Nkhondo—Zotulukapo Zowawitsa

MPHAMVU zankhondo zatswanya mamiliyoni angapo a amuna, akazi, ndi ana, asilikali ndi osakhala asilikali mofananamo. Iyo yasiya ambiri ali ndi zipsyera zakuthupi, za maganizo, ndi zamalingaliro.

Asilikali

Asilikali ambiri amene amapulumuka kusakaza kwa kukanthana amatero atalemazidwa ndi kudulidwa ziŵalo, okhala ndi ziyembekezo zawo za moyo wa mtsogolo zitapuwalitsidwa. Chitsanzo ali msilikali wachikulire mmodzi yemwe anapulumuka nkhondo yadziko yoyamba—kokha kudzathera zaka 30 zotsatira za moyo wake m’kuvutika kopitirizabe chifukwa cha ziyambukiro za pambuyo pake za utsi wa mustard wogwiritsiridwa ntchito mu nkhondo imeneyo.

Komabe, kaŵirikaŵiri ziri zipsyera za maganizo ndi malingaliro, zimene ziri zovutitsitsa kuchita nazo. “Palibe munthu yemwe anagawanamo m’Nkhondo ya Dziko Yoyamba amene anaiwaliratu chochitikacho,” analemba tero Keith Robbins mu The First World War. Iye anapitiriza kuti, “Anthu omwe anawoneka kukhala akubwezeretsa kawonedwe kawo ndi mkhalidwe wa maganizo anavulazidwa mwamseri. Zaka zambiri pambuyo pake iwo akagalamuka, komabe osakhoza kuthetseratu zikumbukiro zowopsyazo.”

Mwachitsanzo, ganizirani za kuwopsya kwa tsiku limodzi lokha mu 1916 mkati mwa kumenya nkhondo ya Somme yoyamba—kumene 21,000 anaphedwa ndipo 36,000 anavulazidwa pakati pa magulu ankhondo Achibritish okha! “Amuna omwe anabwerera kuchokera ku Somme kaŵirikaŵiri sanalankhule za zokumana nazo zawo zowopsyazo. Tondovi wosoŵa chochita anayambika . . . Mwamuna wina anavutitsidwa mobwerezabwereza m’moyo wake wonse ndi lingaliro lakuti sanakhale wokhoza kuthandiza munthu wina wovulazidwa yemwe anafuula kwa iye pamene ankakwawa kudutsa Malire a Dziko.”—The Sunday Times Magazine, October 30, 1988.

“Mumawopa kuti mudzavulaza omwe mumakonda,” anatero Norman J, akumalongosola zotulukapo za kuphunzira kwake kwakuya kwa kumenya nkhondo ndi usilikali. “Utadzutsidwa mwadzidzidzi, maganizo achibadwa amakhala a kuwukira.” Amuna okhala mumkhalidwe wowopsya ku nthaŵi yaitali amapeza malingaliro awo kukhala atathetsedweratu. “Chimakhala chovuta kuganiza mpang’ono pomwe,” iye anapitiriza tero. “Ndawonanso amuna akusokonezedwa moipa ndi kutsenderezako. Ndinawona amuna akuphwanya zikho za magalasi za moŵa ndi kutafuna magalasiwo.”

Zochita za Norman sizachilendo. “Msilikali woleka ntchito mmodzi mwa asanu ndi aŵiri a ku Vietnam amavutika ndi kutsendereza kwa kusokonezeka maganizo kochititsidwa ndi zipsyera za pambuyo pankhondo,” linatero ripoti limodzi. Lina linali ndi mutu wakuti: “Kwa ambiri, nkhondo idakalipobe.” Ilo linapitiriza kuti: “Ochulukira kufika ku asilikali oleka ntchito 1 miliyoni a ku Vietnam adakali kukumbukirabe nkhondo yomwe imawavutitsabe tsiku lirilonse . . . Ena adzipha ndi kuipsya mabanja awo. Ena amavutika ndi kuwona zideruderu, maloto ndi kudzipatula . . . Iwo amavutika ndi zipsyera za maganizo zomwe ziri zakuya ndi zokhalirira.”

