Kodi Ndani Amene Ali Pangozi?

KODI nkuti kumene kachirombo ka AIDS kanachokera? Lingaliro lofala m’mbali ya zamankhwala ya ku Yuropu ndi Amereka liri lakuti kanachokera ku Central Africa. Pusi wobiliwira wa ku Afirika amanyamula kachirombo kofananaka, ndipo kukulingaliridwa kuti kachiromboka kanapeza njira yake kulowera mwa anthu kupyolera mwa mgwirizano wawo wathithithi ndi apusi odwala.

Koma mikhole ya AIDS inayamba kudziwikitsidwa m’United States. Kodi ndimotani mmene kachiromboko kakuyerekezeredwa kukhala kanafikira kwa iwo? Mwanjira ya Haiti, mogwirizana ndi lingaliro lofala. Nzika za Haiti zochuluka zinayendera Afirika mkati mwa programu yosinthana zamalimidwe m’ma-1970. Pambuyo pake, monga momwe kukunenedwera, ogonana ndi aziwalo zofanana nawo, pokhala atagwidwa nako pamene anali ku Haiti, anatengera AIDS ku New York.

Komabe, ziphunzitso zoterozo, zikutsutsidwa mwamphamvu ndi nzika za Afirika, zimene zimazitcha kukhala “mkupiti wamanenanena onyenga.” Dr. V. A. Orinda, mkonzi wa bukhu lazamankhwala la ku Afirika akupereka lingaliro lakuti odzacheza ochokera kuzungulira padziko lonse anabweretsa AIDS ku Afirika. Mosakanika, palibe aliyense yemwe amadziwa motsimikizira kumene kachirombo ka AIDS kanachokera.

Mchochitika chirichonse, nthenda yakupha imeneyi inaulikira m’United States kwazaka zingapo, mwakachetechete, mwakupha, ikumawirikiza nthawi zambirimbiri. Pambuyo pooti yadziwikitsidwa zaka zochepa chabe zapitazo, iyo mwamsanga inafikira kukhala chipwirikiti cha zathanzi la padziko lonse.

Awo Okhala Pangozi

AIDS imafalikira mwakusinthanitsa kwa zamadzi zamthupi, makamaka mwazi ndi ubwamuna. Chotero aliyense amene anagonana ndi munthu yemwe ali ndi kachirombo ka AIDS ali pangozi. Mtundu wa machitachita akugonana wa kugonana ndi anthu ofanana ziwalo umawapangitsa kukhala ofulumira kuyambukiridwa mwapadera. Ndithudi, mikhole ya AIDS yoposa 70 peresenti m’United States ali amuna ogonana ndi aziwalo zofanana nawo, zikumachititsa ena kutchula dzina AIDS kukhala nthenda yachimuna.

Ndiyeno, mu 1982, panali mkhole wina wa AIDS yemwe sanali wogonana ndi ofanana naye ziwalo. Iye anali wogwiritsira ntchito moipa anamgoneka kudzera m’misempha. Mwakugwiritsira ntchito majekisoni osatsukidwa bwino, ogwiritsira ntchito moipa mankhwala oledzeretsa anali kudzibaya osati kokha ndi mankhwala ogodomalitsawo komanso ndi kachirombo ka AIDS kuchokera m’mwazi wa atsamwali awo. Ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ogodomalitsa kudzera m’mitsempha mwamsanga anafikira kukhala kagulu kachiwiri kokhala paupandu chifukwa cha AIDS.

Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti awo olumidwa ndi udzudzu wokhala ndi mwazi wochokera kwa munthu wodwala AIDS ali paupandu? Palibe chitsimikiziro chakuti AIDS imapatsiranidwa kudzera mwa njira imeneyi. “Ogwira ntchito za thanzi okhala ndi majekiseni a zogwirira zoipitsidwa amapeza mwazi wochuluka koposa umene ungasinthidwire m’thupi la wina kudzera mwa udzudzu,” akutero Dr. Harold Jaffe, mtsogoleri wa ofufuza AIDS. “Koma,” iye akuwonjezera kuti, “Sindikulingalira kuti mungathe kunena kuti nkosatheka.”

Kuphatikiza pa ogonana ndi ofanana nawo ziwalo ndi ogwiritsira ntchito moipa anamgoneka, kagulu kena kamene kanayamba kuwonekera kukhala katagwidwa ndi AIDS kanali kagulu ka otuluka kamfuno—anthu amene amachucha mwazi mosavuta. Iwo kawirikawiri amapatsidwa mankhwala odziwika kukhala Factor VIII, opangidwa kuchokera kumwazi wotengedwa kwa opatsa mwazi ofikira 5 000. Magazine ya zamankhwala Yachibritishi yotchedwa The Lancet inanena kuti “m’maiko omwe amagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala otchedwa Factor VIII ochokera ku USA chochitikacho nchachiwonekere kuwonjezereka.” Chotero, iyo inati, peresenti ya ochucha mwazi mosavuta Achijeremani osimbidwa kukhala ali ndi tizirombo ta AIDS anachuluka kuchokera pa kupanda aliyense mu 1980 kufikira ku 53 peresenti mu 1984!

