Miyoyo Mamiliyoni Ambiri Ikuthera mu Utsi

FODYA ali pakati pa zinthu zogulidwa kwambiri padziko. Ali ndi miyandamiyanda ya omugula okhulupirika ndipo ali ndi msika umene ukufutukuka mofulumira kwambiri. Makampani ake okondwawo amadzitama ndi mapindu aakulu, chisonkhezero chawo m’ndale, ndi kutchuka. Vuto lokha nlakuti, ogula ake abwino kwambiri akupitiriza kufa!

The Economist ikunena kuti: “Ndudu zili pakati pa zinthu zogulidwa zopezetsa phindu lalikulu kwambiri padziko. Izo zilinso chinthu chokha (chovomerezedwa ndi lamulo) chimene, ngati chigwiritsiridwa ntchito mmene chimafunikira, chimachititsa ochigwiritsira ntchito ochuluka kukhala omwerekera ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri chimawapha.” Zimenezi zimapezetsa phindu lalikulu kwa makampani a fodya komanso kutayikidwa kwakukulu kwa ogula awo. Malinga ndi kunena kwa U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, zaka za moyo zokwanira mamiliyoni asanu zimachotsedwa chaka chilichonse ku miyoyo ya Amereka amene amasuta, pafupifupi mphindi imodzi pa mphindi iliyonse ya kusuta. Magazini a Newsweek akusimba kuti: “Kusuta kumapha Amereka 420,000 pachaka. Kumene kuli kuŵirikiza nthaŵi 50 kuposa ophedwa ndi anamgoneka.”

Padziko lonse, anthu mamiliyoni atatu pachaka—asanu ndi mmodzi pamphindi iliyonse—amafa ndi kusuta, malinga ndi kunena kwa buku lakuti Mortality From Smoking in Developed Countries 1950-2000, lofalitsidwa ndi Imperial Cancer Research Fund ya Britain, WHO ( World Health Organization), ndi American Cancer Society. Kufufuza kumeneku kwa mkhalidwe wakusuta kwa dziko lonse, kumene kuli kodalirika kwambiri kufikira tsopano, kumaphatikiza maiko 45. “M’maiko ochuluka,” akuchenjeza motero Richard Peto wa Imperial Cancer Research Fund, “mkhalidwewo udzafika powopsa kwenikweni. Ngati kasutidwe kameneka kapitirizabe, podzafika nthaŵi imene osuta achichepere a lerolino akula kapena kukalamba, padzakhala imfa za fodya pafupifupi 10 miliyoni chaka chilichonse—imfa imodzi pa masekondi atatu alionse.”

“Kusuta ndiko ngozi yoposa zonse,” akutero Dr. Alan Lopez wa WHO. “Potsirizira pake kudzapha mmodzi pa osuta aŵiri alionse.” Martin Vessey wa Department of Public Health pa Oxford University akunena zofananazo kuti: “Zopeza zimenezi pa zaka 40 zimafikitsa ku chigamulo chowopsa chakuti theka la osuta onse potsirizira pake adzaphedwa ndi chizoloŵezi chawocho—lingaliro lowopsa kwenikweni.” Chiyambire m’ma 1950, anthu 60 miliyoni afa ndi kusuta.

Lilinso lingaliro lowopsa kwa makampani a fodya. Ngati anthu mamiliyoni atatu padziko lonse tsopano alikufa chaka chilichonse ndi matenda ochititsidwa ndi fodya, ndipo ena ambiri akuleka kusuta, ndiye kuti osuta atsopano okwanira mamiliyoni atatu ayenera kupezedwa pachaka.

