Dziko Lapansi Chiyambire 1914

Gawo 7: 1960-1969 Ma-1960—Nthaŵi ya Mtsutsano Wosalamulirika

NDEGE inagwa pansi, ndi kutenga pamodzi ndi iyo chiyembekezo chirichonse chimene kukwinjika kwa Nkhondo yoputana ndi Mawu kukanakhoza kuthetsera nacho mwamsanga. Iyo inali ndege ya azondi ya United States U-2, ndipo inagwetsedwa pansi ndi mfuti mu Soviet Union pa May 1, 1960.

Mtsogoleri wa Soviet Nikita Khrushchev anafunsira chikhululukiro ndi lonjezo kuchokera ku United States kuti kuwuluka koteroko kulekeke. Mwa kusakhutiritsidwa ndi yankho la Prezidenti Eisenhower, iye anatsutsa mwa kukana kupezeka pa msonkhano wa atsogoleri a boma a Kum’mawa ndi Kumadzulo wondandalitsidwa kuyamba mu Paris pa May 16.

Icho sichinali chiyambi chamwaŵi ku ma-1960. Koma chinali cholinga ku nyengo yomwe inazindikiritsidwa ndi mzimu wotsutsa ndi kusathekera kwa anthu kwa kuvomereza—kuvomereza ponena za chifupifupi chirichonse.

Mosasamala Kanthu za Mtendere, Mitundu Itatu ya Nkhondo

Nkhondo yoputana mwa Mawu inali idakali ndi moyo kwenikweni. Zochitika zotsatira zikaisunga iyo kukhala tero. Mu August 1961, Soviet inasiya kukhala m’gawo lake mu Berlin kudzichotsa ku mphamvu za Kumadzulo mwa kukhazikitsa Berlin Wall. Chaka chimodzi pambuyo pake iwo anayesera kukhazikitsa mamissile a ku Soviet mu Cuba. Ichi chinalephereka kaamba ka gulu la m’madzi “lochinjiriza” la U.S. kapena loletsa. Kusakhazikika kwa ana a sukulu mu Czechoslovakia kunathandizira kutsogolera ku kupangidwa kwa boma latsopano. Koma mu 1968 Soviet inalowerera, kuwopera kuti kupangidwanso kwa bomalo kungatembenuze chomwe chinkatchedwa kuti Prague Spring kukhala ulamuliro wawo.

Pambali pa kuvutika ndi kuŵaŵa kwa Nkhondo yoputana ndi Mawu, dziko linakumananso ndi chiyambukiro chochulukira cha mtundu “weniweni” wa nkhondo. Chifupifupi kuputana 54 kunayambika pakati pa 1945 ndi 1959. Tsopano mkati mwa ma-1960 zina 52 zikawonjezeredwa, kuphatikizapo Congolese ndi nkhondo wamba za ku Nigeria, Nkhondo ya Masiku Asanu ndi limodzi ya ku Middle East, ndi nkhondo ya ku Vietnam.a

Ma-1960, ngakhale kuli tero, anawona chiyambi cha mtundu wachitatu wa nkhondo. Kupitirizabe kufikira panthaŵiyo dziko linali labata pang’ono pa mayanjano kapena pa anthu wamba. Koma tsopano achichepere a mbadwo wa pambuyo pa nkhondo anafikira kukhala a msinkhu. Mwa kusakonda dziko lomwe iwo anawona, ndi kudzimva kuti mavuto ake ankathetsedwa mosakhutiritsa, iwo anayambitsa nkhondo ya iwo eni—nkhondo ya chitsutso.

Ophunzira pa Ndawala

Mamailo ambiri anayendedwa mu ndawala yakuti “letsani bomba”. M’chenicheni, chifupifupi chirichonse chomwe chinawonedwa kukhala choyenera ku chitsutso chinasonkhezera ndawalayo, kusapezeka m’kalasi kwa ana a sukulu, kukhala m’makwalala, kapena m’chitidwe wa kusamvera wamba. Ochulukira a anthu achichepere mwachiwonekere anachirikiza mtundu watsopanowu wa mkhalidwe wa nkhondo, chifupifupi mwalamulo. Kufufuza kwa achichepere a ku German kochitidwa mu 1968 kunasonyeza chiyanjo cha maperesenti 67, chikutsogolera magazini ya nkhani ya ku German Der Spiegel kuchitira ndemanga kuti: “Pamene chifika ku kuchita ndawala, ambiri a iwo ali ofunitsitsa kubwereka osati kokha mitima yawo komanso mapazi awo ndipo, ngati pangakhale kufunika, ngakhale makofi awo.”

