Nkhalango Zamvula Zikusakazidwa

KALE kwambiri pulaneti lathuli linazingidwa ndi chigawo chachikulu cha zomera zobiriŵira. Mitengo yamtundu uliwonse inkapezekamo, ndipo mitsinje ikuluikulu inkayenda taŵataŵa ngati mikanda yokongola.

Linangokhala ngati munda waukulu wamaluŵa wachilengedwe, wokongoletsedwa ndi zomera zamitundumitundu. Theka la mitundu yonse yanyama, mbalame, ndi tizilombo ta dziko lapansi zinkakhala mmenemo. Koma ngakhale kuti chimenecho chinali chigawo chodzala kwambiri ndi zamoyo ndi zomera zomwe, chinalinso chosavuta kusakazika—chinali chapafupi kwambiri kusakazika kuposa mmene aliyense anaganizira.

Nkhalango yamvula m’madera otentha, monga mmene timaitchulira tsopano, inkaoneka ngati yaikulu kwabasi—ndipo yosati nkusakazidwa. Komabe inali yotheka kusakazidwa. Kwa nthaŵi yoyamba nkhalango yamvula inayamba kusolokamo m’zisumbu za Caribbean. Kale m’chaka cha 1671—zaka khumi mbalame ina yotchedwa dodo isanasoloke, nkhalango yonse ya Barbados inalimidwa minda yamizimbe.a M’zisumbu zina za m’chigawocho munachitika zimodzimodzizo, kusonyezeratu kusintha kwa dziko lonse kumene kwakulakulabe m’zaka zino za zana la 20.

Lerolino, nkhalango zamvula za m’madera otentha zangokuta 5 peresenti basi yadziko lapansi poyerekezera ndi 12 peresenti pazaka zana zapitazo. Ndipo chaka chilichonse nkhalango yaikulu kuposa dziko la England, kapena yaikulu kuposa masikweya kilomita 130,000, mitengo yake imadulidwa kapena kutenthedwa. Kuwononga koopsa kumeneko kukutanthauza kuti nkhalango zamvula zidzasolotsedwanso—limodzi ndi nyama zake—monga mmene inasolokera dodo. Wofufuza za nkhalango zamvula ku Brazil, Philip Fearnside, anachenjeza kuti: “Nkosatheka kunena motsimikiza kuti pomafika chaka chakutichakuti nkhalango idzasoloka, koma pokhapokha zinthu zitasintha, nkhalango idzasolokadi.” Mu October chaka chathachi, Diana Jean Schemo anati: “Zimene tinamva pamilungu yaposachedwapa zikusonyeza kuti kutentha nkhalango kumene kukuchitika m’Brazil chaka chino nkwakukulu kuposa mmene akuchitira ku Indonesia, komwe mizinda ikuluikulu ikukutidwa ndi mitambo yautsi womwe ukufalikira kumaiko ena. . . . Malo omwe anthu anatentha anakula ndi 28 peresenti kuposa chaka chatha, malinga ndi mauthenga otumizidwa ndi satellite, ndipo ziŵerengero za mitengo yodulidwa mu 1994, zomwe nzaposachedwapa ndithu, zikusonyeza kuti kudula mitengo kunawonjezeka ndi 34 peresenti chiyambire mu 1991.”

“Mitengo Yomera m’Chipululu”

Kodi nchifukwa chiyani nkhalango zamvula zikusakazidwa msangamsanga chonchi, pomwe zaka zana zapitazo zinali zachikhalire? Nkhalango za m’madera ofunda, zomwe zakuta 20 peresenti yadziko lapansi, sizinachepetsedwe kwenikweni m’zaka 50 zapitazo. Nangano nchiyani chimachititsa nkhalango zamvula kusakazidwa mosavuta choncho? Yankho nlakuti chifukwa izo nzapadera.

