKA

21, 22. Mmalu kayi akashintulula Constantin mu bidimu bia 300 B.B.?

²¹ Kayi wakula bua tunungu tua malu avua kaayi ne mushinga avua atangila dikosoloka dia Ampire wa bena Lomo, muanjelu wa Yehowa wakatungunuka ne kumanyisha malu makuabu avua mukalenge wa ku nôde ne mukalenge wa ku sude ne bua kuenza. Kadi dikonkonona mu tshikoso amue malu avua menzeke mu Ampire wa bena Lomo nedituambuluishe bua kumanya bakalenge babidi aba badi baluishangana mu bikondo bia ku ndekelu ebi.

²² Mu bidimu bia 300, Amperere wa bena Lomo Constantin wakanyisha Bukua-Buena-Kristo bupange lulamatu ku mikanda ya Mbulamatadi. Wakabueja mene tshipangu tshia ekeleziya ne kutshilombolaye yeye nkayende mu Nicée, mu Asia Mukese, mu 325 B.B. Kunyima, Constantin wakumbusha tshimenga tshikulu tshia ampire mu Lomo ne kutshitumaye mu Byzance peshi Constantinople, nunku yeye kuvuija Byzance tshimenga tshiende tshikulu tshipiatshipia. Ampire wa bena Lomo wakatungunuka ku bukokeshi bua amperere umue too ne pakafua Amperere Théodose I, mu dia 17 Tshiongo 395 B.B.

23. (a) Mmunyi muakapandululabu Ampire wa bena Lomo kunyima kua lufu lua Théodose? (b) Ndîba kayi diakafua Ampire wa ku esete? (c) Nnganyi uvua ukokesha mu Ejipitu mu 1517?

²³ Kunyima kua lufu lua Théodose, bana bende ba balume bakabanyangana Ampire wa bena Lomo. Honorius wakangata tshitupa tshia ku wesete, ne Arcadius tshitupa tshia ku esete, tshivua ne Constantinople bu tshimenga tshikulu. Bretagne (Grande-Bretagne), Gaule, Italie, Espagne ne Afrike wa ku nôde bivua munkatshi mua provense ivua mu tshitupa tshia ku wesete. Makedonia, Thrace, Asia Mukese, Sulia ne Ejipitu bivua provense ya mu tshitupa tshia ku esete. Mu 642 B.B., Alesandelia (tshimenga tshikulu tshia Ejipitu) wakapona mu bianza bia ba-Sarasin (ba Arabe), ne Ejipitu wakalua provense wa ba-Mizilman. Mu Tshiongo 1449, Constantin XI wakalua amperere wa ndekelu wa ku esete. Ba-Ottoman ba mu Turquie balombola kudi Sultan Mehmed II bakakuata Constantinople mu dia 29 Tshimungu 1453, kushipabu Ampire wa bena Lomo wa ku esete. Mu 1517 Ejipitu wakalua provense wa bena Turquie. Kadi mu bungi bua matuku, ditunga edi divua dia mukalenge wa ku sude kale divua ne bua kulua ku bukokeshi bua ampire mukuabu wa mu tshitupa tshia ku wesete.

24, 25. (a) Bilondeshile bamue bafundi ba miyuki ya kale, mbualu kayi buakaleja ntuadijilu wa Ampire Munsantu wa bena Lomo? (b) Ndekelu wa bionso ntshinyi tshiakenzekela muanzu wa “bu-amperere” wa mu Ampire Munsantu wa bena Lomo?

²⁴ Mu tshitupa tshia ku wesete tshia Ampire wa bena Lomo, muakajuka muepiskopo wa bena Katolike wa ku Lomo, diende Pape Léon I, udi mumanyike bikole bua muvuaye mujadike bukokeshi bua bu-pape mu bidimu bia 400 B.B. Bidimu bia bungi pashishe, pape wakadipesha bukenji bua kuteka amperere mu tshitupa tshia ku wesete. Muanda eu wakenzeka mu Lomo dituku dia Nowele wa tshidimu tshia 800 B.B., pavua Pape Léon III muteke Charles (Charlemagne) Mukalenge wa ba-Franc amperere wa Ampire mupiamupia wa bena Lomo wa ku Wesete. Diteka ba-amperere edi diakambuluisha bua kuikale anu amperere mu Lomo ne, bilondeshile bamue bafundi ba miyuki ya kale, divua ntuadijilu wa Ampire Munsantu wa bena Lomo. Kubangila anu pinapu, kuvua Ampire wa ku esete ne Ampire Munsantu wa bena Lomo wa ku wesete, yonso ibidi idiamba muvuayi ya bena Kristo.