Ichi chinasonyezedwa m’mizinda yoposa 20 ya ku German mkati mwa kothera kwa mlungu wa Isitala wa mu 1968, pamene zikwi zingapo zinaphwanya misewu ya oyenda pansi kaamba ka kutsutsa. Anthu aŵiri anafa; mazana angapo anavulazidwa. Uku kunali kukula kopambanitsa kwa chitsutso chaka chimodzi choyambirirapo chomwe chinatsogozedwa motsutsana ndi Shah wa ku Iran ndi ulamuliro wake. Panthaŵi imeneyo, pa June 2 mu Berlin kukanthana pakati pa otsutsa ndi apolisi kunatulukapo mu imfa imodzi ndi kuvulazika kochulukira.

Ndi chifukwa chabwino mkonzi William Burroughs ananena mu 1968 kuti: “Kuwukira kwa achichepere kuli vuto la dziko lonse lomwe silinawonedwepo ndi kalelonse m’mbiri.” Mu chaka chimenecho kusakhazikika kwa ophunzira kunatsogolera ku kusapita ku ntchito kwa chisawawa mu France komwe kukanakhoza chifupifupi kugwetsa boma la de Gaulle. Pa chiyambi cha zaka khumi, chitsutso cha ana a sukulu chinagwetsa boma kwenikweni, la South Korea, ngakhale kuti chinali pa kutaika kwa miyoyo 200. Ndipo ponena za kutsutsa kwa ana opita ku sukulu mu Japan, bukhu lakuti 1968 Weltpanorama lanena kuti: “Japan simasiyana kwambiri ndi America ndi Europe. Kwakukulukulu, ana a sukulu a ku Japan ali kokha oyerekezera kwambiri kuposa ana a sukulu anzawo a ku Berkeley, Paris, kapena Frankfurt.”

“Pangani Chikondi, Osati Nkhondo”

Chochulukira cha chitsutso chimenechi chinatsogozedwa molimbana ndi nkhondo—nkhondo mwachisawawa ndipo makamaka nkhondo mu Vietnam. Mu 1946 nkhondo yomenyera ufulu molimbana ndi mphamvu zakale za French inawulika mu Indochina, kumene Vietnam inali ndi mbali. Zaka zisanu ndi zitatu pambuyo pake pangano la kuleka nkhondo linagawanitsa dzikolo, makonzedwe osakhalitsa kufikira masankho atachitidwa kuligwirizanitsanso. Mbali imodzi inadzakhala pansi pa komyunisiti, ina pansi pa ulamuliro wosakhala wa chikomyunisiti. Monga mu Germany ndi Korea, mphamvu zazikulu zinadzipeza izo zeni kukhala zitaloŵetsedwa mu Nkhondo yoputana ndi Mawu yomwe inkamenyedwa modutsa malire a ndale.b

Vuto la Nkhondo yoputana ndi Mawu potsirizira pake linadzatulukapo kukhala nkhondo yowonekera mu Vietnam. Poyambirira United States inapereka kokha chithandizo cha zida zankhondo kumbali ya kum’mwera. Koma mkati mwa ma-1960, iyo inayamba kutumiza magulu a nkhondo, ikumafikira chiŵerengero chapamwamba choposa pa theka la miliyoni imodzi zaka khumi zisanathe. Nkhondoyo inadzakhala monga chironda chovuta chomwe chinakana kupola. “Mu May [1965] kuphunzitsa kwa kabisira kopezedwako ndi ana a sukulu zikwi khumi ndi ziŵiri [mu United States] kunatembenuzidwira kukhala msonkhano wotsutsa nkhondo, ndipo unaika chitsanzo kaamba ka kusonyezera kwa masukulu ena otsutsa nkhondo komwe kunazindikiritsa zaka khumi zonsezo,” akutero Charles R. Morris m’bukhu lake A Time of Passion—America 1960-1980. Kugogomezera kaimidwe kawo, amuna achichepere zikwi zingapo anatentha makardi awo a kunkhondo. Ena anapita ku mlingo wopitirira, akutero Morris, akumapereka chitsanzo cha amuna aŵiri omwe “anadzitentha iwo eni poyera kufikira ku imfa kaamba ka kutsutsa nkhondo.”

“Ndiri ndi Loto”

Mu nkhondo yotsutsa, ana a sukulu angakhale anatenga chitsogozo, koma iwo sanali okha. Mwachitsanzo, gulu la ku U.S. la kuyenera kwa anthu wamba linachirikizidwa ndi anthu akuda ndi oyera a misinkhu yonse pansi pa mtsogoleri wawo, mlaliki wa ku Southern Baptist Martin Luther King, Jr. Mu 1963 anthu oposa 200,000 anachita ndawala mu Washington, kumene King anawauzira iwo ndi nkhani yake yakuti “Ndiri ndi loto.”

Ukulu wa kupita patsogolo unafikiridwa pamene bungwe la U.S. linayankha ndi chomwe chatchedwa “kutsanulira kokulira kwa lamulo la kuyenera kwa anthu m’dziko lino.” Ndipo kupita patsogolo kwaumwini kunabwera pamene King anapatsidwa 1964 Nobel Peace Prize.