Arnold Newman, m’buku lake lakuti Tropical Rainforest, ananena kuti nkhalango yamvula anaitcha moyenera kuti “mitengo yokula m’chipululu.” Anafotokoza kuti m’mbali zina za Amazon ndi za Borneo, nzodabwitsa kuti “mitengo yankhalango zikuluzikulu imamera pamchenga weniweni woyera.” Pamene kuli kwakuti nkhalango zambiri zamvula sizingakule pamchenga, pafupifupi zonse zimakula panthaka yachabechabe, yopanda chonde. Ngakhale kuti dothi lapamwamba m’nkhalango ya m’dera lofunda limazama mamita aŵiri, m’nkhalango yamvula, dothi lapamwamba silimapambana masentimita asanu. Kodi zimatheka bwanji kuti zomera zokongola kopambana padziko lapansi zizikula panthaka yachabechabe yoteroyo?

Asayansi anachitulukira chinsinsi chimenecho m’ma 1960 ndi m’ma 1970. Anapeza kuti nkhalangoyo kwenikweni imadzidyetsa yokha. Chakudya chambiri chimene zomerazo zimafuna ndicho zitsotso za nthambi ndi masamba ogwera pansi, ndipo zimenezo— chifukwa cha kutentha ndi chinyontho—zimavunditsidwa msanga ndi chiswe ndi tizilombo tina. Palibe china chimene chimatayika; chilichonse chimagwiritsiridwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza. Chifukwa chakuti mitengo yankhalango imasunga chitungu chomwe chimasanduka mitambo, nkhalango yamvulayo imadzithiriranso yokha ndi madzi ngati 75 peresenti ya madzi a mvula imene imagwa. Kenako, mitambo yomwe imapangika mwa njira imeneyo imathiriranso nkhalangoyo.

Koma njira yodabwitsa imeneyi ili ndi vuto lake. Nkhalangoyo ikawonongeka kwambiri siimatha kudzikonzanso yokha. Mutati mudule mitengo ya nkhalango yamvula pakachigawo kakang’ono, mupeza kuti imaphukiranso patatha zaka zoŵerengeka; koma mutati mudule pachigawo chachikulu ndithu, basi, siimaphukiranso. Mvula yamphamvu imakokolola chonde, ndipo dzuŵa lotentha limaumika dothi lapamwamba mpaka potsirizira pake udzu wokha ndiwo umaphuka.

Minda, Matabwa, ndi Nyama

Ku maiko ongotukuka kumene opanda malo aakulu olima, amaona ngati nkhalango zawo zazikulu zomwe sizinadulidwepo nzoyenera kugwiritsira ntchito. Njira “yapafupi” inali yakulimbikitsa alimi osauka opanda minda kuti akalambule zigawo zina zankhalangoyo nkuzitenga kuti zikhale zawozawo—monga mmene Azungu analandira malo ku American West. Komabe, zotsatirapo zake zinali zowononga nkhalangoyo ndi alimiwo.

Nkhalango yamvula yobiriŵira ingapangitse munthu kuganiza kuti chilichonse chingamere. Koma mitengo itangodulidwamo, chithunzi chakuti chonde chake nchosatha chimachoka. Victoria, mkazi wina wachiafirika yemwe akulima munda waung’ono umene achibale ake anapeza kunkhalango, anafotokoza vutolo.

“Apongozi anga angodula kumene mitengo yankhalangoyi ndi kuitentha kuti ndibzalepo mtedza, chinangwa, ndi nthochi. Chaka chino ndilima dzinthu zabwino kwambiri, koma pakangotha zaka ziŵiri kapena zitatu, nthaka ikhala itaguga, ndiye tidzafunikiranso kulambula pena. Ntchitoyo njovutadi, koma kuti tikhale moyo njira yake ndi yokhayo basi.”

Pali anthu osachepera 200 miliyoni omwe amachita ulimi wodula mitengo ndi kuitentha, monga amachitira Victoria ndi apabanja lake! Iwo ndiwo amasakaza 60 peresenti yankhalango yamvula chaka chilichonse. Ngakhale kuti alimi osinthasintha minda ameneŵa angakonde kuchita ulimi wosavuta, sangachitire mwina iyayi. Ndiye poti tsiku ndi tsiku amachita kuvutikira kupeza chakudya, amaona kuti kusunga nkhalango yamvula nkunyada.