Malo ena opezako osuta atsopano akhalapo chifukwa cha zimene makampani a fodya amatamanda kukhala chimasuko cha akazi. Kusuta kwa akazi kwakhala chipambano chimene chapezedwa kwa zaka zambiri m’maiko Akumadzulo ndipo kukufalikira kumalo amene kale kunaonedwa kukhala chinthu chonyazitsa. Makampani a fodya akufuna kusintha zonsezo. Akufuna kuthandiza akazi kusangalala ndi kukhupuka kwawo kwatsopanoko ndi chimasuko. Ndudu za mitundu yapadera yonenedwa kukhala ndi tar wochepa ndi chikonga chaching’ono zikunyengerera akazi amene amasuta ndi amene amaona ndudu zotero kukhala zabwino. Ndudu zina zimaikidwa zonunkhira kapena zili ndi mpangidwe wautali, zosalala—maonekedwe amene akazi angafune kukhala nawo mwa kusuta. Zilengezo zosatsa malonda a fodya ku Asia zimasonyeza atsikana oonetsa masitayelo a ku Asia atavala mavalidwe okopa Akumadzulo.

Komabe, ziŵerengero za imfa zochititsidwa ndi kusuta zikuyendera pamodzi ndi “chimasuko” cha akazi. Chiŵerengero cha anthu odwala kansa ya kumapapu mwa akazi chaŵirikiza kaŵiri pazaka 20 zapitazo m’Britain, Japan, Norway, Poland, ndi Sweden. Mu United States ndi Canada, ziŵerengero zaŵirikiza ndi 300 peresenti. Chilengezo china chosatsa ndudu chinathokoza kuti: “Mtsikanawe, wafika patali kwabasi!”

Makampani ena a fodya ali ndi machenjera awo. Kampani ina m’dziko la Akatolika ambiri la Philippines inagaŵira kwaulere makalenda okhala ndi chithunzi cha Namwali Mariya ndi mawu othokoza mtundu wa ndudu yawo olembedwa moonekera kwambiri mmunsi mwa chifanizocho. “Ndinali ndisanaonepo zoterozo,” anatero Dr. Rosmarie Erben, mlangizi wa zaumoyo wa ku Asia wa WHO. “Iwo anali kuyesa kugwirizanitsa fanolo ndi fodya, kuti achititse akazi a ku Philippines kukhala ndi lingaliro labwino la kusuta.”

M’China peresenti yoyerekezeredwa kukhala 61 ya amuna achikulire amasuta, pamene akazi osuta ali 7 peresenti chabe. Makampani a fodya Akumadzulo asumika maso awo pa “chimasuko” cha akazi okongola Akummaŵa ameneŵa, amene mamiliyoni a iwo anamanidwa chotchedwa “chisangalalo” cha akazi anzawo achiphadzuŵa Akumadzulo. Komabe, chopinga chimodzi nchakuti: Kampani ya fodya ya boma ndiyo imapanga ndudu zochuluka.

Komabe, makampani Akumadzulo mwapang’onopang’ono akupeza njira yoloŵera. Pokhala ndi mipata yochepa yosatsira malonda awo, makampani ena opanga ndudu akukonzekera kukopa ogula awo amtsogolo mwa njira yochenjera. China amaoda akanema ku Hong Kong, ndipo mwa ochuluka a akanemawo, oseŵera ake amalipiridwa kuti azisuta—kugulitsa kwamachenjera kumeneko!

Poyang’anizana ndi chitsutso chomakula m’dziko lawo, makampani a fodya olemera a ku America akuyesa kukopa ogula atsopano. Zochitika zimasonyeza kuti iwo ali ndi cholinga chatsoka ku maiko osatukuka.

Akuluakulu a zaumoyo padziko lonse akupereka chenjezo. Mitu yankhani ikulengeza kuti: “Afirika Akulimbana ndi Mliri Watsopano—Kusuta Ndudu.” “Utsi Ukukhala Moto ku Asia Pamene Msika wa Ndudu Ukukula Mofulumira.” “Ziŵerengero za Kusuta za Asia Zidzachititsa Mliri wa Kansa.” “Nkhondo Yatsopano ya Maiko Osatukuka Ndiyo Yolimbana ndi Fodya.”

Dziko la Afirika lakanthidwa ndi zilala, nkhondo zachiweniweni, ndi mliri wa AIDS. Komabe, akutero Dr. Keith Ball, dokotala wa mtima wa ku Britain, “Kusiyapo nkhondo ya nyukiliya ndi njala, kusuta ndudu kuli chiwopsezo chachikulu kopambana pa umoyo wa mtsogolo wa Afirika.”

