Nkhaŵa pa Nkhalango Yamvula

POIONERA m’ndege, nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon imaoneka ngati kapeti yofeŵa bwino yaukulu wa kontinenti yonse, yooneka yobiriŵira ndi yatsopano mofanana ndi kalelo pamene Orellana anailemba pamapu. Pamene mulimbikira kuyenda m’nkhalango motenthamo ndi chitungu chake, mukumapeŵa tizilombo tatikulu monga tinyama tating’ono, mulephera kudziŵa pamene pathera zanthanthi ndi pamene payambira zenizeni. Zimene zioneka monga mayani mupeza kuti ndi agulugufe, zomera zotamba zikhala njoka, ndi zikuni zouma zikhala tinyama timene tibalalika ndi mantha. M’nkhalango ya Amazon, kumakhalabe kovuta kusiyanitsa zenizeni ndi zopeka.

“Chodabwitsa kwambiri,” akutero wopenyerera wina, “ndicho chakuti zenizeni za mu Amazon nzokongola mofanana ndi nthanthi zake.” Ndipo nzokongola kwabasi! Yerekezerani nkhalango yaikulu monga Western Europe yense. Mmenemo muli mitundu yosiyanasiyana yoposa 4,000 ya mitengo. Yokongola ndi maluŵa amitundu yosiyanasiyana yoposa 60,000. Yochititsa chidwi ndi mbalame zamaonekedwe okongola zamitundu yokwanira 1,000. Yodzala ndi mitundu 300 ya nyama zosiyanasiyana. Yosefukira ndi mitundu monga mamiliyoni aŵiri ya tizilombo. Tsopano mukuona chifukwa chake munthu aliyense wolongosola nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon amagwiritsira ntchito mawu akuti kwambiri pa chilichonse. Ndilo liwu lofotokoza bwino kuchuluka kwa zamoyo za m’nkhalango yamvula imeneyi yaikulu koposa padziko lapansi.

“Zamoyo Zofaifa” Zolekanitsidwa

Zaka makumi asanu ndi anayi zapitazo mlembi wa ku America ndi wanthabwala Mark Twain analongosola nkhalango yochititsa chidwi imeneyi kuti ndi “dziko lochititsa kaso, dziko lolemera ndi zozizwitsa za m’malo otentha, dziko lochititsa chidwi mmene mbalame zonse ndi maluŵa zinali zapadera kwambiri zoyenera kuzisonyeza m’mamyuziyamu, ndi mmene mtundu wa ng’ona yotchedwa alligator ndi ng’ona yomwe ndiponso pusi anali omasuka monga ali mosungiramo nyama.” Lerolino, mkhalidwe ukumvetsa chisoni pokumbukira mawu a Twain otamandawo. Mamyuziyamu ndi malo osungiramo nyama angakhale malo okha otsala kumene kungakulire zozizwitsa zambiri za m’malo otentha a Amazon. Chifukwa ninji?

Chochititsa chachikulu choonekeratu ndicho kulikha mitengo ya m’nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon kumene anthu amakuchita, kuwononga malo achibadwa a zomera ndi nyama. Komabe, kuwonjezera pa kuwononga malo kwakukuluko, palinso zochititsa zina—zosadziŵika kwambiri—zimene zikupangitsa mitundu ya nyama ndi zomera, kukhala “zamoyo zofaifa,” ngakhale kuti zidakali zamoyo. M’mawu ena, akuluakulu amakhulupirira kuti palibe chimene chidzaletsa mitundu ya zinthuzo kusoloka.

Chimodzi cha zinthuzo ndicho kuzilekanitsa. Akuluakulu a boma pofuna kuti nkhalango isungike, angaletse kudula mitengo m’chigawo china cha nkhalango kuti mitundu ya mitengo m’chigawocho isungike. Komabe, nkhalango yaing’ono yolekanitsidwa payokha ingachititse mitengoyo kuwonongeka m’kupita kwa nthaŵi. Lipoti lakuti Protecting the Tropical Forests—A High-Priority International Task (Kutetezera Nkhalango za m’Malo Otentha—Thayo Loyamba la Mitundu Yonse) lili chitsanzo chosonyeza chifukwa chake nkhalango zazing’ono zoima pazokha zimalephera kuchirikiza moyo kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Mitundu ya mitengo ya m’malo otentha kaŵirikaŵiri imakhala yaimuna ndi yaikazi. Kuti ibale, imathandizidwa ndi mileme imene imatenga mungu kumaluŵa a mtengo waumuna kupereka kumaluŵa a mtengo waukazi. Koma kupereka mungu kumeneku kumangochitika pakati pa mitengo imene imakulira m’malo amene mileme imafikamo pouluka. Ngati mtunda pakati pa mtengo waumuna ndi waukazi ngwaukulu kwambiri—monga momwe zimakhalira kaŵirikaŵiri ngati nkhalango izingidwa ndi chigawo chachikulu cha nthaka youma yopanda kanthu—mleme sungadutse mtunda wonsewo. Lipotilo likunena kuti, mitengoyo imakhala “zamoyo zofaifa’ pakuti kubala kwake tsopano nkosatheka kupita patali.”