Aliyense Akuchita Chinthu Chakechake

Anthu achichepere nawonso anasonyeza kukana kwawo kwa dongosolo mwa kukana miyezo ya kavalidwe ndi kapesedwe kofala. “Mkhalidwe wa chisinthiko womwe unayamba pa London’s Carnaby Street mu 1957,” ikulongosola tero The New Encyclopœdia Britannica, “unatsogolera ku kulekerera, chiyambi chaubwana, ndi mkhalidwe wotsutsa kukhazikitsidwa wa mu ma-1960.” Kwa akazi ambiri linali tsiku la masiketi a afupi ndi zovala zogwira thupi; kwa amuna, la ndevu ndi tsitsi lalitali; ndipo kwa onse kavalidwe kosakanizana ndipo mwachisawawa kopanda mawonekedwe abwino komwe pambuyo pake kanadzadziŵika monga kawonekedwe kachilendo.

Zina za nyimbo za m’tsikulo nazonso zinasonkhezera mzimu wa chitsutso mwa kulimbikitsa kugwiritsira ntchito anamgoneka ndi kulekerera kugonana kosalamulirika ndi kugonana kwa anthu ofanana ziwalo. Oimba a rock ndi pop anakhala mafano, akumalamulira ponse paŵiri kavalidwe ndi mkhalidwe. Kukhala kwa anthu ambiri pamodzi kunadzakhala kofala. Ichi ndi mtundu wina wa makhalidwe a moyo omwe kale analingaliridwa kukhala osalandirika anawonedwa tsopano monga olandirika mosinthasintha. Zonsezi zinafunikira kututa zipatso zoipa mu ma-1970 ndi mu ma-1980.

Kukonzanso ndi “Anthu a Yesu”

Dikishonale imamasulira kukonzanso monga “lamulo la kukonzanso kapena kupanga malamulo a Roma Katolika kukhala ndi magulu atsopano, kolandiridwa monga imodzi ya zonulirapo za Msonkhano Wachiŵiri wa Vatican 1962-1965.” Papa John XXIII anayambitsa pa lamulo limeneli mochepera kupereka milandu yosaphula kanthu yakuti tchalitchi chinali cha mkhalidwe wakale ndipo kumbali ina kuchepetsa zotulukapo za chizoloŵezi chomakulakula cha kufuna kwa ena kutsutsa mwapoyera molimbana ndi ziphunzitso za tchalitchi ndi zochita. Ichi chinaphatikizapo ngakhale mkulu wa chipembedzo cha Chikatolika wotchulidwayo. Katswiri wa za chipembedzo wa ku German Hans Küng, mwachitsanzo, anaitanidwa ku Roma kukalongosola kawonedwe kake kosakhala ka chiorthodox koma anakana kupitako.

Mzimu wa kutsutsa kwa chipembedzo sunalekezere pa kuyesetsa kwa kusokoneza misonkhano ya chipembedzo. Achichepere ambiri a ku Europe ndi America anangonyalanyaza magulu onsewa, kutembenukira ku magulu ampatuko atsopano kapena ku nthanthi za ku Asia. Magulu onga ngati Divine Light Mission, Hare Krishna, ndi Children of God anayambika mkati mwa ma-1960 ndipo anakula mofalikira.

Kuchokera ku Chitsutso Kufika ku Chiwawa ndi Uchigawenga

Mzimu wotsutsa unavumbula kugwa kwa dziko lonse kwa kulemekeza ulamuliro—wa ukholo, maphunziro, boma, ndi chipembedzo. Iwo unatulutsa mzimu womwe kaŵirikaŵiri unatsogolera ku chiwawa, ku chimene chakhala chosalekeka chiyambire 1914, mwinamwake mowonekera kapena mosawonekera.

Kumbukirani zina za zochitika zomwe zinazindikiritsa ma-1960 achiwawa: Patrice Lumumba, chizindikiro cha Congo cha utundu wa mu Africa, ndi Nduna Yaikulu ya Boma la ku South Africa Hendrik F. Verwoerd onsewo anaphedwa mwauchinyama; Prezidenti Ngo Dinh Diem wa ku Republic ya Vietnam anaphedwa mkati mwa kulandidwa boma; United States inataikiridwa atsogoleri atatu mwa kuphedwa ndi zipolopolo mkati mwa zaka zochepera pa zisanu: Prezidenti John F. Kennedy, mtsogoleri wa kuyenera kwa anthu wamba Martin Luther King, Jr., ndi Senator Robert F. Kennedy.