²⁵ Mu kupita kua bidimu, bapinganyi ba Charlemagne bakamueneka kabayi balombodi bimpe nansha. Umue musangu nkuasa wa bu-amperere wakashala munda mutupu. Pinapu, Mukalenge wa mu Allemagne Otton I ukavua mukuate tshitupa tshinene tshia Italie wa ku nôde ne wa pankatshi. Wakaditeka mukalenge wa ditunga dia Italie. Mu dia 2 Luishi 962 B.B., Pape Jean XII wakateka Otton I amperere wa Ampire Munsantu wa bena Lomo. Tshimenga tshiende tshikulu tshivua mu Allemagne, ne ba-amperere bavua ba mu Allemagne, nansha kabidi bantu ba bungi bavuamu. Kunyima kua nkama ya bidimu itanu, bakapesha ndelanganyi ya Habsbourg ya mu ditunga dia Autriche muanzu wa “bu-amperere” ne yakashala nawu bidimu bionso biakanenga Ampire Munsantu wa bena Lomo.

BAKALENGE BABIDI BADI BAPATUKILA KABIDI PATOKE

26. (a) Ntshinyi tshitudi mua kuamba bua difua dia Ampire Munsantu wa bena Lomo? (b) Nnganyi wakajuka bu mukalenge wa ku nôde?

²⁶ Napoléon I wakashipa Ampire Munsantu wa bena Lomo pakabengaye bua kuitaba ne: ampire eu uvuaku panyima pa yeye mumane kutshimuna Allemagne misangu mivule mu 1805. Bu muvuaye kayi ne bukole bua kuluila nkuasa wende wa bumfumu, Amperere François II wakalekela bu-amperere bua mu Lomo mu dia 6 Tshimungu 1806, ne kushalaye anu mu mbulamatadi wa mu ditunga diabu bu amperere wa mu Autriche. Kunyima kua bidimu 1006, Ampire Munsantu wa bena Lomo (muasa kudi Léon III, pape muena Katolike ka mu Lomo ne Charlemagne mukalenge wa ba-Franc) wakafua. Mu 1870, Lomo wakalua tshimenga tshikulu tshia Italie, katshiyi ku bulombodi bua Vatican to. Tshidimu tshiakalonda, ampire wa bena Allemagne wakatuadija ne Guillaume I uvuabu babikila ne: kaisa anyi kaiser. Mushindu eu ke uvua mukalenge wa ku nôde wa mu matuku etu aa, Allemagne, mumueneke patoke mu mianda ya pa buloba.

27. (a) Mmunyi muakafika Ejipitu ku dilua ku bukubi ne bulombodi bua Grande-Bretagne? (b) Nnganyi wakangata muaba wa mukalenge wa ku sude?

²⁷ Nnganyi uvua mukalenge wa ku sude wa mu matuku etu aa? Miyuki ya kale idi ileja ne: Grande-Bretagne wakangata bukokeshi bua ampire mu bidimu bia 1600. Bu muvuaye musue kujika njila ivua Grande-Bretagne wendela mushinga, Napoléon I wakakuata Ejipitu mu 1798. Mvita yakajuka, ne tshipungidi tshivua Grande-Bretagne mudie ne ba-Ottoman tshiakenzeja bena France bua kumbuka mu Ejipitu, uvua muikale mukalenge wa ku sude ku ntuadijilu kua mvita. Mu bidimu bia 1800, biakamueneka ne: bukokeshi bua Grande-Bretagne buakashindama bikole mu Ejipitu. Kunyima kua 1882, Ejipitu wakalua ku bukokeshi bua Grande-Bretagne tshia bushuwa. Pakatuadija Mvita ya Kumpala ya Buloba bujima mu 1914, Ejipitu uvua mu bianza bia Turquie ne khedive anyi mukalenge-tshindondi ke uvua ukokeshamu. Kadi pakalamata Turquie ku luseke lua Allemagne mu mvita ayi, Grande-Bretagne wakumbusha khedive mu nkuasa ne kumanyishaye ne: Grande-Bretagne ke uvua ulombola ne ukuba Ejipitu. Mu didia malanda ku kakese ku kakese, Grande-Bretagne ne États-Unis bakalua Bukokeshi bua Bukole bua bena États-Unis ne Angleterre. Matunga abidi aa akangata muaba wa mukalenge wa ku sude.

