Mtsogolo mwa Chipembedzo M’chiyang’aniro cha Nthaŵi Yake ya Kumbuyo

Gawo 13:476 C.E. Kupita Mtsogolo—Kuchokera mu Mdima, Chinachake “Choyera”

“Machimo ochitidwa mu mdima amawonedwa m’Mwamba monga nsalu za moto.”—Mwambi wa ku China

MU APRIL 1988 Tchalitchi mu Soviet Union chinasangalala kumva Mlembi Wamkulu Mikhail Gorbachev mwapoyera akulongosola kuti zophophonya zochitidwa ndi Boma m’maunansi ake ndi Tchalitchi ndi ziŵalo zake zikawongoleredwa.

M’ng’ankha wa mtundu wina unawonekanso kukhala uli paulendo wake wokakhazikitsidwa pamene papa John Paul II wa Roma Katolika anatumiza moni ku “tchalitchi cha pachibale cha zaka chikwi chimodzi zakubadwa monga chisonyezero cha chikhumbo cha mtima wonse cha kufikira umodzi wangwiro umene Kristu anafuna ndipo womwe uli maziko enieni ku mtundu wa Tchalitchi.” Koma ndimotani mmene poyambirirapo kusamvana kunabwerera pakati pa ‘matchalitchi a pachibale’?

Kutayika kwa Umodzi Womwe Siunaliko Nkomwe

Kuchiyambiyambi m’zana lachinayi, pambuyo pa kukhala wolamulira wa Ulamuliro Wachiroma, Constantine Wamkulu anasamutsa likulu lake kuchokera ku Roma kupita ku mzinda wa Chigriki wa Byzantium, wokhala pa magombe a Bosporus. Unatchedwanso Constantinople, ndipo ife lerolino tiwudziŵa monga Istanbul, Turkey. Chochitikacho chinakonzedwa kugwirizanitsa ulamuliro wowopsyezedwa ndi kuchoka kwa ziŵalo. M’chenicheni, kuchiyambi kwenikweni kwa theka lomalizira la zana lachiŵiri, “chizindikiro cha ulamuliro wogawanika chinali chitasonyezedwa kale molembedwa, mosasamala kanthu kuti chinali chosawonekera motani,” yadziŵitsa tero The New Encyclopœdia Britannica.

Chikristu chinali chinafalikira kupyola gawo lonse la kum’mawa kwa ulamulirowo mwamsanga ndi mofulumira kuposa ku gawo la kumadzulo. Chotero Constantine anawona mu chipembedzo cha chilengedwe chaponseponse (katolika) mphamvu ya kugwirizanitsa. Koma mongadi mmene ulamulirowo unali kwakukulukulu wogawanika, momwemonso chinali chipembedzo chake. Tchalitchi cha Kum’mawa chinali chodzisungira kuposa chija chozikidwa mu Roma, ndipo chinatsutsa nthanthi zaumulungu zatsopano zoperekedwa ndi Roma. “Kufikira ku zana la khumi ndi ziŵiri pakakhala mikangano yambiri ya ndale zadziko ndi ya nthanthi zaumulungu pakati pa matchalitchi aŵiriwo,” ikutero The Collins Atlas of World History.

Umodzi wa mikangano ya nthanthi ya zaumulungu imeneyi unaphatikizapo Nicene Creed, yomwe inapititsa patsogolo kuyambitsidwa kwa chiphunzitso chosakhala cha m’malemba cha Utatu. Choyambitsidwa ndi misonkhano yachisawawa yoyambirira itatu yochitidwa ndi tchalitchi (Nicaea mu 325 C.E., Constantinople mu 381 C.E., Ephesus mu 431 C.E.), nthanthiyo inalankhula za “Mzukwa Woyera . . . womwe umachokera kwa Atate.” Koma pa msonkhano m’zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi, tchalitchi cha Kumadzulo chinasintha mawuwo kuŵerenga kuti “womwe umachokera kwa Atate ndi Mwana.” Nkhani imeneyi ya filioque (Chilatin kaamba ka “ndi mwana”) inali, ndipo idakali, nsonga ya mkangano pakati pa matchalitchi a pachibale “Achikristu” amenewa.

Kusagwirizana kunakhala kowonekera mokulira pamene ulamuliro wa kumadzulo unatha mu 476 C.E., kuzindikiritsa kuyambika kwa Mibadwo Yakuda. Ponena za Chikristu, Mibadwo Yakuda inali ndithudi nyengo ya mdima ndi umbuli wa luntha. Kuwunika kwa uthenga wabwino wa Chikristu kunali, kwa kanthaŵi, kunagonjetsedwa ndi mdima wa Chikristu cha Dziko.

