Ndudu za Fodya Kodi Mumazikana?
Mtundu umene unathandizira kudziŵikitsa fodya m’dziko ukutsogolera pa kupereka chenjezo la ngozi zake.
“FODYA,” wolemba mbiri wina analemba motero, “alibe mbiri yolembedwa America asanatulukiridwe.” Eni dziko a ku Caribbean anampatsa kwa Columbus. Kumgulitsa kunja kunachirikiza kukhalapo kwa Jamestown, mudzi woyamba wachikhalire wachibritishi ku North America. Kumgulitsa kwake kunathandiza kupezera ndalama Chipanduko cha ku America. Ndipo mapulezidenti oyamba a ku United States George Washington ndi Thomas Jefferson anali alimi a fodya.
M’nthaŵi zaposachedwapa, Hollywood inagwiritsira ntchito ndudu monga chizindikiro cha kusangalala, kukopa, ndi umuna. Asilikali achimereka anazipereka kwa anthu amene anakumana nawo ku maiko omwe anali kumenyako nkhondo. Ndipo kwanenedwa kuti nkhondo yadziko yachiŵiri itatha, ndudu zinali ndalama “kuchokera ku Paris kukafika ku Peking.”
Koma zinthu zinasintha. Pa January 11, 1964, dokotala wamkulu wa ku United States anatulutsa lipoti la masamba 387 limene linagwirizanitsa kusuta fodya ndi emphysema, kansa ya m’mapapu, ndi matenda ena aakulu. Posapita nthaŵi lamulo la boma linafuna chenjezo lakuti “Samalani: Kusuta Ndudu Kungaike Thanzi Lanu Pangozi” kuti likhale pa mapaketi onse a fodya wogulitsidwa mu United States. Tsopano, akunena kuti kusuta fodya ndiko kumachititsa imfa pafupifupi 434,000 pachaka mu United States. Chiŵerengero chimenecho chikuposa chiŵerengero cha Aamereka onse ophedwa m’nkhondo m’zaka za zana lapitali!
Ziletso Ziikidwa
Zaka zoposa khumi zapitazo, Aspen, ku Colorado, malo otchuka okhala ndi zosangulutsa m’nyengo yozizira, inaletsa kusuta fodya m’malesitilanti ake. Kuyambira pamenepo, zigawo za osasuta fodya zakhala zofala kwambiri m’malesitilanti, kuntchito, ndi m’malo ena a anthu onse. Zaka zingapo zapitazo, munthu wina wa ku California anafunsa mwana wake wamkazi kumene chigawo cha osasuta fodya chinali mu lesitilanti ina ya ku Virginia. “Atate,” anayankha motero mwanayo, “linotu ndi dziko la fodya!” Podzafika nthaŵi ya ulendo wake wotsatira, theka la lesitilanti imeneyo inali ya osasuta fodya. Posachedwapa, sanaonepo aliyense akusuta fodya kumeneko.
Koma kukhala ndi zigawo zapadera za osuta fodya sikunathetse vutolo. Zikwangwani zazikulu zochirikizidwa ndi boma m’mbali mwa misewu yaikulu ya California zimafunsa kuti: “Kodi muganiza kuti utsi umadziŵa zongokhala m’chigawo cha osuta fodya?”
Pamene Mzinda wa New York unaletsa kusuta fodya m’malesitilanti ake aakulu, eni ake anadandaula kuti zimenezi zidzaletsa odzaona malo ochokera ku Ulaya kumene anati kuli malamulo ochepa oletsa kusuta fodya. Komabe, kufufuza kwina koyambirira kunapeza kuti 56 peresenti ya Aamereka angakonde kwambiri kupita ku lesitilanti ya osasuta fodya, pamene kuli kwakuti 26 peresenti yokha ndi amene sangakhale ofunitsitsa kutero.