[Footnotes]

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Augusto

Tibelio

[Picture on page 234]

Bua mukenji uvua Augusto muele, Yosefe ne Mariya bakenza luendu batangile ku Beteleheme

[Picture on page 236]

Anu mukavuabu bamanyishe, ‘bakabutula’ Yezu Kristo pakamushipabu

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1. Charlemagne 2. Napoléon I 3. Guillaume I 4. Basalayi bena Allemagne, Mvita ya Kumpala ya Buloba bujima

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BAKALENGE BA MU DANYELE 11:20-26

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Mukalenge wa ku nôde Mukalenge wa ku sude

Danyele 11:20 Augusto

Danyele 11:21-24 Tibelio

Danyele 11:25, 26 Aurélien Mukalenge-mukaji Zénobie

Dikuluka dia Ampire Ampire wa Grande-Bretagne,

wa bena Lomo bena Allemagne mutua mu nyima kudi

dikavuabu bamanyishe Bukokeshi bua Bukole

didi difikisha ku bua États-Unis

dienzeka dia ne Angleterre

Aurélien

Tibelio

Ka-lupingu ka Charlemagne

Mazuwa a mvita a Grande-Bretagne a mu bidimu bia 1600

Augusto

[Picture on page 247]

MMALU KAYI AUDI MUMVUE?

• Ng’amperere kayi wa bena Lomo wakajuka kumpala bu mukalenge wa ku nôde, ne ndîba kayi diakatumaye “mulambuishi”?

• Nnganyi wakangata muaba wa mukalenge wa ku nôde kunyima kua Augusto, ne mmunyi ‘muakabutulabu Mulombodi wa tshipungidi’?

• Mmunyi muakajika mvita ivua pankatshi pa Aurélien mukalenge wa ku nôde ne Zénobie mukalenge wa ku sude?

• Ampire wa bena Lomo wakalua tshinyi, ne mmakokeshi kayi akangata muaba wa bakalenge babidi ku ndekelu kua bidimu bia 1800?

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UMUE MUTUMBISHA, MUKUABU MUPETULA

UMUE wakavuija repiblike musunsula ne makokangana ampire munene wa bukole. Mukuabu wakavudija bubanji bua ampire eu misangu makumi abidi mu bidimu 23. Bakatumbisha umue pakafuaye, kadi mukuabu bakamupetula. Mu tshikondo tshia bukokeshi bua ba-amperere bena Lomo babidi aba ke muvua Yezu ne muoyo ne mukumbaje mudimu wende. Ba-amperere aba bavua banganyi? Ne bua tshinyi bakatumbisha anu umue kulekela mukuabu?

UVUA “MUSANGANE LOMO MUASA NE MADIOTO, KUMUSHIYAYE MUASA NE MABUE A MARBRE”

Mu 44 K.B.B. pakashipabu Yulio Kaisa, Gaius Octavius munkana wa muanabu wa bakaji utshivua anu ne bidimu 18. Bu muvua Yulio Kaisa mumuangate bua kuikalaye muanende mudila buledi ne mupianyi wende wa kumpala, nsonga Octavien wakamata mu njila mutangile mu Lomo bua kulomba bumpianyi buende. Wakapetanganamu ne muluishi kayi kutua tshiadi: Marc Antoine, liyetena munene wa Kaisa, uvua mutekemene bua kuikala mupianyi wa kumpala. Makokangana a bena tshididi ne difuila dia bumfumu biakalonda panyima biakatungunuka munkatshi mua bidimu 13.

Anu panyima pa yeye mumane kutshimuna biluilu bisangisha pamue, tshia Mukalenge-mukaji Kleyopatra ne tshia Marc Antoine uvuabu banangangane nende (mu 31 K.B.B.) ke pakajuka Octavien bu mukokeshi uvua kayi kutontolola wa Ampire wa bena Lomo. Tshidimu tshiakalonda, Antoine ne Kleyopatra bakadishipa, ne Octavien wakalamika Ejipitu ku Lomo. Bakumbusha tshifundu tshionso tshia Ampire wa bena Gelika, ne Lomo wakalua bukokeshi bua bukole.