Mdima wachipembedzo suli wabwino ku umodzi. “Zigawo zosiyanasiyana za dziko Lachikristu mokhazikika zinali kufunafuna kaamba ka umodzi womwe sunafikiridwe nkomwe,” akutero yemwe kale anali Canon wa Canterbury Herbert Waddams. “Siinali nkhani ya umodzi wotheratu womwe pambuyo pake unasŵeka,” iye akutero, akumawonjezera kuti “lingaliro lakuti Chikristu cha Dziko pa nthaŵi ina chinali Tchalitchi chachikulu chogwirizana liri mbali ya choyerekezacho.”

“Mwana” Wabadwa

“Mwana” wobadwa mu 800 C.E. pa Tsiku la Krisimasi anakula kudzatchedwa woyera. Unali ulamuliro wa kumadzulo wobwezeretsedwanso wobadwa pambuyo pakuti Papa Leo III analekana ndi tchalitchi cha Kum’mawa ndi kuveka chisoti chachifumu Charlemagne, mfumu ya Mafrank, kukhala wolamulira. Pambuyo pa kusokoneza kwa kanthaŵi kochepa, ulamuliro wa kumadzulo unadzutsidwanso mu 962 C.E. ndipo pambuyo pake unadzadziŵika ndi dzina laulemu lonyaditsa kwambiri, Ulamuliro Woyera Wachiroma.

M’chenicheni, dzina lakuti Ulamuliro Wachiroma linali dzina lolakwika. Mbali yokulira ya gawo lake, yomwe pa nthaŵi ino imadziŵika monga Germany, Austria, kumadzulo kwa Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, kum’mawa kwa France, ndi Maiko a Kunsi, anali kunja kwa Italy. Maiko a Chigerman ndi olamulira a Chigerman anatenga malo okulira, chotero dzina lake la lamulo pambuyo pake linasinthidwa kukhala Ulamuliro Woyera Wachiroma wa Mtundu wa Chigerman.

Ulamulirowo unasakaniza chipembedzo ndi ndale zadziko. Collier’s Encyclopedia ikulongosola kuti lingaliro linali lakuti “payenera kukhala wolamulira wa ndale zadziko mmodzi m’dziko, womagwira ntchito m’chigwirizano ndi Tchalitchi cha chilengedwe chaponseponse, chirichonse chikumakhala ndi mbali yake ndi ulamuliro wotengedwa kuchokera kwa Mulungu.” Koma mzere wa malire sunali nthaŵi zonse wowonekera bwino, mwakutero kutsogolera ku mikangano. Makamaka pakati pa mkati mwa mazana a 11 ndi 13, Tchalitchi ndi Boma zinalimbanirana kaamba ka utsogoleri wa Europe. Ena amadzimva kuti kudziloŵetsamo kwa chipembedzo m’ndale zadziko kunali kopanda dyera ndi kolungamitsika, koma monga mmene mkonzi Waddams akuvomerezera, “pali chikaikiro chochepera chakuti kunyada kwa upapa kaamba ka mphamvu kunachita mbali yaikulu m’chochitikacho.”

Mkati mwa zana lake lomalizira ndi theka la kukhalapo, ulamulirowo unanyonyotsoka kukhala kusonkhanitsidwa kosalimba kwa mitundu pansi pa kulamulira kogwedezeka kwa wolamulira wamba. Oyenerera kwenikweni mkati mwa mbali imeneyi ya mbiri yake ali mawu a wolemba wa Chifrench Voltaire, yemwe ananena kuti iwo unali “osati woyera, osatinso Wachiroma, osatinso ulamuliro.” Pomalizira, mu 1806, wokalamba ndi msinkhu ndipo wopanda chirichonse choyamikirika kaamba ka kuyera, “mwana woyerayo” anamwalira. Mu 1871 anadzutsidwanso mu Reich Yachiŵiri (Chigerman kaamba ka “ulamuliro”) koma anagwa mu 1918, zochepera pa zaka 50 pambuyo pake. Ndipo mu 1933, Ulamuliro Wachitatu wa Adolf Hitler unayamba ulendo wake wapang’onopang’ono kupyola Europe, kokha kubwera kumapeto opanda ulemerero mu 1945 m’mabwinja a Berlin.