Kugwirizana kumeneku pakati pa mitengo ndi mileme kwangokhala umodzi wa maunansi ochirikiza zamoyo za mu Amazon. Kunena mwachidule, nkhalango ya Amazon ili ngati nyumba yaikulu yansanjika yokhalamo anthu osiyanasiyana koma ogwirizana kwambiri. Kuti asakhale mothithikana, tiyerekezere kuti okhala m’nkhalango yamvula akukhala pansanjika zosiyanasiyana, ena pafupi ndi pansi, ena kumwamba kwenikweni. Onse okhalamo ali ndi ntchito, ndipo amagwira ntchito tsiku lonse—ena usana, ena usiku. Ngati zonse zingaloledwe kuchita ntchito yawo, mudzi wocholoŵana umenewu wa zomera ndi nyama za Amazon umagwira ntchito mwadongosolo kwenikweni.

Komabe umoyo wa za m’nkhalango ya Amazon sukhalira kusweka. Ngakhale ngati munthu angawononge mitundu yoŵerengeka chabe ya zinthu zake, kuwonongako kumayambukira misanje yonse ya nyumbayo. Wosungitsa Zachilengedwe Norman Myers akunena kuti kusoloka kwa mbewu imodzi ya zomera m’kupita kwa nthaŵi kungachititse kusoloka kwa mitundu ya nyama yokwanira ngati 30. Ndipo pakuti mitengo yambiri m’malo otentha imadaliranso pa nyama kuti zifese mbewu zake, pamene munthu asolotsa mitundu ya nyama amachititsanso kusoloka kwa mitengo imene zimathandiza. (Onani bokosi lakuti “Unansi wa Mtengo ndi Nsomba.”) Mofanana ndi kulekanitsa, kusokoneza maunansiwo kumachititsa mitundu yambiri ya zinthu za m’nkhalango kukhala “zamoyo zofaifa.”

Kodi Kudula Pang’ono Kumawonongadi Pang’ono?

Ena amati palibe choipa ndi kudula mitengo pamalo aang’ono poganiza kuti nkhalangoyo idzakulanso ndi kubiriŵira bwino monga momwe thupi limabwezeretsera khungu lake pachala chotemeka. Kodi nzoona zimenezo? Osati kwenikweni.

Nzoona kuti nkhalango imakulanso ngati munthu sagwetsanso mitengo pamalopo kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Komanso nzoona kuti zomera zatsopanozo sizimalingana ndendende ndi nkhalango yoyambayo monga momwe tsamba la fotokope silimafanana ndendende ndi loyamba. Ima Vieira, katswiri wa zomera wa ku Brazil, anafufuza za nkhalango imene inakulanso ya zaka zana limodzi mu Amazon napeza kuti pa mitundu 268 ya mitengo imene inakula m’nkhalango yakale, 65 yokha ndiyo inakulanso kukhala nkhalango ya lerolino. Kusiyana kumeneku, akutero katswiriyo, kumakhala chimodzimodzi ndi mitundu ya nyama za m’deralo. Chotero, ngakhale kuti ena amati kudula mitengo sikumasandutsa nkhalango zobiriŵira zipululu zouma, kukusandutsa mbali zina za nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon kukhala chifaniziro chabe cha yoyamba.

