Ko e Tau Kerisiano Fakamua mo e Lalolagi
MAGAHALA he ua e afe he tau tau i tuai, kua tupu he Lotoga he Fahi Uta e mena kua mua e ofoofogia. Kua fakafano mai e Tama Tane fuataha he Atua he hana nofoaga i luga he lagi mo e ke nofo fakaku he lalolagi he tau tagata. Ati taute mena fefe e laulahi he tau tagata? Ne tali mai he aposetolo ko Ioane: “Ha he lalolagi a ia [Iesu], ne eke foki e ia e lalolagi; ka e nakai ni iloa a ia he lalolagi. Kua haele mai a ia ke he hana tau tagata [Isaraela] ka e nakai talia a ia he hana tau tagata.”—Ioane 1:10, 11.
Ne nakai talia he lalolagi a Iesu, ko e Tama Tane he Atua. Ko e ha? Ne fakamaama e Iesu e taha kakano he magaaho ne pehe a ia: ‘Kua vihiatia he lalolagi a au, ha kua talahau e au a ia, kua kelea hana tau mahani.’ (Ioane 7:7) Ati hoko fakahaga e lalolagi taha ia—ne hukui ai he falu takitaki lotu Iutaia, ko e patuiki Etoma, mo e tagata politika Roma—ke tuku a Iesu ke he tamate. (Luka 22:66–23:25; Gahua 3:14, 15; 4:24-28) Ka e kua e tau tutaki a Iesu? Kua maeke nakai e lalolagi ke talia a lautolu? Nakai. He magaaho ku ato hoko hana mate, ne hataki mai a Iesu ki a lautolu: “Kane mai ko e tau tagata he lalolagi a mutolu po kua fakaalofa e lalolagi ke he hana tau tagata; ka e nakai ko e tau tagata he lalolagi a mutolu, ka kua fifili e au a mutolu mai he lalolagi, ko e mena ia kua fakavihia ai he lalolagi a mutolu.”—Ioane 15:19.
Tau Vaha he Tau Aposetolo
Ne fakamoli e tau kupu a Iesu. He tau fahi tapu gahoa he mole hana mate, ne tapaki ai e tau aposetolo hana, fakamatakutaku, mo e fahi. (Gahua 4:1-3; 5:17, 18, 40) He mole fakaku e mena ia, ne toho ai a Setefano ne mahani fakamakutu ki mua he Saneheturini Iutaia mo e he mole ai kua pini maka ke he mate. (Gahua 6:8-12; 7:54, 57, 58) He magaaho fakamui, ne fakahoko he Patuiki ko Herota Akeripa I e mate ke he aposetolo ko Iakopo. (Gahua 12:1, 2) He vaha he tau fenoga misionare hana, ne moua e Paulo e favale kua uhu he tau Iutaia ne taute e Malagalaga.—Gahua 13:50; 14:2, 19.
Taute atu fefe e tau Kerisiano fakamua ke he totokoaga ia? He vaha fakamua, ka nakai fakaata he tau pule malolo e tau aposetolo ke fakamatala ke he higoa a Iesu, kua tala age he tau aposetolo: “Mua e omaoma ke he Atua ke he omaoma ke he tau tagata.” (Gahua 4:19, 20; 5:29) Ne fakatumau e aga manamanatu nei ha lautolu he tau magaaho oti ka laga e totokoaga. Ka e pete ni ia, ne fakatonutonu atu e aposetolo ko Paulo ke he tau Kerisiano i Roma ke ‘omaoma ke he tau tui [fakatufono] ne mua.’ Ne fakatonutonu atu foki a ia ki a lautolu: “Kaeke kua maeke ia mutolu, kia nonofo fakamitaki mo e tau tagata oti kana.” (Roma 12:18; 13:1) He pihia, kua lata e tau Kerisiano fakamua ke taute e mena lagotatai kua uka lahi. Kua omaoma a lautolu ke he Atua ko e ha lautolu a Pule fakamua ue atu. Ka e he magaaho taha, kua putoia a lautolu ke omaoma ke he tau pule malolo he tau motu mo e lali foki ke nonofo mo e mafola mo e tau tagata oti kana.