Chisonkhezero cha Chigerman Kumadzulo

Ntchito yolozera ya ku Germany Meyers Illustrierte Weltgeschichte (Mbiri ya Dziko Yochitiridwa Chitsanzo ya Meyer) imatcha “msanamira zitatu pa zimene Mibadwo ya Pakati ya Europe imayedzamira . . . choloŵa cha maphunziro a zinthu zakale mu zozokotedwa zake Zachiroma, Chikristu, ndipo pomalizira pake miyambo yotengedwa ndi anthu a Chigerman kuchokera kwa makolo awo.” M’kuchirikiza, mkonzi wa ku Germany Emil Nack akunena kuti: “Mapwando a pa chaka akale a Chigerman kaŵirikaŵiri anapitiriza mu mtundu wa matchuthi Achikristu, popeza kuti tchalitchi, monga momwe chinalangizidwira ndi Papa Gregory the Great, chinasintha mapwando ambiri achikunja kukhala Achikristu.”

Kusungidwa kwa mapwando achipembedzo amenewa sikunasonyeze lingaliro lozama la chipembedzo pakati pa anthu a Chigerman. Andreas Heusler, wa ulamuliro yemwe anamwalira pa chipembedzo cha Chigerman, akulongosola icho kukhala chipembedzo chomwe “chinaletsa mochepera koposa ndi kusafunsa chirichonse chovuta, kuphatikizapo nthano za chiorthodox zirizonse. Munthu anali kulingaliridwa wolemekeza chipembedzo ngati iye anapanga nsembe zake, kupereka msonkho wa pa kachisi, sananyoze malo opatulika, ndipo sanalembe mavesi onyoza ponena za milungu.” Iye akumaliza kuti: “Sichinali konse changu cha chipembedzo. . . . Lingaliro la Chigerman silinali m’chipembedzo chake.”

Ngakhale kuti anthu akale a Chigerman anakhulupirira mwa milungu, iwo anadzimva kuti panali m’chenicheni mphamvu yokulirako, imodzi yomwe inalenga milungu. Iyi inali “mphamvu ya mwaŵi,” akulongosola tero mkonzi Nack, imene, iye akunena kuti, inali “yosagwedezedwa ndi nsembe kapena mapemphero.” Mosasamala kanthu za icho, mwaŵi sunali kuwonedwa monga “wopanda malire a lamulo mwakhungu,” popeza iwo unagwira ntchito m’chigwirizano ndi malamulo a chilengedwe. Chotero munthu anali kuwonedwa monga “chinthu chaufulu, osati m’nkhole.”

Chipembedzo cha Chigerman chinali ndi maziko ake m’chilengedwe. Nsembe kaŵirikaŵiri zinali kuchitidwira kunja, m’mapanga ndi m’nkhalango. Nthano ya Chigerman imalankhula za mtengo waukulu koposa wotchedwa Yggdrasill, kumene milunguyo tsiku ndi tsiku inali kupanga bwalo. The Encyclopedia of Religion ikulongosola iwo kuti: “[Iwo unaima] kufika ku thambo, ndipo nthambi zake zinamwazikana pa dziko lonse. . . . Kuphiphiritsira kwa mtengowo . . . kukuwonetsedwa m’miyambo ina. Mu Babulo wakale, mwachitsanzo, mtengo waukulu koposa, Kiskanu, unamera m’malo opatulika. . . . Mu India wakale, chilengedwe chaponseponse chimaphiphiritsidwa ndi mtengo wozondotsedwa. . . . [Koma] palibe umboni wa mbali iriyonse ya Chiyuda Chachikristu m’lingaliro ya Yggdrasill.”

M’chiyang’aniro cha chiyambi chimenechi, nchosadabwitsa kuti m’maiko amene asonkhezeredwa mwamphamvu ndi chipembedzo cha Chigerman, anthu kaŵirikaŵiri ali okhulupirira m’mwaŵi, osati a chipembedzo kwenikweni, ndipo okhoterera ku kunena kuti: ‘Chilengedwe ndicho mulungu wanga!’ Chirinso chomvetsetseka kuti yambiri ya miyambo yachikunja ya chipembedzo cha Chigerman yoloŵetsedwa m’Chikristu cha Dziko iri yozikidwa pa chilengedwe. Miyambo ya Krisimasi, yonga ngati kugwiritsira ntchito zowunikira ndi mistletoe, kutentha chikuni cha Yule, kapena kusonyeza mtengo wa Krisimasi, ziri kokha zitsanzo zoŵerengeka.