Ndiponso, kudula ngakhale kamkwamba kakang’ono ka nkhalango kaŵirikaŵiri kumawononga zomera zambiri ndi nyama zimene zimakula, kukwaŵa, ndi kutamba m’dera lokhalo la nkhalango ndipo osati kwina kulikonse. Mwachitsanzo, ofufuza ku Ecuador, anapeza mitundu 1,025 ya zomera m’dera lina laukulu wa 1.7 sq km m’nkhalango ya m’malo otentha. Yoposa 250 pa mitundu imeneyo simakula kwina kulikonse padziko lapansi. Katswiri wa za m’nkhalango wa ku Brazil Rogério Gribel akuti: “Chitsanzo cha kwathu kuno ndicho pusi wotchedwa sauim-de-coleira,” pusi wosangalatsa wooneka monga wavala sikipa yoyera. Dr. Gribel anati: “Oŵerengeka otsalapo amakhala mu mkwamba waung’ono wa nkhalango pafupi ndi Manaus chapakati pa Amazon, koma kuwonongedwa kwa malo ochepawo,” anatero Dr. Gribel, “kudzafafaniziratu mitundu ya nyama imeneyi.” Kudula pang’ono koma kowononga kwambiri.

Kuyalula “Kapetiyo”

Komabe, kudula mitengo kosaletseka ndiko kukuchititsa nkhaŵa yoopsa kwambiri pa nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon. Opanga misewu, odula mitengo, okumba migodi, ndi ena ambirimbiri akuyalula nkhalango monga kapeti yapansi, kuwononga moyo wa za m’nkhalango m’mphindi yochepa.

Ngakhale kuti pali kutsutsana kwakukulu ponena za ziŵerengero zenizeni za nkhalango imene Brazil amawononga pachaka—kuyerekezera kosamalitsa kumasonyeza 36,000 sq km pachaka—ukulu wa nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon yowonongedwa kale ingapose 10 peresenti, malo aakulu kuposa Germany. Nyuzipepala yapamlungu yotchuka kwambiri m’Brazil yotchedwa Veja, inanena kuti moto wa m’nkhalango wokwanira 40,000 woyatsidwa ndi alimi odula mitengo ndi kutentha unakolera m’dzikolo mu 1995—kasanu kuposa chaka chapitacho. Munthu akukoleza nkhalango ndi changu chachikulu, inachenjeza motero Veja, kwakuti mbali zina za Amazon zikunga “ng’anjo kumalire obiriŵira a dzikolo.”

Nanga Zili Nchiyani Ngati Mitundu ya Zinthu Ikusokola?

Ena angafunse kuti, ‘Koma kodi mamiliyoni onsewo a mitundu ya zinthu ngofunika kwa ife?’ Inde, ngofunika, akutero wosungitsa zachilengedwe Edward O. Wilson, wa pa Yunivesite ya Harvard. “Popeza kuti timadalira pa ntchito za mitundu ya zinthuzo zimene zimayeretsa madzi athu, kuika chonde m’nthaka yathu ndi kupereka mpweya umene timapuma,” akutero Wilson, “sitiyenera konse kuwononga zamoyo zosiyanasiyanazo.” Buku lakuti People, Plants, and Patents limati: “Kukhala ndi moyo kwa munthu kudzadalira pa kugwiritsira ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe. Ngati izo zipita, ifenso tidzalondola.”

Ndithudi, kuwononga mitundu ya zachilengedwe sikumakhudza chabe mitengo yodulidwa, nyama zoikidwa pangozi, ndi anthu akumaloko ovutitsidwa. (Onani bokosi lakuti “Anthu Okhudzidwa.”) Kuzimiririka kwa nkhalango kungakukhudzeni inunso. Taganizani izi: Mlimi ku Mozambique akudula chinangwa, nakubala ku Uzbekistan akumwa pilisi yoletsa kubala, mnyamata wovulala ku Sarajevo akupatsidwa mankhwala a morphine, kapena wogula m’sitolo ku New York akununkhiza mafuta onunkhira bwino—anthu onseŵa, akutero a bungwe la Panos Institute, amagwiritsira ntchito zinthu zimene zinachokera m’nkhalango yamvula. Chotero nkhalangoyo ikuthandiza anthu kuzungulira dziko lonse—kuphatikizapo inuyo.

Kulibe Phwando, Kulibe Njala

Inde, nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon siingapereke phwando la dziko lonse, koma ingathandize kuletsa njala ya dziko lonse. (Onani bokosi lakuti “Nthanthi ya Chonde Chake”.) Motani? Chabwino, m’ma 1970, anthu anayamba kubzala mbewu zina zosiyanasiyana zimene zinapatsa zokolola zochuluka. Ngakhale kuti mbewu zobala kwambiri zimenezi zathandiza kudyetsa anthu owonjezera 500 miliyoni pali choipapo chimodzi. Pakuti ndi zamtundu umodzi, zimakhala zofooka ndipo zimagwidwa ndi matenda. Kachilombo kakhoza kuwononga mbewu yobala kwambiri ya dziko, ndi kudzetsa njala yaikulu.

