Kodi Nkusungiranji Nkhalango Zamvula?

KHAMU likupenyerera maseŵera a mpira ndipo likuchemerera mwamphamvu. Iwo akukhumba kuti maseŵerawo asathe. Koma akupitirizabe kulasa oseŵerawo. Mmodzi ndi mmodzi, akufa akuchotsedwa pa bwalopo. Khamulo lakwiya pamene maseŵerawo akuzimiririka.

Kulikha nkhalango nkofanana. Anthu amasangalala ndi nkhalango, kudaliradi pa izo. Koma amapitiriza kupha ofanana ndi oseŵera: mtundu umodzi ndi umodzi wa zomera ndi zinyama, zimene kuseŵera kwake kwa mbali zambiri kumapangitsa nkhalango kukhala yamoyo. Komabe, zimenezi nzoposa seŵero. Kulikha nkhalango kumakuyambukirani. Kumakhudza mkhalidwe wa moyo wanu, ngakhale kuti simunawonepo nkhalango yamvula.

Ena amanena kuti uli unyinji waukulu wa zamoyo, umene asayansi amatcha biodiversity, umene uli zofunika zenizeni za nkhalango yamvula. Mbali imodzi mwa zisanu za theka la kilomita mbali zonse zinayi ya nkhalango yamvula ya ku Malaysia ingamere mitundu ina 835 ya mitengo, kuposa mu United States ndi Canada ataphatikizidwa.

Koma nkhalango yocholoŵana ya moyo imeneyi njosalimba. Wasayansi wina akuyerekeza mtundu uliwonse ndi marivet andege. Kuchuluka kwa marivet amene amakhwefuka, ambiri enanso amayamba kulephera pansi pa chididikizo chowonjezereka. Ngati kuyerekezera koteroko nkowona, pulaneti lathu liri “ndege” yovutika. Pamene nkhalango zamvula zikuzimiririka, ena akuyerekezera kuti mitundu zikwi khumi ya zomera ndi zinyama zimatayika chaka chirichonse, kuti liŵiro la kusoloka tsopano liri lalikulu ndi nthaŵi 400 kuposa ndi mmene linakhalirapo mu mbiri ya pulaneti.

Asayansi amalirira kutayika kwenikweni kwa chidziŵitso chimene chimachokera ku kutsika kumeneku kwa biodiversity. Iwo akuti kuli kofanana ndi kuwotcha laibulale musanaŵerenge mabuku ake. Koma palinso zotayika zina zodziŵika. Mwachitsanzo, 25 peresenti ya mankhwala olemberedwa mu United States ngozikidwa pa zomera za nkhalango za kumalo otentha. Amodzi a mankhwala oterowo anakweza liŵiro la kuchedwa kwa leukemia ya achichepere kuchokera pa 20 peresenti mu 1960 kufika ku 80 peresenti mu 1985. Chotero, mogwirizana ndi World Wildlife Fund, nkhalango zamvula “zimaimira malo opangira mankhwala aakulu.” Ndipo zomera zosaŵerengeka sizinapezedwebe, osanena za kufufuzidwa kaamba ka kugwiritsiridwa ntchito monga mankhwala.

Kuwonjezerapo, oŵerengeka a ife amazindikira unyinji wa mbewu zathu zakudya zimene zimachokera ku zomera zimene poyambapo zinapezedwa m’nkhalango zamvula. (Onani bokosi patsamba 26.) Kufikira lerolino, asayansi amasonkhanitsa magene kuchokera ku mitundu yolimba, ya m’nkhalango ya zomera zimenezi ndi kuzigwiritsira ntchito kuwonjezera kupewa matenda kwa mbadwa zawo zosalimba kwenikweni, mbewu zam’mudzi. Asayansi asunga mazana mamiliyoni a madola m’zotayika za mbewu mwanjira imeneyo.

Kuwonjezerapo, sitikudziŵa kuti ndi zakudya za m’nkhalango yamvula zotani zimene zingapezedwebe kukhala zokondeka za dziko lonse. Anthu ambiri a ku North America sadziŵa kuti kokha zaka zana limodzi zapitazo, makolo awo anawona nthochi kukhala yachilendo, chipatso chakunja ndipo analipira madola aŵiri kaamba ka nthochi imodzi, zitakutidwa imodzi imodzi.