Tau Kerisiano i Loto he Lalolagi Roma
He vaha he lalolagi Pule Atu Motu a Roma he senetenari fakamua kua nakai fakauaua kua aoga e Pax Romana ke he tau Kerisiano, po ke Mafola a Roma, ne kua fakatumau he tau Kautau a Roma. He fakatotoka mitaki e pule he matafakatufono mo e maopoopo, tau puhala tu mitaki, mo e hagahaga mitaki e moana o fenoga, ati kua lata e tutuaga mitaki ke he fakalaulahiaga he mahani Kerisiano. Kua fakakite moli mai kua mailoga he tau Kerisiano fakamua kua fai kaitalofa a lautolu ke he kaufakalatahaaga mo e omaoma ke he poakiaga a Iesu ke “uta a kia Kaisara e tau mena a Kaisara.” (Mareko 12:17) He tohi ke he pule he atu motu a Roma ko Antoninus Pius (138-161 V.N.), hagaao ke he tau Kerisiano ne pehe a Justin Martyr, kua “mukamuka lahi mai he tau tagata oti” ke totogi ha lautolu a tau tukuhau. (First Apology, veveheaga 17) He tau 197 V.N., ne tala age e Tertullian ke he tau pule a Roma, ko e tau telona ha lautolu kua “kaitalofa lahi e fakaaue ke he tau Kerisiano” ke he tau puhala fakamakutu ne totogi e lautolu ha lautolu a tau tukuhau. (Apology, veveheaga 42) Taha puhala hanai ne mumuitua a lautolu ke he fakatonutonuaga a Paulo, ne pehe kua lata a lautolu ke omaoma ke he tau pule malolo ne mua.
Ko e taha mena foki, ka fakaata he ha lautolu tau mahani Kerisiano, ne lali e tau Kerisiano ke nonofo mafola mo e tau katofia ha lautolu. Ka kua nakai mukamuka e mena nei. Ne mahani kelea lahi mahaki e lalolagi ne takai ia lautolu mo e hu lahi he moui Heleni-Roma ne tapuaki tupua, ne kua nakai leva he lafi ki ai e tapuaki ke he pule he atu motu. Kua mua atu ni ko e lotu he Fakatufono he motu e lotu Roma pouliuli, kaeke ke nakai talia ke taute, kua tuga ia ke he onoonoaga ko e vale ke he Fakatufono he motu. Ti toka i fe he mena nei e tau Kerisiano?
Ne tohia he porofesa a Oxford ko E. G. Hardy: “Ne talahau fakaatuatu e Tertullian e tau mena loga ne kua nakai fakaai e Kerisiano loto fakamoli ke taute, ne putoia ai e tapuaki tupua: tuga e tau mena nei, ko e tau omonuo ne fa mahani ke fakamau maveheaga; ko e tau moli fakapuho he tau gutuhala he tau vaha kaiaga galue, mo e falu foki; tau mena tapuaki pauaki oti kana he tau lotu Pouliuli; tau mena pele mo e tau fefeua fakakitekite; ko e feua fakaako ke he tau tohi fakalalolagi [tuai he vaha pouliuli]; fekafekauaga kautau; tau feua ofisa lalahi he kaufakalataha he tau tagata.”—Christianity and the Roman Government.
E, kua uka lahi ke nonofo he lalolagi Roma mo e nakai fakatikai e tua he Kerisiano. Ne tohi he tagata Falani tohia tohi Katolika ko A. Hamman: “Kua uka lahi ke taute ha mena mo e nakai fakafehagai mo e atua. Kua hohoko ki a ia he tau aho takitaha e tau mena vihi ha ko e tutuaga Kerisiano; ne nofo a ia he kalakala he kaufakalatahaaga . . . Ne fakafehagai a ia mo e tau mena vihi ne tutupu tumau he loto kaina, he tau puhala tu, he tau makete . . . Ka fano he tau puhala tu, pete ni ko e tagata Roma po ke nakai, kua lata e Kerisiano ke fakatokanoa e ulu hana ka mole atu he faituga po ke tupua ta. To maeke fefe a ia ke nakai taute ti nakai fakalagalaga e mahani fakatuaha noa, ka e maeke fefe foki a ia ke omaoma mo e nakai taute e gahua kautaha? Kaeke kua fai pisinisi a ia mo e kua lata ke ole tupe, kua lata na ia ke omonuo ke he tagata foaki kaitalofa tupe ke he higoa he tau atua. . . . Kaeke ke talia e ia e feua ofisa he kaufakalataha he tagata, ne amaamanaki ki a ia ke foaki e poa. Kaeke ke eke mo kautau, kua maeke fefe a ia ke kalo mai he omonuo mo e taute e tau mena fakakautau pauaki he feua kautau?”—La vie quotidienne des premiers chrétiens (95-197) (Moui he Aho Takitaha ke he Vaha Loto he tau Kerisiano Fakamua, 95-197 V.N.).