Chikwangwani china m’sitima za pansi pa nthaka za m’Mzinda wa New York chimati: “M’chinenero chilichonse uthengawo ndi umodzimodzi: Osasuta fodya pa masiteshoni athu kapena m’masitima athu panthaŵi iliyonse, kulikonse. Zikomo.” Chikwangwanicho chimapereka uthengawu osati m’Chingelezi chokha komanso m’zinenero zina 15.
Kodi nkhaniyo njaikulu motero? Inde. Ngati anthu 300 amwalira m’ngozi yaikulu, imeneyo ingakhale nkhani yaikulu kwa masiku ambiri, mwinamwake ngakhale milungu. Koma nkhani ina mu The Journal of the American Medical Association inanena kuti Aamereka ngati 53,000 amafa chaka chilichonse ndi zotulukapo za kupuma utsi wa ndudu za anthu ena kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Zimenezo, iyo inatero, zikupangitsa kupuma utsi wotero wa fodya wochokera kwina, kapena wa pamalo pamene tili kukhala “chochititsa imfa chachikulu chachitatu chokhoza kuletsedwa, chotsatira kusuta kwenikweni ndi moŵa.”
Ana—Ochita Tsoka Opanda Chitetezo
Bwanji ponena za m’nyumba? Healthy People 2000, chofalitsa cha boma la United States chimene chinaika chonulirapo cha kuchepetsa “imfa za mwamsanga ndi matenda ndi kupunduka kosayenera,” inati: “Kugwiritsira ntchito fodya ndiko kumachititsa imfa zoposa imodzi mwa imfa zisanu ndi imodzi zilizonse mu United States ndipo ndiko chochititsa imfa ndi matenda chimodzi chachikulu koposa chokhoza kuletsedwa m’chitaganya chathu.”
Chinawonjezera kuti: “Kusuta ndudu pamene munthu ali ndi pathupi ndiko kumachititsa 20 mpaka 30 peresenti ya makanda obadwa ali osalemera mokwanira, kufikira pa 14 peresenti ya makanda obadwa msanga, ndi pafupifupi 10 peresenti ya imfa zonse za makanda.” Anakubala amene amasuta fodya, chinatero, angapatsire zinthu za muutsi wa fodya, osati kokha mwa kuyamwitsa khanda kapena mwa kusuta fodya pafupi ndi khandalo komanso mwa “kuika khanda m’chipinda mmene anali kusutiramo fodya posachedwa.”
Atate nawonso akuloŵetsedwamo. Chofalitsa chimodzimodzicho chinapereka uphungu wakuti: “Ngati anthu amene amakhala ndi ana akufuna kusuta fodya, ayenera kukasuta kunja kapena m’malo amene mphepo yake simapita kumene kungakhale mwana.” Ngoziyo imakula malinga ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu aakulu msinkhu amene akusuta fodya m’chipinda chimodzimodzicho ndipo malinga ndi chiŵerengero cha ndudu za fodya zimene asuta. Ndiye chifukwa chake, Joycelyn Elders, yemwe kale anali dokotala wamkulu wa United States, anati: “Ana anu ndiwo ochita tsoka osadziŵa kanthu a kumwerekera kwanu.”
Anthu ena alinso pangozi. Chilengezo china cha pawailesi yakanema chochirikizidwa ndi boma ku California chinasonyeza mwamuna wina wokalamba atakhala yekha. Iye ananena kuti nthaŵi zonse mkazi wake anali ‘kumlimbikitsa’ kuleka kusuta fodya. “Anandichenjezadi kuti adzaleka kundipsompsona ngati sindidzaleka. Ndinanena kuti ndi mapapu anga, ndipo ndi moyo wanga. Koma ndinalakwa. Sindinaleke. Sindinadziŵe chilichonse kuti moyo umene ndidzataya si wanga . . . Unali wake.” Akumayang’ana pachithunzi cha mkazi wakeyo mwachisoni, mwamuna wokalambayo anawonjezera kuti: “Mkazi wanga anali moyo wanga.”