Chithunzi cha Dziko Lonse

Munthu iyemwiniyo ndiye nkhole wa kulikha nkhalango. Ziyambukiro ku malo otizinga a dziko lonse zimapita kunja kufikira zitazinga dziko. Motani? Tiyeni tiyang’ane pa nkhalango yamvula yodziŵika. Monga mmene dzinalo likusonyezera, mvula ndiyo chinthu chimodzi chachikulu. Ingagwe yoposa masentimita 20 tsiku limodzi, oposa mamita 9 pa chaka! Nkhalango yamvula inakonzedwa moyenerera kuchita ndi mvula yamkuntho.

Dengalo limachepetsa mphamvu ya madonthowo kotero kuti sangakokolole nthaka. Masamba ambiri ali ndi nsonga zazitali, kapena nsonga zosongoka, zimene zimaswa madontho olemera. Motero, mvula yamphamvuyo imachepetsedwa kukhala madontho othonya mokhazikika, amene amagwera pansi ndi mphamvu yochepa. Nsongazo zimalolanso masambawo kukamula madzi mofulumira kotero kuti angabwererenso ku kupuma, kubwezera chinyezi mlengalenga. Dongosolo la mizu limayamwa madzi okwanira 95 peresenti amene amafika pansi pa nkhalangoyo. Yonse pamodzi, nkhalangoyo imakoka madzi a mvula monga siponji yaikulu ndipo kenaka kuwatulutsa mwapang’onopang’ono.

Koma ndi kutha kwa nkhalangoyo, mvula imagwa mwachindunji ndipo mwamphamvu pa nthaka yovumbuluka ndi kukokolola matani ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu Côte d’Ivoire, Kumadzulo kwa Africa, hekitala imodzi ya nkhalango yopendekeka pang’ono yamvula yakumalo otentha imataya kokha chifupifupi magawo atatu mwa zana limodzi a nthaka pachaka. Hekitala imodzi yomweyo, itakhala nkhalango yolikhidwa, yolimidwa, imataya matani 90 a nthaka pachaka; monga yopanda kanthu, matani 138.

Kukokoloka kwa nthaka koteroko kumachita zambiri koposa kuwononga malo olima kapena odyetsapo ziŵeto. Moseketsa, madamu, amene amapangitsa kulikha nkhalango kwakukulu, iwo eni amawonongedwa ndi iko. Atalakidwa ndi dothi lokokoledwa ndi mitsinje m’malo olikhidwa nkhalango, iwo amadzaza mwamsanga ndipo amakhala opanda ntchito. Magawo akugombe ndi oikira mazira amawonongedwanso ndi dothi lopambanitsa.

Ziyambukiro pa madongosolo a mvula ndi kutentha kapena kuzizira zimakhala zosakaza kwambiri. Mitsinje yochokera ku nkhalango zamvula zakumalo otentha imakhala yodzala chaka chonse. Koma popanda nkhalango zowongolera kuyenda kwa mwadziwo kukhala mitsinje, imasefukira ndi mvula yamwadzidzidzi ndipo kenaka nkuphwera. Zungulirezungulire wa kusefukira kwamadzi ndi chilala amayamba. Madongosolo a mvula angayambukiridwe kwa mamailosi zikwi zikwi mbali zonse, popeza kuti mwakutulutsa chinyezi, nkhalango yamvula imathandizira ndi loposa theka la chinyontho m’mlengalenga. Chotero, kulikha nkhalango kungakhale kunathandizira ponse paŵiri kusefukira kwamadzi kwa ku Bangladesh ndi chilala cha ku Ethiopia zimene zinapha ambiri koposa mkati mwa zaka khumi zapitazi.