Tau Tagata Mitaki, Ka e Ekefakakelea
He magahala he tau 60 po ke 61 V.N., he magaaho ne fakatalitali a Paulo i Roma ke fakafili he Pule atu motu ko Nero, ne pehe e tau patu Iutaia lalahi hagaao ke he tau Kerisiano fakamua: “Kua talahaua kehe e vahega na ke he tau motu oti kana.” (Gahua 28:22) Kua fakakite moli mai he fakamauaga he vaha i tuai ne fa tala kelea ke he tau Kerisiano—ka kua nakai hako foki. I loto he tohi hana The Rise of Christianity, ne tala mai e E. W. Barnes: “I loto he hana tau tohi fakamua ne toka ai e pule, kua fakakite mai kua muatua ni ko e mahani mitaki mo e omaoma ke he tau matafakatufono e hukui he omoiaga he puhala Kerisiano. Ne manako e tau tagata i ai ke eke mo tau tagata mitaki he motu mo e tau tagata omaoma fakamoli i lalo he pule. Ne fakamamao lahi a lautolu ke he tau mena hepehepe mo e tau lagatau kelea he mahani pouliuli. He tau momoui takitokotaha ne kumi a lautolu ke eke mo tau katofia loto mafola lahi mo e tau kapitiga kua maeke ke tua moli ki ai. Ne fakaako a lautolu ke eke mo tau tagata taute mena mitaki mo e fakalatalata, gahua fakamakutu mo e mea e tau momoui. Kua ha ha a lautolu he vaha loto he tau tagata kua kaputia e mahani kolokolovao mo e feuaki, mo e kaeke ke fakamoli ke he tau mahani ha lautolu, to taute mena moli mo e talahau mena moli ai ni. Kua mitaki muatua e tau mahani fakatane mo e fifine ha lautolu: kua fakalilifu ke he pipiaga he fakamauaga mo e mea e moui he magafaoa. Ha ko e tau mahani mitaki pihia kua nakai maeke a lautolu, ka manamanatu taha ki ai, ke eke mo tau tagata matahavala he motu. Ka e taha e mena, kua leva he fakavihia, ekefakakelea mo e vihiatia ki a lautolu.”
Ke tuga ni e lalolagi i tuai ne nakai maama a Iesu, kua nakai maama ke he tau Kerisiano mo e vihiatia atu ai ki a lautolu. Ha kua nakai talia a lautolu ke tapuaki ke he pule he atu motu mo e tau atua pouliuli, ne totoku kelea a lautolu ko e nakai tali tonu ko e fai atua. Ka hoko fakalutukia e taha mena matematekelea, kua tuku aki a lautolu he fakaita e tau atua. Kakano ha kua nakai o a lautolu ke kitekite ke he tau pele tala mahani kelea po ke tau fakafiafia he male latau fakamaligi toto, ne manamanatu ki a lautolu ko e nakai fia kapitiga ke he kaufakalatahaaga, mo e eke foki ke ‘vihiatia e tau tagata katoa.’ Ne talahau he tau fi ha lautolu kua mavehevehe e kaina ha ko e “vahega lotu” Kerisiano ko e mena hagahaga kelea ke he tutuaga mauokafua he kaufakalatahaaga. Ne talahau mai e Tertullian kua loto e tau tane pouliuli kua mua ke mahani faivao e tau hoana ha lautolu mai he eke mo tau Kerisiano.