Makampani aakulu amalemba ganyu alimi akumaloko kuti alime fodya. Alimiwo amadula mitengo yofunika kwambiri kuphikira, ya moto wootha, ndi yomangira nyumba ndipo amaigwiritsira ntchito monga nkhuni zoumikira fodya. Iwo amalima fodya wopeza ndalama zambiri m’malo mwa chakudya chopeza phindu pang’ono. Aafirika osauka ambiri amatayira mbali yaikulu ya ndalama zawo zochepazo pa ndudu. Motero mabanja Achiafirika amacheperachepera chifukwa cha matenda a njala pamene mabanki a makampani a fodya Akumadzulo akusefukira ndi phindu.

Afirika, Eastern Europe, ndi Latin America onsewo ali chandamale cha makampani a fodya Akumadzulo, amene amaona maiko osatukuka kukhala msika wawo waukulu kwambiri. Koma Asia wa anthu ochuluka kwambiri ndiye msika wawo wabwino waukulu koposa. China yekha pakali pano ali ndi osuta ochuluka kuposa anthu onse mu United States—300 miliyoni. Iwo amasuta ndudu 1.6 tililiyoni pachaka, ndudu imodzi pa zitatu zilizonse zosutidwa padziko lonse!

“Madokotala akunena kuti matenda ochititsidwa ndi kusuta kowonjezereka mu Asia ali owopsa kwambiri,” ikusimba motero The New York Times. Richard Peto akuyerekezera kuti pa mamiliyoni khumi oyembekezeredwa kufa ndi kusuta chaka chilichonse pa zaka makumi aŵiri kapena atatu zikudzazo, mamiliyoni aŵiri adzakhala m’China mokha. Ana a m’China okwanira mamiliyoni 50 amene ali ndi moyo lerolino mwinamwake adzafa ndi matenda ochititsidwa ndi kusuta, akutero Peto.

Dr. Nigel Gray anatchula zimenezo mwachidule kuti: “Mbiri ya kusuta ya zaka makumi asanu zapitazo m’China ndi Eastern Europe ikusonyeza kuti maikowo adzaona mliri waukulu wa matenda ochititsidwa ndi fodya.”

“Kodi ndimotani mmene chinthu chimene chimachititsa imfa zamwamsanga zokwanira 400,000 chaka chilichonse mu United States, chinthu chimene boma la United States likuyesa zolimba kuthandiza nzika zake kuchileka, mwadzidzidzi chakhalira chosavulaza kunja kwa America?” anafunsa motero Dr. Prakit Vateesatokit wa Anti-Smoking Campaign of Thailand. “Kodi thanzi limakhala losafunikira pamene chinthucho chitumizidwa ku maiko ena?”

Malonda a fodya amene akukula ali ndi owachirikiza amphamvu m’boma la United States. Iwo amenyera chapamodzi kuti apeze maziko m’maiko akunja, makamaka m’malo amalonda mu Asia. Kwa zaka zambiri ndudu za ku America zinaletsedwa kuloŵa mu Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, ndi maiko ena, amene ena a iwo anali kupanga okha fodya. Magulu oletsa kusuta anatsutsa kuloŵetsa fodya wochokera kunja, koma boma la United States linagwiritsira ntchito chida champhamvu kwambiri—ziletso za pamalonda.

Kuchokera mu 1985 kumkabe mtsogolo, motsenderezedwa kwambiri ndi boma la United States, maiko ambiri a Asia atsegula makomo awo, ndipo ndudu za ku America zakhala zikuloŵa mmenemo. Ndudu za United States zotumizidwa ku Asia zinaŵirikiza ndi 75 peresenti mu 1988.

Mwinamwake ochita tsoka lalikulu kwambiri la nkhondo ya fodya ndiwo ana. Lipoti lonena za kufufuza kwina la mu The Journal of the American Medical Association likunena kuti “ana ndi achinyamata amapanga 90% ya osuta atsopano.”

