Anthu Akufunafuna Zothetsera

“CHIPHUNZITSO cha MAD [Mutual Assured Destruction] chiri choipa. Pali chinachake chodzetsa imfa, ndipo choipirako, m’kuzika chisungiko chathu m’kuthekera kwathu kwa kupha akazi a chiRussia ndi ana. Ndipo chiri ngakhale chotsutsika koposa—ngati chimenecho chiri chothekera—kuwonjezera mwadala kuwunikiridwa kwa anthu athu ku chiwonongeko cha nyukliya kokha ndi cholinga chofuna kukwaniritsa zofuna za ena, nthanthi ya m’mbiri, yosatsimikizirika ndi yopanda pake.” Mawu amenewa, olankhulidwa ndi Nduna Yopanga Malamulo a ku U.S. William Armstrong, amawunikira kudzimva kwa kusakhazikika kumene anthu a ku America amadzimvera ponena za kuchinjiriza kozikidwa pa kuthekera kwa kubwezera.

Monga njira ina, mu March 1983, Prezidenti wa U.S. Reagan anayambitsa SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative), yodziŵika mofala monga Nkhondo Zotchuka. Iye ananena kuti: “Ndikuitana chitaganya cha sayansi chomwe chinatipatsa zida za nyukliya kutembenuzira maluso awo okulira ku zochititsa za mtundu wa anthu ndi mtendere wa dziko: kutipatsa ife chothandizira kupangitsa zida za nyukliya zimenezi kukhala zosagwira ntchito ndi zachabe.”

Reagan anawoneratu kutulutsidwa kwachilendo kwa, zida za nkhondo za pamwamba—X-ray lasers, mfuti zodzigwirira ntchito pa zokha, magalimoto opangidwa ndi mfuti zakupha, zida zoponyera—zomwe zikachinjiriza America ndi maiko ogwirizana naye mwa kusakaza mamissile a adani asanafike pa chandamale chawo.

SDI, ngakhale kuli tero, yakhala ikukambitsiridwa mowopsya ndi mokulira kuchokera pa chiyambi pake. Otsutsa amadzinenera kuti chiri chosatheka mwa zopangapanga kupanga “chokuta” chosakhoza kudontha molimbana ndi kuwukira kotsimikizirika—ndipo “chokuta” chodonthacho chiri chosagwira ntchito molimbana ndi zida za nyukliya. Akumaika mofupikitsa kutsutsa kwina, mwamuna wa bungwe la U.S. ananena molunjika kuti “pambali pa chenicheni chakuti dongosolo la SDI lingafooketsedwe, kugonjetsedwa, kusayanjidwa, sichingatsogozedwe ndi munthu koma kokha ndi makompyuta, kukakhoza kuswa chiŵerengero cha mapangano a kulamulira zida ndipo kukakhoza kuyambitsa nkhondo ya nyukliya ya moto, . . . ilo siliri dongosolo loipa.”

Soviet Union imatsutsanso SDI mokulira. Iyo imanena kuti America amangofuna kumanga chochinjiriza ndi cholinga chofuna kutambasula lupanga. Nduna za U.S., kenaka, zimatsutsa anthu a ku Soviet chifukwa cha kupanga kwawo kwa chinsinsi kwa dongosolo lochinjiriza kuputana.

Pa mlingo uliwonse, SDI ikatsimikizira kukhala ya mtengo kwambiri kupanga ndi kugwetsa. Zoyerekeza ziri pakati pa madola a U.S. 126 biliyoni kufika ku 1.3 triliyoni. Moyerekeza, Interstate Highway System ya U.S. yonse imataya $123 biliyoni! Ngakhale ndi tero, mabiliyoni amadola asungidwa kale ndi Bungwe la U.S. ku kufufuza kwa SDI.

Chiyembekezo cha Kuleka Kugwiritsira Ntchito Zida

Chikutero Chigawo Chotetezera cha Boma la Soviet kuti: “Anthu a ku Soviet ali okhutiritsidwa kuti kuleka kugwiritsira ntchito zida za nyukliya kuli chitsimikiziro chodalirika chakuti tsoka la nyukliya lidzachinjirizidwa.” Malingaliro ofunikawo pokhala osasamaliridwa, mpikisano wa zida za nkhondo ukupitirizabe pa liŵiro lokulira.