Nthaŵi zina ichi chimatulukapo mkhalidwe waupandu. Ndi mtengo wotani womwe anthu angaike ku moyo ndi malamulo a makhalidwe abwino pamene, monga mmene Gerald Priestland anachiikira icho, “mkhalidwe wakupha womwe ukanandipangitsa ine kuzengedwa mlandu wakupha munthu m’chochitika chimodzi, ukanandipezera mendulu mu chinacho.” (Priestland—Right and Wrong) “Tinali akupha anthu olembedwa ntchito kunja kumeneko,” anatero msilikali woleka ntchito mmodzi wa ku Vietnam. “Kenaka tsiku lotsatira tinafunikira kupita kumudzi ku kampani yopanga Ford [galimoto] ndi kuiwala zonsezo. Inde, zowona.”—Newsweek, July 4, 1988.

Anthu Wamba

Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung inanena kuti, nkhondo zadziko ziŵiri “zinali ndi chiyambukiro pamalingaliro a mbadwo wonse . . . Pokhala atapyola zochitika zoterozo, anthu anasiyidwa ndi zipsyera, izi zinapatsiridwa kwa zidzukulu zawo ndi zidzukulu za zidzukulu zawo . . . Zaka makumi anayi pambuyo pake zizindikiro za kuvulazidwa kosawoneka msanga zinawonekera.” Kuvulazidwa koteroko kwakhala kukumvedwa dziko lonse.

Mwachitsanzo, Mary C, anakhala mu Ingalande pafupi ndi chandamale cha maulendo ophulitsa a Jeremani m’nthaŵi ya Nkhondo ya Dziko ya II. “Kusunga zoganizazo kwa inemwini kotero kuti ndisapereke mantha kwa ana anga kunatulukapo m’kusuta kokulira,” mkaziyo anatero, “ndipo potsirizira pake ndinangokhala ndi mkhalidwe wa kuwopsya kokhwetemula kotsogolera ku mantha okhala m’malo otsekeredwa.”

Kumbali ina ya magawo a kumenyana kunali Cilly P, mu Jeremani. “Monga wothaŵa kwawo,” mkaziyo ananena kuti, “tinaphunzira tanthauzo la njala.” Iye anaphunziranso tanthauzo la chisoni. “Nthaŵi iriyonse pamene kunali kukambitsirana kwa ophedwa kapena osoŵa,” iye anapitiriza tero, “tinaganizira za amuna athu. Anni, mlongo wake wa bwenzi langa, anamva za imfa ya mwamuna wake m’nkhondo nthaŵi yochepa mapasa ake asanabadwe. Nkhondo inalanda mabanja ambiri amuna awo, nyumba zawo, ndi chuma chawo.”

Anna V wa ku Italy anali winawake amene anawawidwa ndi nkhondo. “Ndinavutitsidwa maganizo ndi kuwopsya kwa nkhondo ndi kuvutika kwa banja langa,” iye anatero. “Chaka chimodzi pambuyo pa kutha kwa Nkhondo ya Dziko ya II, amayi anga anamwalira, popanda kuwona mwana wawo wamwamuna akubwerera ku msasa wandende ya nthaŵi ya nkhondo mu Australia. M’ng’ono wanga anamwalira ndi matenda a malnutrition ndi kusoweka kwa chisamaliro cha mankhwala. Ndinatayikiridwa chikhulupiriro changa mwa Mulungu chifukwa chakuti iye analola kuvutikako ndi nkhanza.”