Pomwe alimi ambiri amadula mitengo kuti apeze polima, ena amaidula kuti apeze podyetsera ziŵeto. M’nkhalango zina zamvula ku Central ndi South America, kuŵeta ng’ombe ndicho chifukwa china chachikulu chopululutsira thengo. Nyama yang’ombe zimenezo kaŵirikaŵiri imafika mpaka ku North America, komwe eni malesitilanti amaifuna kwambiri monga nyama yogaya.

Komabe, oŵeta ng’ombe amakumana ndi vuto limodzimodzi limene alimi a minda ing’onoing’ono amakumana nalo. Msipu umene umaphuka pansi pa timitengo ta m’nkhalango yamvula ng’ombe sizingaudye kwa zaka zoposa zisanu. Kusandutsa nkhalango yamvula nkukhala modyera ng’ombe kungakhale kopindulitsa kwa anthu oŵerengeka, koma mwa njira zonse zimene munthu wapanga zopezera chakudya, imeneyo ndiyo yowononga kwenikweni.b

Chinthu china chachikulu chimene chimawononga nkhalango yamvula ndicho kudula mitengo yamatabwa. Osati kuti kudula mitengo kokhako kumasakaza nkhalango yamvula iyayi. Makampani ena podula mitengo yamitundu ingapo yokachitira malonda, amadula mwa njira yoti nkhalangoyo imazaphukiranso. Koma chigawo china cha nkhalango yaikulu ngati makilomita 45,000 monsemonse chomwe makampani a matabwa amadulamo mitengo chaka ndi chaka, chasakazidwa kwambiri, moti mtengo umodzi basi mwa mitengo isanu ya m’nkhalangoyo ndiwo wokha umene umatsala wosadulidwa.

Manuel Fidalgo, wodziŵa za zomera, anadandaula kuti: “Zimandinyansa ndikamaona nkhalango yokongola ikusakazidwa mwa kudula mitengo mosasamala.” Ngakhale kuti nzoona kuti zomera zina ndi mitengo ina ingaphukirenso m’chigawo chinasakazidwacho, zomera zatsopanozo zidzakhala nkhalango yachiŵiri—yosaoneka bwino kwenikweni chifukwa mudzakhala mitengo yamitundu yoŵerengeka. Pangapite zaka mazana ambiri kapena zaka zikwi zambiri kuti nkhalango yoyamba ibwerere mwakale.”

Makampani a matabwa amawonongetsanso nkhalango mwa njira zina. Odyetsa ng’ombe ndi alimi osinthasintha minda amaloŵerera m’nkhalango makamaka ndi njira zimene odula mitengo amalambula. Nthaŵi zina zinyalala zimene odula mitengo amasiya zimasonkhezera moto nkhalango zikamapsa, ndiye umawononganso mitengo yambiri kuposa imene imawonongedwa ndi odula mitengowo. Ku Borneo, moto wina unawononga mahekitala miliyoni imodzi mu 1983.

Kodi Pakuchitika Zotani Kuti Nkhalango Itetezedwe?

Chifukwa cha mavuto ameneŵa, anthu akuyesetsa ndithu kuteteza nkhalango zimene zatsala. Koma ntchito yake njaikulu kwambiri. Ma National Park, angatetezere madera aang’ono a nkhalango yamvula, koma kusaka nyama, kudula mitengo, ndi ulimi wodula mitengo ndi kuitentha ukupitirizabe m’mapaki ambiri. Maiko ongotukuka kumene alibe ndalama zokwanira zosamalirira mapaki.

Maboma osoŵa ndalama amapseteredwa mosavuta ndi makampani akunja kuti awagulitse makalata achilolezo chodula mitengo—nthaŵi zina kuwakakamiza kugulitsa katundu wina wadzikolo kuti mabomawo alipirire ngongole yomwe ali nayo kunja. Ndiye alimi ambirimbiri osinthasintha minda alibe kwina kumene angapite koma kumangoloŵerera m’nkhalango yamvula.

M’dziko lokhala ndi mavuto ambiri chotere, kodi kutetezera nkhalango yamvula nkofunika? Kodi nkhalango zitati zisoloke, tingataikidwe chiyani?

[Mawu a M’munsi]