Nkhani ina mu U.S.News & World Report ikuyerekezera chiŵerengero cha osuta achinyamata mu United States kukhala 3.1 miliyoni. Tsiku lililonse atsopano 3,000 amayamba kusuta—1,000,000 pachaka.

Chilengezo china chosatsa malonda a ndudu chimasonyeza chidole cha ngamila yokonda kuseŵera, ndi yofunafuna zosangulutsa, kaŵirikaŵiri yokhala ndi ndudu kukamwa kwake. Chilengezo chosatsa malonda a ndudu chimenechi chapatsidwa mlandu wa kunyengerera achichepere kumwerekera muukapolo wachikonga asanazindikire maupandu ake pa thanzi. Pa zaka zitatu zokha za kusatsa kumeneko, kampani ya ndudu inakhala ndi chiwonjezeko cha 64 peresenti cha malonda ake kwa achinyamata. Kufufuza kwa The Medical College of Georgia (U.S.A.) kunapeza kuti 91 peresenti ya amsinkhu wa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi ofufuzidwa anazindikira mkhalidwe wa chidole chosuta chimenechi.

Chizindikiro china chofala cha ndudu ndicho cowboy wamphamvu wochita zinthu modzifunira amene uthenga wake, malinga ndi kunena kwa mnyamata wina, ndiwo wakuti, “Pamene usuta, palibe amene angakulamulire.” Amanena kuti chinthu chogulidwa koposa m’dziko ndicho ndudu imene imapeza 69 peresenti ya msika wake pakati pa achinyamata osuta ndipo ndiyo malonda osatsidwa koposa. Monga chonyengerera chowonjezerapo, m’mapaketi ake mumakhala makuponi, amene angasinthanitsidwe ndi ma jean, zipeŵa, ndi zovala za maseŵera zotchuka kwa achichepere.

Poona chisonkhezero chodabwitsa cha kusatsa malonda, magulu oletsa kusuta akhoza kuletsa zilengezo zosatsa fodya pa wailesi yakanema ndi wailesi m’maiko ambiri. Komabe, njira ina imene osatsa malonda a fodya odziŵa amaigwiritsira ntchito kuzemba zimenezo ndiyo mochenjera kuika zikwangwani zosatsa malonda pa zochitika za maseŵero. Motero, seŵero losonyezedwa pa wailesi yakanema, lokhala ndi oonerera achichepere ochuluka, lingasonyeze woseŵera wapamtima wa achicheperewo akuseŵera patsogolo ndipo kumbuyoko kukumaonekera chikwangwani chosatsa ndudu.

M’malo amalonda a m’tauni kapena kutsogolo kwa sukulu, akazi ovala mochenjera masiketi aafupi kapena zovala za chi cowboy kapena safalisuti amagaŵira ndudu kwaulere kwa achinyamata ofunitsitsa kapena okhumbira. Ku nyumba za maseŵero a vidiyo, kumadisiko, ndi kumakonsate a rock, ndudu zolaŵa zimagaŵiridwa kwaulere. Machenjera ena akagulitsidwe ka kampani ina amene anatulukiridwa ndi amtolankhani anasonyeza kuti mtundu winawake wa ndudu m’Canada unapangidwira amuna olankhula Chifrenchi amisinkhu yochokera pa 12 mpaka 17.

Uthenga wachionekere ngwonena kuti kusuta kumasangulutsa, kumalimbitsa, kumapatsa nyonga, ndi kutchuka. “Kumene ndinkagwira ntchito,” anatero phungu wa zakusatsa malonda wina, “tinkayesa kwambiri kusonkhezera achichepere azaka 14 kuyamba kusuta.” Zilengezo zosatsa malonda ku Asia zimasonyeza achichepere athanzi Akumadzulo amaseŵero akumathamangathamanga pa magombe ndi pamabwalo ampira—akumasuta ndithu. “Anthu Akumadzulo ndi moyo wawo amapereka miyezo yokopa yoitsanzira,” anatero magazini onena za ntchito ya malonda, “ndipo osuta a ku Asia samakhutira nazo.”