Ne talahau e tau tala fakafili ke he tau Kerisiano kakano he nakai loto a lautolu ke moumou e tau tama he nofoaga tama, ko e mena ne fa taute lahi he magaaho ia. Ka kua totoku kelea he tau fi a lautolu ko e kelipopo fanau. Ne tuku aki ko e inu e lautolu he tau feleveiaaga ha lautolu e tau toto he fanau ne poa. Ka ko e magaaho taha, ne lali e tau fi ha lautolu ke pokapoka a lautolu ke kai e tau tosisi toto he iloa, nakai ko e mena mitaki a nei ke he loto logona hifo ha lautolu. Ti kua fakakite mai he tau tagata totoko nei ko e pikopiko e totoku kelea ha lautolu.—Tertullian, Apology, veveheaga 9.
Fakavihia ha ko e Vahega Lotu Fou
Ne tohi he tagata tohia fakamauaga tuai ko Kenneth Scott Latourette: “Ka e toka agaia e tau hokotaki ke he mahani Kerisiano kua eke ke fakafiufiu hana kamataaga fou mo e fekeheaki mo e kamataaga tuai [Faka-Iutaia mo e tau lotu pouliuli he mahani Heleni Roma] ko e tau kau fetoko hana.” (A History of the Expansion of Christianity, Volume 1, lau tohi 131) He vala fakamua he senetenari ke ua aki he V.N., ne fakahigoa aki he tagata tohia fakamauaga tuai a Roma ko Suetonius e mahani Kerisiano “ko e matakutaku teao matahavala fou.” Ka e fakakite moli mai e Tertullian kua vihiatia lahi ke he higoa Kerisiano mo e ko e vahega lotu e tau Kerisiano ne nakai fiafia lahi ki ai. He tutala ke he puhala ne onoono e tau pule he Atu Motu Roma ke he tau Kerisiano he senetenari ke ua aki, ne tohia e Robert M. Grant: “Ko e matapatu onoonoaga ke he mahani Kerisiano hanai ko e mena nakai aoga, liga ko e lotu moumou mena.”—Early Christianity and Society.
Tokutoku Kelea Ko e Fakaliliuina Aga Vale
I loto he tohi hana ko e Les premiers siècles de l’Eglise (Ko e Tau Senetenari Fakamua he Lotu), ne tohia he porofesa a Sorbonne ko Jean Bernardi: “Kua lata ke o atu [e tau Kerisiano] ke he tau matakavi oti ke vagahau ke he tau tagata oti. He tau puhala tu lalahi mo e he tau taone, he tau loto male mo e ke he tau loto kaina. Pete ni kua mitaki e fakafeleveiaaga po ke nakai. Kua o ki a lautolu ne nonofo gati, mo lautolu ne maukoloa ne kua fakalavelave he tau koloa na lautolu. Ki a lautolu ne ikiiki mo e ke he tau kavana he tau fahi motu a Roma . . . Kua lata a lautolu ke o atu ke he tau puhala tu, tau toga, mo e o atu ke he lalolagi katoa.”
Kua taute nakai e lautolu e mena nei? E kua kitia maaliali kua taute pihia e lautolu. Ne tala mai he porofesa ko Léon Homo, kua totoko e tau manamanatu he tau tagata ke he tau Kerisiano fakamua ha kua “kaka lahi e makutu taute fakaliliuinaaga” ha lautolu. Kua talahau mai he porofesa ko Latourette, he magaaho kua nimo he tau Iutaia ha lautolu a fakamakutu ke gahua fakaliliuina, ka ko e “tau Kerisiano he taha fahi, kua malolo lahi he taute e gahua misionare mo e fakalagalaga atu ai e fakavihia ki a lautolu.”
He senetenari ke ua aki V.N., ne fakafili tala e tagata taute fakaakoaga fakataitai Roma ko Celsus ke he puhala taute fakamatala he tau Kerisiano. Ne talahau e ia kua lata ne mahani Kerisiano mo lautolu ne nakai fai fakaakoaga mo e kua maeke ‘ni hokoia ke fakaohooho a lautolu ne goagoa, tau tupa, tau fifine, mo e tau fanau ikiiki.’ Ne tokutoku kelea e ia e tau Kerisiano he fakaako hehe e “tau tagata tua lahi noa,” he taute a lautolu ke “tali tonu ka e nakai manamanatu fakamitaki.” Ne pehe a ia kua tala age e lautolu ke he tau tutaki fou ha lautolu: “Aua neke huhu tala; kia tali tonu ki ai.” Ka e hagaao ki a Origen, ne pehe na Celsus, “nakai ni ko e tau tagata noa hokoia ne futiaki he fakaakoaga a Iesu ke hiki ke he lotu Hana.”