Komabe kachirombo ka AIDS kapezekanso mu mkodzo, malovu, ndi misodzi. Kodi nthendayi ingagwidwe kupyolera mwa kusinthana zamadzi za mthupi zimenezi? Palibe chitsimikiziro chakuti aliyense anagwidwa ndi AIDS mwanjira imeneyi. Ndipo lingaliro lofala lazamankhwala nlakuti kupatsirana nthendayo mwa zamadzi zimenezi sikuli kwachiwonekere. Komabe, katswiri wanthenda zamaganizo wa ku Washington, D.C., Dr. Richard Restak, akunena kuti: “Ngati tiziromboto timakhala m’zamadzi zimenezi, njira yanzeru njooti tiyenera kunyumwira kuthekera kwakuti nthendayo ingapatsiranidwe mwanjira zimenezinso.”

National Catholic Reporter mu November wa 1985 ananena kuti kufalikira kwa AIDS kwachititsa nkhawa ponena za kumwera vinyo m’chikho chimodzi pa Komyuniyoni. Pamene kufufuza kofuna kudziwa ponena za mchitidwewo kunapangidwa ndi malo apakati a US kaamba ka Njira Zotetezera Matenda m’Atlanta, Georgia, woimira mtsogoleri Dr. Donald R. Hopkins adanena kuti panalibe umboni uliwonse wakuti AIDS ikatha kupatsiranidwa mwanjira imeneyi. Komabe, iye anawonjezera kuti kupanda umboni “sikuyenera kupereka lingaliro lakuti palibe upandu.”

Popeza kuti AIDS mothekera ingathe kupatsiranidwa mwa mgwirizano wapafupi ndi odwala AIDS, kodi nkodabwitsa kuti anthu ali odera nkhawa? Chikhalirechobe, makolo kawirikawiri amatsimikiziritsidwa kuti ana awo sadzagwidwa ndi AIDS yotengedwa kuchokera kwa ophunzira anzawo. Monga umboni, kwanenedwa kuti mikhole ya AIDS siinapatsire kwa ziwalo zabanja ngakhale kuli kwakuti amapsopsonana, kudyera ziwiya zodyera zofananazo, ndi kugawana zimbudzi zimodzimodzizo. Komabe, mlembi wa ku New York William F. Buckley, Jr., akumvera chisoni nkhawa ya makolo, akumati:

“Pamene [mkhole wachidziwikire wa AIDS] Rock Hudson anachotsedwa m’chipatala, manesi onse omwe anali kumsamalira—ndipo chimenechi chinali chipatala chamakono, osati m’kanyumba ka sing’anga wa kumidzi—anachititsidwa kuwotcha madiresi awo. Wodwalayo anadyetsedwera pa mbale za mapepala ndi za mapulasitiki, ndi mafoloko ndi masupuni amapulasitiki—zimene zinawotchedwa.” Kodi nchifukwa ninji machenjezo oterowo ngati oyang’anira chipatala sanakhulupirire kuti panali ngozi yakutikuti ya kugwidwa ndi nthendayo?

Ngozi za Kuthiriridwa Mwazi

Kumbali ina, mosakaikira AIDS ingakhoze kupatsiranidwa mwa kulandira mwazi wa munthu wodwala nthendayo. Ngakhale opatsa mwazi okhala ndi kachirombo ka AIDS, koma amene iwo eniwo panthawiyo alibe zizindikiro zake angathe kupatsira AIDS kwa ena.

Dr. Arthur Ammann anasimba kuti khanda m’San Francisco lomwe linali litapatsidwa mwazi wosiyanasiyana mwamsanga pambuyo pa kubadwa kwake linadzagwidwa ndi AIDS pambuyo pake. Mmodzi wa opereka mwazi, yemwe anali bwino panthawiyo, sanafikire kukhala wodwala AIDS kufikira miyezi isanu ndi iŵiri pambuyo pa kuperekedwa kwa mwazi wakewo. Onse aŵiri woperekayo ndi khanda lolandira mwazi wake anafa.

Makanda anayi a ku Australia omwe anabadwa nthawi yawo isanakwane anapezeka ndi AIDS pambuyo pa kuthiriridwa mwazi kuchokera kwa munthu wamba yemwe pambuyo pake anadzapezeka kukhala ali ndi tizirombo ta AIDS. Atatu mwa anayiwo anafa mkati mwa miyezi isanu ndi iŵiri.