Choncho kuti atulutse mbewu zolimba ndi kupeŵa njala, a Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) ya UN tsopano akulimbikitsa “kulima mbewu za mitundu yosiyanasiyana.” Ndipo apa mpamene nkhalango yamvula imakhalira yofunika ndi nzika zake.

Popeza kuti nkhalango za m’malo otentha zili ndi yoposa pa theka la mitundu ya mbewu zonse m’dziko (kuphatikizapo mitundu ina 1,650 imene ingakhale mbewu za chakudya), nasale ya Amazon ndiyo malo oyenera kwa wofufuza aliyense wofunafuna mitundu ya mbewu za m’tchire. Ndiponso, nzika za m’nkhalangoyo zimadziŵa molimira mbewu zimenezi. Mwachitsanzo, Amwenye achikayapo a ku Brazil, samangolima mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu zatsopano koma amasunganso mbewuzo pachulu. Kulima pamodzi mbewu zamtchire zimenezi ndi za m’mudzi zosalimba kwambiri kumalimbitsa nyonga ndi kulimba kwa mbewu za chakudya za munthu. Ndipo kupatsa nyonga kumeneko nkofunika mwamsanga, akutero a FAO, pakuti “chakudya cholima chifunikira kuwonjezedwa ndi 60% pazaka 25 zilinkudza.” Mosasamala kanthu za zimenezi, akatapila olikha nkhalango akuloŵeraloŵera mkati mwenimweni mwa nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon.

Zotsatirapo nzotani? Eya, kuwononga nkhalango yamvula kwa munthu kuli ngati mlimi amene amadya mbewu yobzala—akhutiritsa njala yake yalero naiŵala yamaŵa. Gulu la akatswiri pa mbewu zosiyanasiyana posachedwapa anachenjeza kuti “kusungitsa ndi kuwonjezera mbewu zosiyanasiyana zimene zilipo ndiko nkhaŵa yaikulu yokhudza dziko lonse lapansi.”

Zomera Zothandiza

Tsopano loŵani “m’chipinda cha mankhwala” cha m’nkhalangoyo, ndipo mudzaona kuti moyo wa munthu umadalira pa zomera zotamba za m’nkhalangoyo ndi zomera zina. Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala ochokera ku zomera zotamba za m’nkhalango ya Amazon ndi mankhwala omasula thupi la munthu pofuna kumpanga opaleshoni; ana 4 pa 5 alionse odwala lukemiya amakhala ndi moyo wotalikirapo mwa kupatsidwa mankhwala otengedwa m’maluŵa a m’nkhalango otchedwa periwinkle. Nkhalangoyo imaperekanso kwinini, wochiritsira malungo; digitalis, wochiritsira mtima; ndi diosgenin, wa m’mapilisi oletsa kubala. Zomera zinanso zikuoneka kukhala zothandiza polimbana ndi AIDS ndi kansa. Lipoti la UN likunena kuti: “Mu Amazon mokha, mwalembedwa mitundu ya zomera yokwanira 2,000 imene yagwiritsiridwa ntchito monga mankhwala ndi nzika za mmenemo ndi zomera zina zimene zikuoneka kukhala mankhwala amphamvu.” Lipoti lina likunena kuti padziko lonse, anthu 8 pa 10 alionse amagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala a zitsamba kuchiritsira matenda awo.

Chotero kuli kwanzeru kupulumutsa zomera zimene zimatipulumutsa, akutero Dr. Philip M. Fearnside. Nawonjezera kuti: “Kuwonongeka kwa nkhalango ya Amazon kungalepheretse zoyesayesa za kupeza mankhwala ochiritsa kansa ya munthu. . . . Lingaliro lakuti zipambano zooneka za mankhwala amakono zimatilola kuwononga nkhokwe ya zomera imeneyi kumasonyeza matama odzetsa imfa.”

Komabe, munthu akupitirizabe kuwononga nyama ndi zomera mofulumira kwambiri zisanapezedwe ndi kudziŵidwa nkomwe. Zimachititsa kudabwa kuti: ‘Kodi nchifukwa ninji kudula mitengo kukupitirizabe? Kodi kachitidweko kangasinthidwe? Kodi nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon ili ndi mtsogolo?’