Atawonongera madola mamiliyoni zikwi zambiri pakusatsa malonda, ogulitsa fodyawo amapindula zochuluka. Lipoti lapadera la mu Reader’s Digest linasonyeza kuti kukwera kwa chiŵerengero cha achichepere osuta kukudetsa nkhaŵa. “Mu Philippines,” likutero lipotilo, “22.7 peresenti ya achichepere osafika msinkhu wa zaka 18 tsopano amasuta. M’mizinda ina ya Latin America, muli chiŵerengero chodabwitsa cha achinyamata cha 50 peresenti. Mu Hong Kong, ngakhale ana azaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri amasuta.”

Komabe, ngakhale kuti fodya wakhala ndi zipambano kumaiko akunja, makampani afodya amadziŵa mopwetekedwa mtima za vuto limene likutukusira kwawoko. Kodi pali kuthekera kotani kwakuti fodya adzalakika nkhondoyo?

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 19]

Ogula ake abwino kwambiri akupitiriza kufa

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 21]

Asia, mabwalo atsopano kwambiri opherako anthu ndi fodya

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 22]

90 peresenti ya osuta atsopano onse—ana ndi achinyamata!

[Bokosi patsamba 20]

Msanganizo Wakupha—kodi Nchiyani Chili mu Utsi?

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yokwanira 700 ya mankhwala omwerekeretsa ingagwiritsiridwe ntchito ndi opanga ndudu, koma lamulo limalola makampaniwo kubisa mipambo yawo ya zinthu zosanganiza. Komabe, pamipamboyo palinso zitsulo zolemera, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ta m’zomera, ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ta m’nyumba. Zinthu zina zosanganizidwa nzapoizoni kwambiri kwakuti ndi mlandu kuzitayira padzala. Utsi wosangalatsa wa ndudu umenewo uli ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana pafupifupi 4,000, kuphatikizapo acetone, arsenic, butane, carbon monoxide, ndi cyanide. Mapapu a wosuta ndi a anthu opezeka pafupi amakhala pangozi yakuyambukiridwa ndi zinthu zochititsa kansa zokwanira 43 zodziŵika.

[Bokosi patsamba 21]

Osasuta Ali Pangozi

Kodi mumakhala pamodzi, kugwira ntchito, kapena kuyenda ndi anthu osuta kwambiri? Ngati mumatero, mungakhale pangozi yaikulu ya kudwala kansa ya mapapu kapena nthenda ya mtima. Kufufuza kwa mu 1993 kwa U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kunanena kuti [environmetal tobacco smoke (utsi wa fodya wosutidwa ndi wina)] (ETS) ali mu Group A ya zinthu zodwalitsa kansa, zowopsa kwambiri. Lipoti lalikululo linapenda zotulukapo za kufufuza kokwanira 30 kosonyeza upandu wa utsi wochokera ku ndudu zosutidwa ndi wina limodzinso ndi wotulutsidwa ndi wosutayo.

EPA imanena kuti utsi wa fodya wosutidwa ndi wina ukuchititsa imfa za kansa ya mapapu zokwanira 3,000 chaka chilichonse mu United States. The American Medical Association mu June 1994 inagwirizanitsa zopezedwazo ndi kufufuza kumene inafalitsa ikumasonyeza kuti akazi amene sanasutepo koma anali pafupi ndi ETS ali ndi 30 peresenti ya ngozi yakudwala kansa ya mapapu kuposa ena amene sanasutepo m’moyo wawo.

Kwa ana aang’ono, kukhala pafupi ndi utsiwo kumachititsa matenda a chifuŵa ndi chibayo ochokera pa 150,000 mpaka 300,000 pachaka. Utsi umakulitsa zizindikiro za chifuŵa cha asima mwa ana kuchokera pa 200,000 mpaka 1,000,000 chaka chilichonse mu United States.

The American Heart Association ikuyerekezera kuti imfa zochuluka zofika pa 40,000 chaka chilichonse za matenda a mtima ndi mitsempha ya mwazi zimachititsidwa ndi ETS.

[Zithunzi patsamba 23]

Chitsanzo chokopa cha ku Asia ndi ofuna kukoledwa