Kodi pali choletsa cha lamulo ku kuleka kugwiritsira ntchito zida? Kusoweka kwa chikhulupiriro. Soviet Military Power 1987, chofalitsidwa ndi Dipatimenti Yotetezera ya U.S., chimapatsa mlandu Soviet Union wa ‘kufunafuna kulamulira dziko.’ Whence the Threat to Peace, chofalitsidwa cholembedwa ndi Gawo Lotetezera la U.S.S.R., chimalankhula za U.S. kukhala “wa malingaliro ofuna kukhala mfumu ‘kulamulira dziko.’”

Ngakhale pamene kukambitsirana kwa kulamulira zida kukusonkhanidwa, mbali zonse ziŵiri zimapatsana mlandu wa kukhala ndi malingaliro adyera. Chofalitsidwa chogwidwa mawu pamwambapo cha ku Soviet chotero chimapatsa mlandu United States wa “kuletsa kupita patsogolo kulinga ku kuleka kugwiritsira ntchito zida m’mbali zonse” m’kuyesayesa kwakufuna “kutsogoza zochitachita za mitundu yonse kuchokera ku malo amphamvu.”

United States imatsutsa kuti kulamulira kwa zida kuli kokha machenjera a Soviet ofuna kuthetsa “mwaŵi womwe ulipo wa za nkhondo. . . . Ndiponso, [Moscow] amawona kukambitsirana kwa kulamulira zida kukhala monga njira yopititsira patsogolo zolinga za nkhondo za Soviet ndi kunyalanyaza kuchirikiza kwa unyinji kaamba ka malamulo a kuchinjiriza kwa Kumadzulo ndi maprogramu.”—Soviet Military Power 1987.

Kumvana kwa posachedwapa kwa kufuna kuthetsa mamissile okhoza kupha munthu m’kamphindi kukuwoneka kukhala sitepi lalikulu lopita patsogolo. Iko kuli kumvana koyamba ndi kalelonse kochepetsa kwenikweni—osati kokha kuika polekezera—ku zida za nyukliya. Ngakhale ndi tero, misonkhano yoteroyo, ngakhale kuti iri ya m’mbiri, iri yosakhoza kuthetsa zida zonse za nyukliya.

Kutsimikizira Vutolo

Tangoyerekezani, ngakhale ndi tero, kuti mphamvu zonse za nyukliya zavomerezana m’chenicheni kuleka kugwiritsira ntchito izo kotheratu. Kodi nchiyani chimene chikaletsa aliyense kapena mitundu yonse ku kunama—kulephera kuchotsa zida zoletsedwazo kapena kuzipanga izo mwachinsinsi?

Kenneth Adelman, yemwe anali kale mtsogoleri wa U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, ananena kuti: “Kuthetsa zida za nkhondo kukafuna dongosolo lapamwamba kwambiri ndi lolowerera kufufuza kwachindunji kumene aliyense akakhoza kulingalira. . . . Chimenecho chikatanthauza, kachiŵirinso, kukhala wotseguka kosakhala kwanthaŵi zonse ku kulowerera kwa kunja ku mbali ya mitundu yonse.” Chiri chovuta kulingalira kuti mtundu uliwonse ukatenga lamulo lotseguka loterolo.

Koma tiyeni tilingalirenso kuti mitundu mwanjira ina yake inalaka zokhumudwitsa zovutazi ndipo inaleka kupanga zida. Zopangapanga ndi nzeru za kufuna kupanga bomba zikakhoza kukhalabe. Ngati nkhondo wamba ingabuke, pangakhale nthaŵi zonse kuthekera kwakuti ikakula ku mlingo umene zida za nyukliya zikakhoza kupangidwanso—ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito.

Hans Bethe, mmodzi wa akatswiri a zopangapanga yemwe anagwira ntchito kupanga bomba la atomu loyambirira, ananena posachedwepa kuti: “Tinalingalira kuti tikakhoza kulamulira zidazo. Ilo silingabwezeredwenso, koma panali maziko olingaliridwa kaamba ka kuganiza kuti tikakhala nalo. Ndikudziŵa tsopano kuti ichi chinali chinyengo.”

[Chithunzi patsamba 23]

Ena amatsutsa kuti kuchinjiriza molimbana ndi kuwukiridwa kwa nyukliya kuli kokulira kuposa kubwezera pambuyo pa kuwukiridwa