Nakai Fakaohooho Lotu Kautaha
Kua tokutoku kelea foki e tau Kerisiano fakamua, kakano he pehe a lautolu ko e toka e kupu moli he Atua moli ia lautolu. Kua nakai talia a lautolu ke fakaohooho lotu kautaha, po ke fio e tua. Ne tohia e Latourette: “Kua nakai tuga e tua he magaaho ia, kua mahani vale a lautolu [ko e tau Kerisiano] ke he falu lotu. . . . Kua fekeheaki mo e mahani fakahui ne kua ha ha he falu vahega lotu tote, kua tukuoga e lautolu kua ha ha moli ia lautolu e kupu moli.”
He tau 202 V.N., ne taute he Pule he atu motu ko Septimius Severus e poakiaga kua pa e tau Kerisiano ke taute e tau tutaki fou. Ka e nakai taofi he mena nei a lautolu ke taute e fakamatala hagaao ke he tua ha lautolu. Ne fakamaama mai e Latourette e fua ne tupu: “He nakai talia ke fakahui ke he tau mena pouliuli he magaaho ia mo e fakalataha mo e tau mahani fakamotu kua loga he kaufakalatahaaga mo e tau mahani ne fa taute mau he vaha [he mahani Kerisiano fakamua] ati kua tupu mai ai e fakaholoaga mo e fakatokatokaaga kua eke ke fetoko ke he kaufakalatahaaga. Ko e fakatoka maiaga kua lata ke matutaki ki ai, ne age ke he hana tau tagata tapiki e tua mauokafua, kua eke mo punaaga malolo ke totoko ke he favaleaga mo e makutu ke moua mai e tau tutaki fou.”
Kua maaliali e fakamauaga tuai. Kua matapatu ni e tau Kerisiano fakamua ke lali fakalahi ke eke mo tau tagata mitaki he motu mo e nonofo mo e loto mafola ke he tau tagata oti kana, ka e nakai talia ke eke mo “tau tagata he lalolagi.” (Ioane 15:19) Kua mahani fakalilifu lahi a lautolu ke he tau pule malolo. Ka ko e magaaho ne poaki a Kaisara ke nakai fakamatala a lautolu, kua nakai fai fifiliaga foki a lautolu ka e fakamatala tumau. Ne lali a lautolu ke nonofo mo e loto mafola ke he tau tagata oti kana ka e nakai talia ke fakahui e tau mahani mitaki mo e ai tapuaki tupua pouliuli. Ha ko e tau mena oti nei, kua fakavihia, ekefakakelea, vihiatia, mo e favale ki a lautolu, tuga ne talahau tuai mai e Keriso, to tutupu pihia e tau mena.—Ioane 16:33.
Ne fakatumau nakai e vevehe kehe ha lautolu ke he lalolagi? Po kua fakatau o mo e mole e tau magaaho, kua hiki kia e aga manamanatu ha lautolu ne pehe kua taute e mahani Kerisiano?
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“Kua tamai he tutuaga he Kerisiano e tau mena uka he tau aho takitaha; kua nofo a ia he kalakala he kaufakalatahaaga”
[Blurb he lau 6]
“Ko e mahani Kerisiano [kua tuku hake] ke fakafiufiu ki ai ha ko e hana kamataaga fou mo e fekeheaki . . . mo e kamataaga mai i tuai he hana kau fetoko”
[Fakatino he lau 3]
Ha kua nakai talia e tau Kerisiano ke tapuaki ke he pule he atu motu a Roma mo e tau atua pouliuli, kua tokutoku kelea a lautolu ko e nakai tali tonu ko e fai atua
[Credit Line]
Museo della Civiltà Romana, Roma
[Fakatino he lau 7]
Ko e tau Kerisiano he senetenari fakamua kua talahaua ko e tau tagata makutu ke fakamatala e fekau he Kautu
[Fakatino Credit Line he lau 2]
Kili: Alinari/Art Resource, N.Y.