Pa Nthaŵi Ino, Kum’mawa

Nthaŵi zonse chowombana ndi tchalitchi cha Kumadzulo, tchalitchi cha Kum’mawa sichinali pa mtendere ndi icho chokha, monga momwe chachitidwira fanizo ndi mkangano wa zithunzithunzi zopakidwa utoto. Zinthu zopakidwa utoto, zosiyana ndi mafano a mbali zitatu, onga ngati mafano owumbidwa ofala m’tchalitchi cha Kumadzulo, ali mafano kapena zithunzithunzi za chipembedzo pa malo osalala, kuphatikizapo ntchito yokwezedwa. Iwo mwachisawawa amasonyeza Kristu, Mariya, kapena “woyera.” Iwo anakhala otchuka Kum’mawa kotero kuti, mogwirizana ndi John S. Strong wa ku Bates College, iwo anafikira “kuwonedwa monga akalilole achindunji kapena zisindikizo za zinthu zomwe anaimira, [ndipo] . . . mwakutero analingaliridwa kukhala odzazidwa ndi mphamvu yopatulika ndi yothekera yozizwitsa.” Mosasamala kanthu za icho, kumayambiriro kwa zana lachisanu ndi chitatu, wolamulira wa Byzantine Leo III analetsa kugwiritsira ntchito kwawo. Mkanganowo sunakhazikitsidwe kotheratu kufikira 843 C.E., chiyambire pa nthaŵi imene kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zithunzithunzi zopakidwa utoto kwakhala koletsedwa m’tchalitchi cha Kum’mawa.

Chitsanzo china cha kusagwirizana kwa Kum’mawa chikuchokera ku Igupto. Pamene kuli kwakuti Akatolika a Chiigupto ankalankhula Chicoptic, ena ankalankhula Chigriki, magulu a zinenero ziŵirizo samamvana pa mtundu wa Kristu. Ngakhale kuti maulamuliro a ku Byzantine anakana kuvomereza icho, ichi chinatsogolera ku kukhalapo kwenikweni kwa matchalitchi aŵiri ogawanikana. Kwa nthaŵi yonseyi, mpatuko uliwonse unayesera kusonkhezera mmodzi wa mabishopu ake kuloŵa m’malo a kholo la Alesandreya.

Lerolino, tchalitchi cha Kum’mawa chidakali chogawanikana. Matchalitchi ena a mwambo a Kum’mawa, odziŵika monga Uniates, amalandira, mwachitsanzo, lamulo la papa wa ku Roma. Matchalitchi a Orthodox ya Kum’mawa ndi ena otchedwa matchalitchi a Kum’mawa ocheperako, ku mbali ina, samatero.

Monga Nsalu za Moto

Kale kwambiri wokhala kutalitali ndi Ulamuliro Wachiroma, wosapatulika usanathe, “choloŵa cha udani wa Akristu kaamba ka Akristu ena chinali chitazikidwa mozama m’mitima ya Kum’mawa Kwachikristu,” akutero mwamuna wa tchalitchi cha Anglican Waddams. Ndithudi, chimo la “Mkristu” kudana ndi “Mkristu,” ngakhale kuti kunachitidwa mu mdima, sikunapite osazindikiridwa m’mwamba koma kunali kowonekera monga nsalu za moto.

M’kuwonjezerapo, chimo la Chikristu cha Dziko la nyumba yogawanikana silinapite losazindikiridwa pa dziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, Mluya wina wotchuka wa m’zana lachisanu ndi chiŵiri C.E., yemwe “anadziŵa mbali yabwino ponena za Chikristu kuchokera ku maulendo ake ndi kuchokera kwa anthu oyandikana naye,” akunena tero mtsogoleri wachipembedzo Waddams, sanali wosangalatsidwa ndi “mikangano yomwe anawona pakati pa Akristu.” Munthu ameneyu anasankha njira yabwinopo kuposa imene inaperekedwa ndi Chikristu cha Dziko chosagwirizana. Kodi iye anachipeza icho? Lerolino mu 1989, 17 peresenti yotheratu ya chiŵerengero cha dziko imapititsa patsogolo njira yake. Amene mwamuna ameneyu anali ndi mmene iye anamverera ponena za “Kugonjera ku Chifuniro cha Mulungu” kope lathu lotsatira lidzayankha.