Pakavulukaye ne: Yulio Kaisa bavua bamushipe bua nkokeshilu wende wa tshikisu, Octavien wakadimuka bua kubenga kuenzulula tshilema tshia muomumue. Nenku bua kubenga kubungamija bena Lomo bavua basue bua se: ditunga dilue repiblike, wakenza mayele bua bu-tshikokesha-nkaya buende bumueneke bu repiblike. Wakabenga bua kabamubikidi ne: “mukalenge” ne “mukokeshi-nkaya.” Wakela tshidia tshikuabu, kumanyishaye dijinga diende dia kupesha Tshipangu tshikulu tshia bena Lomo bukenji bua kutangila provense yonso ne yeye kulaya bua kulekela midimu ivuaye nayi. Mayele aa akakumbana. Bu muvuabu ne dianyisha, bena mu Tshipangu tshikulu bakabela Octavien bua ashale anu ne midimu yende ne atungunuke ne kutangila imue provense.

Kabidi, mu dia 16 Tshiongo 27 K.B.B., Tshipangu tshikulu tshiakapesha Octavien muanzu wa “Augusto,” mmumue ne: “Mutumbishibue, Wa-tshijila.” Octavien wakitaba muanzu eu, ne yeye kuinyika ngondo wa Tshimungu dîna diende (août, Augustus mu Latin), ne wakumbusha dituku dimue ku ngondo wa Luishi ne kudielaye ku ngondo wa Tshimungu bua ngondo eu ikale ne matuku bungi bua muomumue ne a ngondo wa Kashipu (juillet, Julius mu Latin) udibu binyike dîna dia Yulio Kaisa. Nenku Octavien wakalua amperere wa kumpala wa bena Lomo ne bakalua kumubikila ne: Kaisa ­Augusto anyi “Wa-kutumbisha.” Kunyima wakadipesha kabidi muanzu wa “pontifex maximus” (muakuidi munene), ne mu 2 K.B.B. (tshidimu tshiakaledibua Yezu), Tshipangu tshikulu tshiakamupesha muanzu wa Pater Patriae, “Tatu wa Ditunga Diende.”

Mu tshine tshidimu atshi, ‘Kaisa Augusto wakela mukenji ne: bafundishe mêna a ba pa buloba bonso. Bantu bonso bakaya bua kufundishabu mêna abu, muntu kuabu muntu kuabu.’ (Luka 2:​1-3) Bua mukenji eu uvuabu bele, Yezu wakaledibua mu Beteleheme bua kukumbaja mulayi wa mu Bible.​—Danyele 11:20; Mika 5:2.

Pavua Augusto ukokesha, mu mbulamatadi muvua malu malulame ndambu ne mfranga ivua ne mushinga. Augusto wakajadika kabidi ndongoluelu muimpe wa dituminangana mikanda ne wakibaka njila ne bilamba. Wakalongolola tshiluilu, kutekaye tshiluilu tshia pa mâyi, ne kujadikaye tshisumbu tshia basalayi ba kueyemena bua kulama amperere, bavuabu babikila ne: Basalayi ba mu nzubu wa mfumu munene. (Filipoi 1:​13, MML) Yeye ke wakambuluisha bafundi bu mudi Virgile ne Horace bua kulubuluka ne basongi ba tupingu tua bilengejilu bakapatula bintu bimpe bia dikema bitshidi ne lumu too ne lelu. Augusto wakajikija kuibaka nzubu ivua Yulio Kaisa kayi mujikije ne wakalengeja ntempelo mivule. Pax Romana (“Ditalala dia bena Lomo”) diakajadikaye diakashala munkatshi mua bidimu bipite pa 200. Mu dia 19 Tshimungu 14 B.B., Augusto wakafua ne bidimu 76 ne bantu bakamuvuija bu nzambi pashishe.

Augusto uvua uditumbisha bua muvuaye “musangane Lomo muasa ne madioto, kumushiyaye muasa ne mabue a marbre.” Bu muvuaye kayi musue bua makokangana avuaku kale mu tshikondo tshia repiblike apingane mu Lomo, wakapandila amperere uvua ne bua kumulonda njila. Kadi kabivua bipepele bua yeye kusungula mumupinganyi nansha. Bualu muana wa muanabu, bankana bende babidi, muku wende ne muana wa mukajende mukuabu bakavua bafue bonso, kushala anu muana wa mukajende mukuabu ­Tibelio.