Lingaliro Losinthidwa
Machenjezo otero achititsa kutsika kwakukulu kwa chiŵerengero cha osuta fodya mu United States. Modabwitsa, Aamereka ngati 46 miliyoni—49.6 peresenti ya awo omwe ankasuta—aleka!
Komabe, makampani a fodya ali ndi mabajeti aakulu a kusatsa malonda ndipo akulimbana ndi zimenezo. Kutsika kwa chiŵerengero cha osuta kwachepa. Joseph A. Califano, Jr., wa pa Malo Oona za Kumwerekera ndi Kugwiritsira Ntchito Molakwa Zinthu Zomwerekeretsa a pa Yunivesite ya Columbia ku New York, anati: “Chiwopsezo chachikulu koposa pa umoyo wa anthu chochokera ku maindasitale a fodya [ndicho] kugwiritsira ntchito kwake kusatsa malonda ndi njira zamalonda zolinganizidwa kukopa ana aang’ono ndi achichepere amene ali gulu latsopano la omwerekera ndi zinthu zake zakupha.”
The Journal of the American Medical Association inati: “Achichepere ngati 3000, makamaka ana ndi amsinkhu, amakhala osuta fodya a nthaŵi zonse tsiku lililonse. Zimenezi zikuimira osuta fodya atsopano pafupifupi 1 miliyoni chaka chilichonse amene mwa njira ina amaloŵa m’malo osuta fodya ngati 2 miliyoni amene amaleka kapena kufa chaka chilichonse.”
Oposa theka la osuta fodya onse a ku United States amayamba pausinkhu wa zaka 14. David Kessler, woimira Ofesi Yoyang’anira Zakudya ndi Mankhwala ya ku United States, ananena kuti mwa ana 3000 amene amayamba kusuta fodya tsiku lililonse, pafupifupi 1,000 adzafa m’kupita kwa nthaŵi ndi matenda ochititsidwa ndi kusuta fodya.
Ngati ziŵerengero zimenezo zikukuvutitsani mtima, kungakhale bwino kukumbukira kuti ana athu amatsatira chitsanzo chathu. Ngati tikufuna kuti asamasute fodya, ifenso sitiyenera kutero.
Malonda a Kutsidya Kwa Nyanja
Ngakhale kuti kusuta ndudu kwachepa mu United States, malonda ake kunja kwa dzikolo akukula. Los Angeles Times inanena kuti “malonda a kunja kwa dziko awonjezereka katatu ndipo malonda a makampani a fodya a mu United States awonjezereka.” The New England Journal of Medicine inanena kuti m’maiko omatukuka kumene “ngozi ya kusuta fodya simagogomezeredwa,” zikumalola makampani a fodya “kuloŵa m’misika ya kumaiko ena mofulumira.”
Komabe, Patrick Reynolds, mwana wa R. J. Reynolds, Jr., ndipo mbadwa ya woyambitsa kampani imene imapanga ndudu za Camel ndi Winston, ananena kuti imfa imodzi mwa zisanu mu United States imachititsidwa ndi kusuta fodya. Akuti Reynolds ananenanso kuti kusuta fodya kumachititsa imfa zambiri pachaka kuposa cocaine, zakumwa zaukali, heroin, moto, kudzipha, mbanda, AIDS, ndi ngozi za galimoto zonse zitaikidwa pamodzi ndi kuti ndiko chochititsa imfa, matenda, ndi kumwerekera m’nyengo yathu chimene chikhoza kuletsedwa mosavuta koposa.
Kodi zikuonekera kukhala zachilendo kuti mtundu umene unathandizira dziko kuphunzira kusuta fodya wakulitsa chitsutso cha kusuta fodya m’dziko lonselo? Ngati zili choncho, kungakhale bwino kudzifunsa ife eni kuti, ‘Kodi ndani ayenera kudziŵa bwino kwambiri?’