Mnyamata wina m’chigawo cha Georgia, United States, anafa ndi AIDS zaka zisanu ndi theka pambuyo pa kuthiridwa mwazi kumodzi kokha wochokera kwa wogonana ndi aziwalo zofanana naye yemwe analibe zizindikiro zirizonse koma yemwe mwazi wake pambuyo pake unasonyeza kukhala uli ndi tizirombo tonyamula matenda a AIDS. Mwachisoni, madokotala a pa Koleji ya Georgia akusimba kuti: “Mwazi wa woperekayo waperekedwanso kwa oulandira ochuluka chiyambire pa kuthiriridwa mwazi kwa wodwala wathuyo.”—The New England Journal of Medicine, May 9, 1985, tsamba 1256.

Mafufuzidwe amodzi anasimba kuti pafupifupi 40 peresenti ya odwala “othiriridwa mwazi wogwirizanitsidwa ndi AIDS . . . inali ya azaka 60 zakubadwa kapena achikulire koposerapo” ndipo “anali atalandira mwazi wawo mwakaŵirikaŵiri mogwirizana ndi mchitidwe wa zamankhwala, kaŵirikaŵiri luso la kuchiritsa kovomerezedwa ndi lamulo.”—The New England Journal of Medicine, January 12, 1984.

Zimenezi zikudzutsa funso lofunika lakuti: Kodi palibe njira ina iriyonse yopewera tizirombo ta AIDS pa kuthiriridwa mwazi?

Kodi Pali Kuyesa Mwazi Kodalirika?

Limodzi ndi kudziwikitsidwa kwa kachirombo komwe kamachititsa AIDS, kunafikira kukhala kothekera kuyesa mwazi kuwona kuti kaya munthuyo anali ndi AIDS ndi kuti anadwala ndi tizirombo tobweretsa matendato. Chotero, programu yaikulu koposerapo ya kupenda opereka mwazi inafikira kukhala yothekera.

Manyuzipepala ndi anthu odziwa zamankhwala ochuluka anawonekera kukhala akumaganiza kuti vutolo tsopano linali litathetsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, Newsweek ya August 12, 1985, inalankhula za mayeso amenewa kukhala “otsimikizira, monga momwe akatswiri ochulukitsitsa amalingalirira, kuti AIDS siidzafalikiranso kupyolera mwa mwazi wa mtunduwo.”

Koma malangizo opendedwanso a U.S. Public Health Service oti aperekedwe kwa anthu onenedwa kukhala “paupandu waukulu” samanena zimenezo. Mmalo mwake, amati: “Mayesowo sadzadziwa anthu onse amene ali ndi tizirombo tonyamula matendawo chifukwa chakuti sialiyense amene ali ndi kachirombo konyamula matendawo amene adzakhala ndi masero otetezera matenda. . . . Pali kuthekera kwakuti maselo otetezera matenda a tizirombo tonyamula matendato sangathe kudziwidwa pamene mwazi wanuwo uyesedwa ngakhale kuli kwakuti kunayambukiridwa. Ngati zimenezo zinati zichitike, mwazi ukanagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuchiritsira awo amene panthawiyo akanakhala paupandu wa kuyambukiridwa ndi HTLV-III ndi kaamba ka AIDS.”

Magazine a U.S. Food and Drug Administration otchedwa FDA Consumer a May 1985 adanena kuti “zoturukapo zosakondweretsa za mayeso a tizirombo totetezera matenda sizimatsimikizira kuti munthuyo ali womasuka ku tiziromboto. . . . Izi ziri chifukwa chakuti tizirombo totetezera matenda tingakhale tisanawonjezerekebe ngati tiziromboto tinafika posachedwapa.”

Dr. Myron Essex, tcheyamani wa dipatimenti ya sayansi ya kensa ya zamoyo pa Harvard School of Public Health, anagwidwa mawu ndi The New York Times kukhala akumati: “Sikuli kwachiwonekere kotheratu kuti mayesowo akuturukira yoposa 90 peresenti [ya mwazi woyambukiridwa ndi matenda], ndipo kuyerekezera kwanga kwabwino koposa nkwakuti iri 75 kufikira 80 peresenti. Ndikanachititsidwa kakasi ngati zikanakhala zabwinopo kuposa zimenezo.”

Sikokha kuti mayesowo amalephera kugwira mwazi wonse woyambukiridwa ndi tiziromboto komanso, monga momwe magazine a Time anaperekera ndemanga kuti, “Mayeso a mwaziwo ali amtengo wapatali kwambiri chakuti maiko ambiri sangakhoze kuwachita pamlingo waukulu.”

Mapendedwe a Newsweek anasimba kuti 21 peresenti ya awo ofunsidwa ananena kuti iwo kapena anthu amene anawadziwa anali kukana chipatara cha opareshoni chimene chinafunikiritsa kuthiriridwa mwazi. Mwina mwake anthu owonjezereka tsopano adzafunafuna madokotala amene akulitsa njira zosamala kwambiri zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri m’mbali yomakulakula ya maoparesheni opanda mwazi.

[Chithunzi patsamba 23]

Kodi wodwalayo angakhale wotsimikizira kuti mwazi womwe akulandira ngwopanda tizirombo ta AIDS?

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

H. Armstrong Roberts