Kuwukira kwa ulamuliro kumeneku, komwe sikunabwerere m’mbuyo kuleka kugwiritsira ntchito chiwawa kufikiritsa chonulirapo cha kutsutsa kwake, kunathandizira kuika maziko kaamba ka uchigawenga. M’chenicheni, mkonzi ndi wofufuza za ndale zadziko Claire Sterling wanena kuti uchigawenga wamakono unayambira mu 1968, “chaka chenicheni pamene mbadwo womwe unabadwa pambuyo pa nkhondo ya dziko yomalizira unalengeza nkhondo yake pa chitaganya.”

Kuyang’ana ku Miyamba kaamba ka Thandizo

Kodi kugonjetsa miyamba kungathandizire kugonjetsa mavuto a padziko lapansi? Ena mwachiwonekere anaganiza tero. Kuyenda ndi zombo m’mwamba kunapitiriza mosatsutsika, kogwidwa mu Nkhondo yoputana ndi Mawu, kokhala ndi utsogoleri ukulimbanirana mozungulira pakati pa Kum’mawa ndi Kumadzulo. Kuchokera mu 1961, pamene Soviet inaika munthu woyamba kuzungulira dziko lapansi m’mlengalenga, kudzafika mu 1969, pamene United States inafikitsa munthu woyamba pa mwezi, dziko linadabwitsidwa ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwa mlengalenga kumodzi pambuyo pa kunzake.

Pamene zaka khumi zinafika ku mape-to ake, Collier’s 1970 Year Book inachitira ndemanga kuti: “Chikuwoneka kukhala choyenerera ndithudi kuti 1969, chaka chimene munthu anayenda choyamba pa mwezi, chirinso chaka chomwe chinawona kupita patsogolo kwakukulu mu za mumlengalenga . . . komwe dzikoli silinadziŵepo ndi kalelonse. Mbadwo wa Aquarius . . . [pamene] ubale udzalamulira padziko lapansi, ungakhoze kapena sungakhoze kukhala pa ife.”c

Mwachiwonekere anthu ambirimbiri ankayang’ana kumwamba kaamba ka thandizo. Ndipo ku utali womwe kuika masatellite a dziko lapansi m’kuzungulira dziko kunapangira kuthekera kwa chifupifupi kukambitsirana panthaŵi imodzi pakati pa makontinenti, kunalinso ku utali womwewo kumene miyamba yowoneka ndi maso inabweretsa mitundu pamodzi chapafupi. Koma sanaibweretse iyo mwathithithi pamodzi m’kuthetsa mavuto a dziko. Mitundu inali yolekana kuposa ndi kalelonse, “yosayanjanitsikabe.”—2 Timoteo 3:1-3.

Nchifukwa ninji? Chifukwa chakuti mwamkhalidwe wake weniweniwo, mzimu wa kutsutsana—mzimu wa mu ma-1960—sungakhoze kugwirizanitsa. Iwo umagawanitsa. Kuti athetse mavuto a dziko, anthu afunikira kukhala pa chigwirizano. Kufikira chigwirizanochi, iwo afunikira kufunafuna kaamba ka thandizo, osati kuchokera kuthupi kapena ku miyamba ya nyenyezi, koma kuchokera kumwamba kwa boma la Mulungu.

Mboni za Yehova—zomwe podzafika 1969 zinawonjezeka ndi 48 peresenti kuposa pa avereji ya chiŵerengero chawo mu 1960—zinali kuchitadi chimenecho. Anali achisangalalo chotani nanga kuti kulongosola kwa panthaŵi yake kwa Aroma mutu 13, kochita ndi kugonjera kwa Chikristu, kunawatheketsa iwo kupewa kugwidwa m’msampha wa mzimu wa m’tsutsano wosalamulirika womwe unadziŵikitsa ma-1960!—Onani Nsanja ya Olonda, November 1, November 15, ndi December 1, 1962, Chingelezi.

Pamene ma-1960 anayandikira kumapeto ake, Mboni za Yehova zinali zotanganitsidwa kulankhula, osati ponena za Mbadwo wa Aquarius, koma ponena za mbadwo pansi pa Ufumu wa Mulungu pamene “ubale udzalamulira dziko lapansi.” Kodi iwo adzakhalapo kuwuwona iwo mwaumwini? Kodi inu mudzatero? Musaphonye nkhani yotsirizira ya mpambo wa “Dziko Lapansi Chiyambire 1914” m’kope lathu lotsatira: “Pamene Dziko Ligawanika, Lolani Chiyembekezo Chanu Chiwalitse!”

[Mawu a M’munsi]

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Zinthu Zina Zimene Zinapanga Mbiri

1960—Zivomezi zowopsya zikantha Morocco ndi Chile

1966—Kuwukira kwa Mwambo kuyambika mu China

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Kachitidwe kachilendo mu ma-1960

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UPI/Bettmann Newsphotos

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Ndawala yoletsa nkhondo mu New York

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UPI/Bettmann Newsphotos