[Bokosi patsamba 15]

Nthanthi ya Chonde Chake

Magazini yakuti Counterpart ikunena kuti: “Lingaliro lakuti nthaka ya mu Amazon ili yachonde ndi nthanthi yovuta kuithetsa.” M’zaka za zana la 19, woyendera dziko Alexander von Humboldt anatcha Amazon “nkhokwe ya dziko.” Zaka zana limodzi pambuyo pake, Pulezidenti wa United States Theodore Roosevelt anaganizanso kuti Amazon anali nthaka yabwino yaulimi. Iye analemba kuti: “Nthaka yabwino ndi yachonde choncho siiyenera kumagona chabe.”

Ndithudi, mlimi amene amakhulupirira zimenezo mofanana ndi iwowo amapeza kuti kwa chaka chimodzi kapena ziŵiri, nthakayo imabala bwino chifukwa cha mapulusa a mitengo ndi zomera zina amene amakhala ngati chonde. Koma pambuyo pake, nthakayo imaleka kubala. Ngakhale kuti kubiriŵira kwa nkhalangoyo kumasonyeza kuti nthaka yake ndi yachonde, kwenikweni nthakayo ndiyo mbali yofooka ya nkhalangoyo. Chifukwa ninji?

Mtolankhani wa Galamukani! analankhula ndi Dr. Flávio J. Luizão, wofufuza wa pa National Institute for Research mu Amazon yemwenso ndi katswiri wa nthaka ya m’nkhalango yamvula. Nazi zimene ananena:

‘Kusiyana ndi nthaka zina zambiri za m’nkhalango, nthaka yochuluka ya m’chidikha cha Amazon simatenga chakudya chake m’nthaka kupititsa kumwamba, kuchokera m’mwala wapansi umene ukuola, chifukwa chakuti mwalawo ulibe chakudya ndipo uli patali kwambiri m’nthaka. M’malo mwake, nthaka yopanda mphamvuyo imalandira chakudya chake kuchokera kumwamba chomatsikira pansi, ku mvula ndi mayani. Komabe, mvula ndi mayaniwo zimafunikira thandizo kuti zikhale chakudya. Chifukwa ninji?

‘Madzi a mvula ogwera m’nkhalangoyo samakhala ndi chakudya mwa iwo okha. Komabe, pamene agwera pamasamba ndi kuyenda kuthupi la mitengo, amatola chakudya ku masamba, nthambi, ndere, zisa za tizilombo, ndi fumbi. Pamene madziwo afika m’nthaka, amakhala chakudya chabwino cha zomera. Chakudya chamadzi chimenechi sichimakunkhunikira m’mifuleni chifukwa chimatsakamira m’muyalo wa mizu yotanda pansi pang’ono m’nthakayo. Umboni wa kugwira bwino ntchito kwa muyalo wa mizuwo ngwakuti mifuleniyo yolandira madzi amvulawo ili ndi chakudya chochepa poyerekezera ndi nthaka yeniyeniyo ya m’nkhalango. Choncho chakudyacho chimafika kumizu madziwo asanafike kumifuleni ndi kumitsinje.

‘Chakudya china chimachokera m’zinyalala—masamba, nthambi, ndi zipatso zimene zimagwera pansi. Matani asanu ndi atatu a zinyalala zazing’ono amakhala pahekita imodzi [maekala aŵiri ndi theka] a nkhalango pachaka. Koma kodi zinyalalazo zimaloŵa bwanji m’nthaka ndi m’mizu ya zomera? Chiswe chimathandiza. Chimaduladula masambawo m’tizidutswa topyapyala ndi kuloŵa nato m’zisa za m’nthaka. Makamaka m’nyengo yamvula, chiswecho chimakangalika kwambiri, kuloŵetsa pansi 40 peresenti ya zinyalala zonse za m’nkhalango. Mmenemo, chimagwiritsira ntchito masambawo kukonza minda yolimamo bowa. Bowayu amaoletsa zinyalalazo ndi kutulutsa nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, ndi zina zotero—chakudya chopatsa thanzi zomera.

‘Nanga chiswecho chimatengamonji? Chakudya. Chimadya bowawo ndi kumezanso zidutswa zina za masamba. Kenako, tizilombo tina m’matumbo mwa chiswecho timasanduliza chakudya cha chiswecho, moti tudzi ta chiswecho timakhala chakudya chopatsa thanzi zomera. Choncho mvula ndi zinyalala zimene zimaolazo ndizo zinthu ziŵiri zimene zimachirikiza nkhalango yamvula kuti ipitirize kukula.