Kutsendereza kwa kusamutsidwa koteroko, kupatulidwa, ndi kuferedwa kuli kovuta kukupirira. Zowonongedwa m’kawonedwe ka munthu ziri zoposapo kwenikweni. Mkazi wachichepere wina, wokhalitsidwa wamasiye mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Falklands pakati pa Briteni ndi Argentina mu 1982, analongosola kudzimva kwa oferedwa mamiliyoni angapo ndi anthu ochititsidwa kukhala amasiye pamene iye ananena kuti: “Sichinali choyenera kwa ine, kutayikiridwa mwamuna wanga kaamba ka malo ochepera chotero opanda kanthu nkomwe . . . Kuli kuchita ndi kutsendereza kwa maganizo komwe kuli vuto lalikulu.”—Sunday Telegraph, October 3, 1982.

Ganiziraninso, za zipsyera zakuthupi ndi maganizo zobweretsedwa pa opulumuka a nkhondo ya nyukliya. Ripoti lolembedwa mu 1945, Shadows of Hiroshima, likupereka chokumbutsa chowopsya cha ziyambukiro zoipa za kuphulitsidwa kwa Hiroshima:

“Mu Hiroshima, masiku makumi atatu pambuyo pakuti bomba la atomiki loyambirira linawononga mzindawo ndi kugwedeza dziko, anthu adakafabe, mozizwitsa ndi mowopsya—anthu omwe anali osavulazidwa m’tsoka lochititsidwa ndi chinachake chosadziŵika chomwe ndingangochilongosola kukhala mliri wa atomiki. Hiroshima simawoneka ngati mzinda wophulitsidwa. Iwo umawoneka ngati kuti chipangizo chachikulu chosakaza chapyola pa uwo ndi kuwusalaziratu.” Zaka zoposa 40 pambuyo pake, anthu adakali kuvutika ndi kufa chifukwa cha kuphulikako.

Ana

Minkhole ina yomvetsa chisoni kwenikweni m’magawo a nkhondo ya dziko yakhala ana, ambiri omwe aloŵetsedwa m’magulu ankhondo m’malo onga ngati Ethiopia, Lebanon, Nicaragua, ndi Kampuchea.

“Chomwe chiri chowonekera, ku Iran, pamene anyamata achichepere anatumizidwa m’magawo omenya nkhondo chiri chakuti anyamata amakhoza kuchira msanga, ali opepuka ndipo angavulazidwe ku tsatanetsatane wochulukira wa maganizo kwa nyengo yaitali zimene palibe asilikali achikulire angakhoze kuchita nazo,” inatero The Times ya ku London. Akumachitira ndemanga pa ziyambukiro zopululutsa zimene izi ziyenera kukhala nazo pa ana oterowo, tcheyamani wa gulu la kuyenera kwa anthu anafunsa kuti, “Kodi ndimotani mmene iwo angakulire kukhala achikulire osafuntha ndi olinganizika?”

Funso limenelo lakulitsidwa mu bukhu la Roger Rosenblatt lakuti Children of War. Iye anafunsa achichepere omwe anakulira m’madera komwe sanadziŵe china chirichonse kusiyapo nkhondo. Ambiri anasonyeza kuchira kodabwitsa pamaso pa zokumana nazo zawo zowopsya. Koma ena, monga ngati “ana ochulukira omwe ali othaŵathaŵa, makamaka awo omwe makolo awo anasiyidwa kumbuyo mu Viet Nam, anawoneka kukhala ovutitsidwa mwakuya ndi osokonezeka.”

Kodi ndimotani mmene minkhole yopulumuka nkhondo—amuna, akazi, ndi ana—angachitire ndi mavuto amene ichi chabweretsa m’miyoyo yawo? Kodi ndimotani mmene ziŵalo zina za banja zingathandizire? Ndipo kodi padzakhaladi mapeto ku masoka oterowo?

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 6]

‘Tinali akupha anthu olembedwa ntchito kunja kumeneko. Kenaka tsiku lotsatira tinafunikira kupita kumudzi ndi kuiwala zonsezo!’