‘MUNTU UDI BAKUABU BAPETULA’

Matuku mashadile ku ngondo mujima kunyima kua lufu lua ­Augusto, Tshipangu tshikulu tshia bena Lomo tshiakateka Tibelio amperere. Uvua ne bidimu 54. Tibelio wakashala ne muoyo ne kukokeshaye too ne mu Luabanya 37 B.B. Nenku yeye ke uvua amperere wa bena Lomo uvuaku mu tshikondo tshivua Yezu wenza mudimu wende wa diyisha bantu.

Amperere Tibelio uvua ne yende ngikadilu ne biende bilema kabidi. Munkatshi mua ngikadilu yende mimpe muvua dibenga kutula mfranga butulavi bua kusumba bintu bivule bia mushinga mukole. Ke tshiakambuluisha ampire eu bua kutantaye ne bua kuikala ne mfranga ya kukuatshisha nayi bantu mu bikondo bia bipupu anyi bia makenga. Pa bidi bitangila mushinga uvuaye udiangata nawu, Tibelio uvua udimona muntu wa patupu, uvua ubenga mianzu ya bungi ya butumbi, ne pa tshibidilu uvua utangija ntendelelu wa amperere kudi Augusto pamutu pa kumutangija kudiye yeye nkayende. Kavua muinyike ngondo nansha umue dîna diende bu muvua Augusto ne Yulio Kaisa benze to, peshi kavua wanyishila bantu bakuabu bua kumupa lumu mushindu’eu nansha.

Kadi bilema bia Tibelio bivua bipite ngikadilu yende mimpe. Uvua utamba kubandangana ne malu ne uvua wenzela bakuabu malu ne lubombo, kabidi uvua mushipeshe bantu ba bungi mu bukalenge buende, ba bungi ba munkatshi muabu bavua balunda bende kumpala. Wakalabaja mukenji wa lèse-majesté (mfumu mupenda) bua kunyoka ki ng’anu bantu bavua batombokela bukokeshi, kadi kabidi ne muntu uvua umuamba patupu mêyi mabi. Pamu’apa bena Yuda bavua bimanyine pa mukenji eu pakenzejabu Pilato ngovena wa bena Lomo bua kushipeshaye Yezu.­—Yone 19:12-16.

Tibelio wakateka basalayi bonso bavua balama amperere pabuipi ne Lomo, kubibakilaye nzubu mikolesha ku nôde kua ngumbu ya tshimenga etshi. Dikala dia basalayi aba muaba eu divua ditshingisha bena mu Tshipangu tshikulu (bavua bateka bumfumu buende mu njiwu), ne basalayi aba bavua bakanda bantu bua kuenza bualu kayi buonso bua ditomboka. Tibelio wakakankamija kabidi difundangana, ne muanda eu ke wakenza bua se: matuku a ndekelu a bukokeshi buende ikale mûle ne malu a tshikisu.

Mu tshikondo tshia lufu luende, bantu bavua bangata Tibelio bu muena tshikisu. Pakafuaye, bena Lomo bakasanka ne bena mu Tshipangu tshikulu bakabenga bua kumuvuija bu nzambi. Bua malu aa ne bua makuabu kabidi, tudi tumona mudi Tibelio ukumbaja mulayi udi wamba ne: ‘muntu udi bakuabu bapetula’ uvua ne bua kujuka bua kuikala ‘mukalenge wa ku nôde.’​—Danyele 11:15, 21.

 

Tibelio

MMALU KAYI AUDI MUMVUE?

• Mmunyi muakafika Octavien ku dilua amperere wa kumpala wa bena Lomo?

• Ntshinyi tshitudi mua kuamba bua malu ­akenza mbulamatadi wa Augusto?

• Nngikadilu mimpe ne bilema kayi bivua nabi Tibelio?

• Mmunyi muvua mulayi uvua utangila ‘muntu udi bakuabu bapetula’ mukumbanyine Tibelio?