‘Nkosavuta kuona zimene zimachitika ngati mudula ndi kutentha nkhalango. Sipakhalanso chophimba cha masamba choŵakha mvula kapena zinyalala zimene zingaole. M’malo mwake, mvula yamphamvu imangogwera panthaka yopanda kanthu, ndipo mphamvu yake imasindira pansi. Panthaŵi imodzimodzi, cheza cha dzuŵa chimene chimaŵala panthaka chimawonjezera kutentha kwa nthaka ndi kuilimbitsanso. Chifukwa cha zimenezo madzi tsopano samaloŵa pansi, koma amathamangira m’mitsinje. Chakudya cha zomera chimene chimatayika panthaka yopanda mitengo ndi yotenthedwa chingakhale chachikulu kwakuti mifuleni yapafupi imakhala ndi vuto la kuchulukitsa kwa chakudya cha zomeracho, chikumapereka ngozi pa zamoyo za m’madzi. Mwachionekere, popanda kuidodometsa, nkhalango imadzichirikiza yokha, koma kuloŵerera kwa munthu kumachititsa ngozi.’

[Bokosi patsamba 13]

Anthu Okhudzidwa

Kuwononga moyo wa za m’nkhalango ndi kudula mitengo sikukuvulaza zomera ndi nyama zokha komanso ndi anthu omwe. Amwenye ngati 300,000, otsala pa Amwenye 5,000,000 omwe ankakhala m’chigawo cha Amazon m’Brazil, adakakhalabe m’malo awo m’nkhalangomo. Amwenyewo akuvutitsidwa kwambiri ndi ogwetsa mitengo, ofunafuna golidi, ndi ena, ambiri amaona Amwenyewo kukhala “chopinga pachitukuko.”

Ndiyeno pali akabokolosi, anthu olimba achikhaladi ochokera kwa Amwenye ndi azungu amene makolo awo anakakhala mu Amazonia zaka pafupifupi 100 zapitazo. Amakhala m’misasa yomangidwa pamwamba m’mphepete mwa mitsinje, ndipo mwina sanamvepo za sayansi ya za malo ndi zokhalamo zake, koma amapeza zofunika zonse m’nkhalango popanda kuiwononga. Komabe, moyo wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku ukukhudzidwa ndi alendo omwe tsopano akuloŵerera dziko lawolo la m’nkhalango.

Kwenikweni, m’nkhalango yonse yamvula ya Amazon, mtsogolo simotsimikizika kwa nzika 2,000,000 za ochera zipatso, otapa maliroliro a mtengo (rubber), asodzi, ndi mbadwa zina za konko, omwe akugwirizana bwino ndi mikhalidwe ya m’nkhalangomo ndi nyengo zake zakusefukira kwa mitsinje yake ndi kubwereranso. Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kutetezera nkhalango sikuyenera kulekezera chabe pa mtengo wa muŵaŵa ndi nyama yotchedwa manatee. Ayenera kutetezeranso anthu okhala m’nkhalango.

[Bokosi patsamba 16]

Unansi wa Mtengo ndi Nsomba

M’nyengo yamvula, mtsinje wa Amazon umasefukira ndi kumiza mitengo imene imakula m’nkhalango za m’chidikha. Kusefukirako kutafika pachimake, mitengo yambiri m’nkhalango zimenezi imabala zipatso ndi kugwetsa mbewu zake—komano m’madzimo mumakhala mulibe tinyama timene timamwaza mbewuzo. Apa mpamene nsomba yotchedwa tambaqui imakhala yofunika, imene imadya zipatso ndipo imayandama pamadzi imene imanunkhizanso kwambiri. Posambira m’mitengo yomirayo, imanunkhiza mitengo yofuna kugwetsa mbewu zake. Pamene mbewuzo zigwera m’madzi, nsombayo imaswa zikamba ndi mano ake olimba, imeza mbewuzo, ipukusa mbali yofeŵa ya zipatsozo, ndi kutulutsa mbewuzo monga tudzi ndipo zimagwera pansi pa nkhalango pamene zimadzamera madzi akaphwa. Nsomba ndi mitengo yomwe zimapindula. Nsomba ya tambaqui imasunga mafuta, ndipo mtengowo umabala mitengo ina. Kudula mitengoyo kumapereka ngozi pa moyo wa nsomba ya tambaqui ndi mitundu ina 200 ya nsomba zimene zimadya zipatso.