Koma kulikha nkhalango kungayambukirenso mkhalidwe wa kutentha kapena kuzizira kwa pulaneti lonse. Nkhalango zamvula zatchedwa mapapo obiriŵira a dziko lapansi chifukwa chakuti zimakoka carbon dioxide kuchokera mu mpweya ndi kugwiritsira ntchito carbon kupanga matsinde ndi nthambi ndi makungwa. Pamene nkhalango yawotchedwa, carbon yonseyo imatayidwa m’mlengalenga. Vuto nlakuti, munthu akutaya carbon dioxide yambiri m’mlengalenga (ponse paŵiri mwakuwotcha zinthu zakale ndi kulikha nkhalango) kotero kuti angakhale anayambitsa kale kutentha kwa dziko lonse kotchedwa chiyambukiro cha kutentha kopambanitsa, kumene kukuwopsyeza kusungunula malo a madzi owundana a pulaneti ndi kukweza milingo ya nyanja, kuchepetsa malo agombe.a

Pamenepo, nzosadabwitsa kuti anthu pa dziko lonse akuloŵetsedwamo mu mkhalidwe wovutawu. Kodi iwo akuthandiza? Kodi pali yankho lirilonse limene liripo? Kodi pali chiyembekezo chotani m’mkhalidwe wovutawu?

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 26]

Zochuluka Kuchokera ku Nkhalango Zamvula

Kodi pali chidutswa cha nkhalango yamvula yakumalo otentha pafupi nanu? Tangolingalirani zina za zakudya zimene poyambirira zinkapezeka m’nkhalango zamvula kuzungulira dziko: mpunga, chimanga, mbatata, chinangwa (mbwani), mzimbe, nthochi, malalanje, kofi, matimati, chocolate, zinanazi, maavocado, vanilla, manyumwa, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mtedza, zonunkhiritsa chakudya, ndi tii. Theka lathunthu la mbewu zakudya za dziko m’zozikidwa pa zomera zimene zinachokera ku nkhalango zamvula! Ndipo zimenezo nzina zokha za zakudyazo.

Talingalirani mankhwala: Maalkaloid ochokera ku mipesa amagwiritsiridwa ntchito monga zowongola minofu pofuna kupanga opareshoni; zinthu zokangalika za hydrocortisone kulimbana ndi kutupa, quinine kulimbana ndi malungo, digitalis kuchiritsa matenda a mtima, diosgenin m’mibulu yoletsa kukhala ndi pakati, ndi ipecac woyambitsa kusanza zonsezi zinachokera ku zomera za ku nkhalango yamvula. Zomera zina zasonyeza kuti zingalimbane ndi AIDS ndi kansa, limodzinso ndi kutsekula m’mimba, malungo, kulumidwa ndi njoka, ndi kufiira kwa maso ndi matenda ena a maso. Zochiritsa zina zimene zingakhale zosawonedwa sizikudziŵika. Asayansi asanthula yochepera pa peresenti imodzi ya mitundu ya zomera za m’nkhalango yamvula. Katswiri wina wa zomera anachitira chisoni kuti: “Tikusakaza zinthu zimene sitizidziŵa konse kuti ziriko.”

Chikhalirechobe zinthu zambiri zimachokera ku nkhalango zomazimiririka: latex, resins, ulimbo, acids, alcohols, zokometsera, zokoleletsa, zosinthira mtundu, maluzi onga ngati aja ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m’majaketi opulumutsira moyo, gamu yogwiritsiridwa ntchito popanga gamu wotafuna, msungwi, ndi rattan—mwa iyo yokha iri maziko a indasitale yaikulu kwambiri ya dziko lonse.

[Chithunzi patsamba 24]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Ntchito ya Nkhalango

Nkhalango zimawonjezera chinyezi ndi okosijeni ku mlengalenga Zomera zimakoka ndi kusunga carbon Denga limachinjiriza nthaka ku mvula yamphamvu Dongosolo la mizu limathandiza kuwongolera kuyenda kwa chinyezi kupita ku mitsinje

[Chithunzi patsamba 25]

Ziyambukiro za Kulikha Nkhalango

Mvula imakokolola nthaka yosatetezeredwa. Kusefukira kwamadzi kumawonjezeka Kutentha mitengo kumatulutsa carbon ndi kuwonjezera ku chiyambukiro cha kutentha kopambanitsa Kuchepa kwa chinyezi m’mlengalenga kumatanthauza chilala chowonjezereka