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ZÉNOBIE, MUKALENGE-MUKAJI MULUANGANYI WA MVITA WA MU PALMYRE

“UVUA muntu wa mubidi mukunze wa tetete . . . Menu ende avua matoke bu busanga, ne mêsu ende manene mafike engelela bu kapia, kadi matuyisha kudi lutulu lua bungi. Uvua ne dîyi dikole dilenga. Tulasa tuvuaye mulonge tuvua tulengeje ne tunzulule lungenyi luende bikole. Uvua mumanye muakulu wa Latin, ne uvua wakula kabidi bimpe menemene tshiena-Gelika, tshiena-Sulia ne tshiena-Ejipitu.” Aa ke makumbu avua mufundi wa miyuki ya kale Edward Gibbon mutue Zénobie, mukalenge-mukaji muluanganyi wa mvita wa mu tshimenga tshia bena Sulia tshia Palmyre.

Bayende wa Zénobie uvua Odenath, muntu munene wa mu ­Palmyre uvuabu bapeshe muanzu wa mulopo wa Lomo mu 258 B.B. bua muvuaye mufike ku ditshimuna Pelasa mu mvita ivuaye uluila Ampire wa bena Lomo. Kunyima kua bidimu bibidi, Amperere wa bena Lomo Gallienus wakapesha Odenath muanzu wa corrector totius Orientis, mmumue ne: ngovena wa ku Esete kuonso. Wakamupeshawu nunku bua kumuleja dianyisha bua muvuaye mutshimune Mukalenge Shapur I wa mu Pelasa. Ndekelu wa bionso Odenath wakadipesha muanzu wa “mukalenge wa bakalenge.” Tudi mua kuamba ne: dikima ne budimu bua Zénobie ke bivua mua kuikala bitambe kuambuluisha Odenath bua kutshimuna misangu yonso eyi.

ZÉNOBIE UDI UJINGA KUENZA AMPIRE

Mu 267 B.B., pavua malu ende matumbe bikole, bakashipa Odenath ne muntu uvua mua kupiana biende bionso. Ke Zénobie kuangataye muaba wa bayende, bualu muanende wa balume utshivua mutekete bikole kayi mua kuangata muaba eu. Bu muvuaye muimpe kumona, ukeba lumu, mumanye mua kulombola, muibidile diluangana mvita pamue ne bayende, ne wakula bimpe miakulu ya bungi, Zénobie wakafikisha bantu bende ku dimunemeka ne ku dimukuatshisha. Zénobie uvua musue kulonga bikole ne uvua utamba kusomba ne bantu bavua balonge bikole. Umue wa ku bamupeshi ba mibelu uvua muena nkindi ne mulongeshi wa malu a bungamba-malu Cassius Longinus, uvuabu babikila ne: “nzubu wa dimanya.” Mu mukanda wende kampanda, mufundi Richard Stoneman udi wamba ne: “Munkatshi mua bidimu bitanu bia panyima pa lufu lua Odenath . . . , Zénobie uvua mudijadike mu ngenyi ya bantu bende bu mukalenge-mukaji wa ku Esete.”​—Palmyra and Its Empire​—Zenobia’s Revolt Against Rome.

Ku lumue luseke lua tshitupa tshivua Zénobie ukokesha kuvua Pelasa, uvuaye yeye ne bayende batekeshe, ne ku lukuabu luseke kuvua Lomo ukavua wenda ukuluka. Pa bidi bitangila nsombelu ivua mu Ampire wa bena Lomo tshikondo atshi, mufundi wa miyuki ya kale John Morris Roberts udi wamba ne: “Bidimu bia 200 bivua . . . tshikondo tshikole bua Lomo ku mikalu ya ku esete ne ku wesete kabidi, eku munda muende muvua mutuadije tshikondo tshipiatshipia tshia mvita ya bena ditunga ne makokangana a dikeba bukalenge. Ba-amperere makumi abidi ne babidi (pa kumbusha bavua badibambidika mu muanzu eu) bakakokesha benda balondangana.” Kadi mukalenge-mukaji muena Sulia uvua mujalame bimpe bu mukokeshi mu bukalenge buende. Stoneman udi wamba ne: “Bu muvuaye muvuije ampire ibidi eyi [wa Pelasa ne wa bena Lomo] muomumue, uvua mua kujinga bua kuenza muisatu uvua mua kukokesha yonso ibidi.”