Magazini a Modern Maturity anasimba za mkazi wina amene anali atasuta fodya kwa zaka zoposa 50. Iye anati: “Ukamwerekera ndiko kuti wagwidwa.” Koma anathetsa chidwi chake chimene chinamyambitsa kusuta fodya pachiyambi, kupenda zifukwa zake zopitirizira, ndi kuleka.
“Yesani,” analemba motero. “Umamva bwino kwambiri.”
[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 28]
Pali “kuyerekezera kuti m’ma 1990 m’maiko otukuka, fodya adzachititsa pafupifupi 30 peresenti ya imfa zonse pakati pa aja amene ali ndi zaka zakubadwa 35 mpaka 69, zikumampangitsa kukhala chochititsa imfa ya mwamsanga chimodzi chachikulu koposa m’maiko otukuka.”—NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 29]
MACHENJEZO A KANSA
Machenjezo otsatirawa ndi a m’mabrosha a Sosaite ya za Kansa ku America akuti Facts on Lung Cancer ndi Cancer Facts & Figures—1995:
• “Akazi okwatiwa osasuta fodya ali pangozi ya kansa ya m’mapapu yokulirapo ndi 35 peresenti ngati amuna awo amasutsa fodya.”
• “Matenda a kansa ngati 90 peresenti mwa amuna ndi 79 peresenti mwa akazi amachititsidwa ndi kusuta ndudu.”
• “Kwa wosuta mapaketi aŵiri patsiku amene wasuta fodya kwa zaka zoposa 40, mlingo wake wakufa ndi kansa ya m’mapapu umaposa wa amene sasuta fodya ndi nthaŵi 22.”
• “Chitetezo chabwino koposa pa kansa ya m’mapapu ndicho kusayamba nkomwe kusuta fodya, kapena kuleka nthaŵi yomwe ino.”
• “Kulibe chinthu chotchedwa ndudu yabwino.”
• “Kugwiritsira ntchito fodya wotafuna kapena wa m’mphuno kumawonjezera ngozi ya kudwala kansa ya mkamwa, ya kholingo, ya m’mero, ndi ya nkhwiko ndipo uli mchitidwe womwerekeretsa kwambiri.”
• “Ngozi yowonjezereka ya kansa ya m’masaya ndi ya mu nkhama ingawonjezereke pafupifupi nthaŵi 50 pakati pa amene amagwiritsira ntchito fodya wa m’mphuno kwa nthaŵi yaitali.”
• “Anthu amene amaleka kusuta fodya, mosasamala kanthu za msinkhu wawo, amakhala ndi moyo kwa nthaŵi yotalikirapo kuposa anthu amene amapitiriza kusuta. Osuta fodya amene amaleka asanakwanitse zaka 50 zakubadwa, amakhala ndi theka la mwaŵi wawo wa kukhala ndi moyo m’zaka 15 zotsatirapo poyerekezera ndi aja amene amapitiriza kusuta fodya.”
[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 31]
CHOTHETSA NZERU CHA MLIMI
Kwa mibadwo yambiri fodya wachirikiza mabanja amene minda yawo njaing’ono kwambiri kwakuti singapereke zofunikira m’moyo ndi mbewu ina iliyonse. Choonadi chimenechi mosakayikira chimapereka vuto la chikumbumtima kwa anthu ambiri. Stanley Hauerwas, profesa wa miyezo ya maphunziro a zaumulungu pa Yunivesite ya Duke, sukulu imene inayambidwa ndi ngwazi yolima fodya, anati: “Ndiganiza kuti chopweteka chachikulu cha anthu amene amalima fodya ndicho chakuti . . . pamene anayamba kumlima, sanadziŵe kuti adzapha wina aliyense.”
[Chithunzi patsamba 30]
Utsi sumangokhala m’chigawo cha osuta
[Chithunzi patsamba 30]
Kusuta fodya pamene munthu ali ndi pathupi ndiko kumachititsa pafupifupi 10 peresenti ya imfa zonse za makanda