Mu 269 B.B., Zénobie wakapeta mushindu wa kudiundisha bukokeshi buende pavua muntu mukuabu mujuke mu Ejipitu udiamba muvuaye mukokeshi wa Lomo. Tshiluilu tshia Zénobie tshiakabuela mu Ejipitu ne lukasa, kubozatshi ntomboji eu ne kukuatatshi ditunga. Yeye mumane kuditeka mukalenge-mukaji wa Ejipitu, Zénobie wakenzeja makuta a bijanja mikale ne dîna diende. Mpindieu bukalenge buende buvua bubangila ku musulu wa Nile too ne ku musulu wa Pelata. Mu tshikondo etshi ke muvua Zénobie muangate muaba wa ‘mukalenge wa ku sude.’​—Danyele 11:⁠25, 26.

TSHIMENGA TSHIKULU TSHIA ZÉNOBIE

Zénobie wakakolesha ne kulengeja bikole tshimenga tshiende tshikulu tshia Palmyre, kufikatshi ne ku difuana bimenga binene bia mu Ampire wa bena Lomo. Bungi butshinka bua bantu bavuamu buvua bupite pa 150 000. Palmyre uvua tshimenga tshinyungulula ne ngumbu tshivua bunene budi bamue bamba ne: buvua bua kilometre 21, tshiûle ne nzubu minene milenga, ntempelo, mpangu milengeja ne bilongo, makunji ne bibumba bibaka bimpe. Tshibeba tshinene tshivua tshilengeja ne milongo ya makunji male a mu Kolinto a metre mapite pa 15, matue ku 1 500. Mpingu ne bimfuanyi bia bitumpampa bia bilobo ne babanji ba muoyo muimpe bivua biûle mu tshimenga etshi. Mu 271 B.B., Zénobie wakenzeja lupingu luende ne lua bayende ukavua mufue.

Ntempelo wa Dîba uvua umue wa ku nzubu milenga mipue ivua mu Palmyre, ne uvua mupite nzubu mikuabu yonso ya bitendelelu ivua mu tshimenga etshi. Zénobie muine uvua mua kuikala mutendelele nzambi uvua upetangana ne nzambi-dîba. Kadi Sulia wa mu lukama lua bidimu luisatu uvua ditunga dia bitendelelu bia bungi. Mu bukalenge bua Zénobie muvua bantu bavua badiamba bena Kristo, bena Yuda ne batendeledi ba dîba ne ngondo. Mmunyi muvuaye umona mishindu eyi kabukabu ya ntendelelu? Mufundi Stoneman udi wamba ne: “Mukalenge wa meji kêna ne bua kulengulula bibidilu bionso bidi bimueneka biakanyine bantu bende to. . . . Mbienze anu . . . bu se: nzambi ivua minguijila ku luseke lua Palmyre.” Bidi bimueneka ne: Zénobie kavua ne tshitendelelu tshivuaye ukandika to.

Bu muvua Zénobie ne bumuntu bua pa buabu, bantu ba bungi bakafika ku dimuanyisha bikole. Muanda wa mushinga mutambe bunene uvua muaba wakangataye mu dileja tshisumbu tshia bena tshididi tshimanyisha mu mulayi wa Danyele. Kadi bukokeshi buende buakenza anu bidimu bitanu. Amperere Aurélien wa bena Lomo wakatshimuna Zénobie mu 272 B.B. ne pashishe yeye kunyangakaja Palmyre kushalaye kayi dilongolola. Wakalama Zénobie ne muoyo. Badi balonda ne: bavua bamusele kudi muena Lomo mukuabu wa mu tshipangu tshikulu ne bumue wakajikijila matuku ende a muoyo mu Italie muvuaye muye kupengama.    

Mukalenge-mukaji Zénobie wenzela basalayi bende muyuki

MMALU KAYI AUDI MUMVUE?

• Ntshinyi tshidibu bumvuije bua bumuntu bua Zénobie?

• Ng’amue malu kayi avua Zénobie muenze?

• Mmunyi muvua Zénobie wangata bitendelelu?

[Tshimfuanyi dibeji dijima mu dibeji 230]

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 233]

Augustus

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 234]

Tiberius

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 235]

Because of Augustus’ decree, Joseph and Mary traveled to Bethlehem

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 237]

As foretold, Jesus was “broken” in death

Bimfuanyi mu dibeji 245]

1. Charlemagne 2. Napoléon I 3. Wilhelm I 4. German soldiers, World War I