Kufunafuna Njira Zothetsera Vutolo

Mlembi wina wachingelezi, John Lyly, analemba kuti: “Pokangana za nkhaŵa zimenezo, timaiŵala zochititsa zake zenizeni.” Kuti tipeŵe mbuna imeneyo, tiyeneradi kukumbukira kuti nkhaŵa za lerolino pa nkhalango yamvula zangokhala mthunzi wa mavuto ozamirapo ndi kuti kuwonongedwa kwa nkhalango kudzapitirizabe ngati zochititsazo sizichotsedwa. Kodi zochititsazo nchiyani? Ofufuza a UN anena kuti: “Zopinga zazikulu zolepheretsa kutetezera nkhalango ya Amazon ndizo umphaŵi ndi chisalungamo cha munthu.”

Kusintha m’Zaulimi Kosapindula Kwenikweni

Ofufuza ena akunena kuti kuwononga nkhalango kwangokhala chotsatirapo china cha kachitidwe kotchedwa kusintha m’zaulimi kamene kanayamba zaka makumi angapo zapitazo m’chigawo chakumwera ndi chapakati cha Brazil. Poyamba, zikwizikwi za mabanja a alimi aang’ono kumeneko anapeza umoyo mwa kulima mpunga, nyemba, mbatata ndi kusunganso ziŵeto. Ndiyeno, ulimi waukulu wa nyemba za soya wolima ndi makina ndi madamu unalanda nthaka yawo ndipo ziŵeto ndi mbewu za kumaloko zinalandidwa malo ndi mbewu zamalonda zogulitsa kumaiko otsungula. Pakati pa 1966 ndi 1979 chabe, nthaka yopatulidwira kulimapo dzinthu zogulitsa kunja inawonjezeka ndi 182 peresenti. Chotsatirapo nchakuti, alimi akumaloko 11 pa 12 alionse anatsala opanda nthaka ndi ntchito yopezera umoyo. Kwa iwo, kusintha m’zaulimi kunakhala kusinthira tsoka.

Kodi alimi opanda nthaka ameneŵa akanapita kuti? Andale, posafuna kuonetsa umbombo wawo mwa kugaŵira nthaka mosalungama, anapereka yankho mwa kunena kuti chigawo cha Amazon chinali “nthaka yopanda anthu yofuna anthu opanda nthaka.” Pazaka khumi chabe, atatsegula msewu waukulu woyamba m’Amazon, alimi osauka oposa mamiliyoni aŵiri ochokera kummwera kwa Brazil ndi kumadera achilala ndi osauka a kumpoto koma chakummaŵa kwa Brazil anakakhala m’zithando zikwi zambirimbiri m’mbali mwa msewu waukuluwo. Pamene anamanga misewu yowonjezereka, ambiri okakhala alimi anasamukira ku Amazon, ali okonzekera kulima minda m’nkhalangoyo. Pamene ayang’ana kumbuyo pamakonzedwe ameneŵa omanga midzi yatsopano, ofufuza amanena kuti “kupenda zaka pafupifupi 50 za kumangitsa midzi yatsopano kumeneku kumasonyeza kuti sikunaphule kanthu.” Umphaŵi ndi chisalungamo “zatumizidwa ku Amazon,” ndiponso “mavuto atsopano abadwa mu Amazon.”

Njira Zitatu Zothetsera Vutolo

Poyesa kuthetsa zochititsa kudula mitengo ndi kuwongolera umoyo m’nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon, bungwe la Commission on Development and Environment ya Amazonia linafalitsa kalata yolimbikitsa kuti, pakati pa zinthu zina, maboma a m’chidikha cha Amazon ayenera kutenga njira zoyamba zitatu. (1) Kuyang’ana pa mavuto a chuma ndi kakhalidwe m’zigawo zosauka za kunja kwa nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon. (2) Kugwiritsira ntchito nkhalango yomwe ilipo ndi kugwiritsiranso ntchito malo amene mitengo yake inadulidwa kale. (3) Kuthetsa chisalungamo chachikulu m’chitaganyacho—chenicheni chochititsa mavuto a munthu ndi kuwonongedwa kwa nkhalango. Tiyeni tipende mosamalitsa njira zitatu zimenezi.

Kuyambitsa Mabizinesi

Kuyang’ana pa mavuto a kakhalidwe ndi chuma. Bungwelo linati: “Imodzi ya njira zothandiza bwino kuchepetsa kudula mitengo ndiyo kuyambitsa mabizinesi m’madera ena osauka kwambiri m’maiko a Amazon, madera kumene mikhalidwe imakakamiza anthu kusamukira ku nkhalango ya Amazon kukafuna moyo wokhala ndi mtsogolo mwabwinopo.” Komabe, a bungwelo anawonjezera kuti “njira imeneyi samailingalira kwambiri polinganiza chitukuko cha chigawo kapena cha dziko kapena ndi aja a m’maiko otsungula amene amachirikiza kuchepetsa kwambiri kudula mitengo mu Amazon.” Komabe, akuluakulu akufotokoza kuti, ngati akuluakulu a boma ndi maboma akunja odera nkhaŵa angapereke maluso awo ndi chuma pa kuthetsa mavuto onga kusagaŵa bwino nthaka kapena umphaŵi wa m’matauni m’madera ozinga Amazon, adzakhoza kuchepetsa alimi osamukira ku Amazon ndipo adzathandiza kupulumutsa nkhalangoyo.

Komabe kodi angachitenji kuti athandize alimi aang’ono omwe anayamba kale kukhala mu Amazon? Moyo wawo umadalira pa kulima dzinthu pa nthaka yosayenera ulimi.

Kuteteza Nkhalango Kaamba ka Mitengo

Kugwiritsira ntchito nkhalango zimene zilipo ndi kugwiritsiranso ntchito nkhalango zowonongedwa. Buku la UN lakuti The Disappearing Forests limati: “Nkhalango zamvula amazigwiritsira ntchito mopambanitsa koma samazigwiritsira ntchito mokwanira. Kupulumuka kwa nkhalango zamvula kumadalira pamawu ooneka ngati owombana ameneŵa.” M’malo mwa kugwiritsira ntchito mopambanitsa nkhalangoyo mwa kudula mitengo yake, akutero akatswiriwo, munthu ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito nkhalango mwa kutengamo kapena kukololamo zinthu, zonga zipatso, mtedza, mafuta, maliroliro, libano, zitsamba za mankhwala, ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe. Iwo anati zinthu zoterozo zili ndi “phindu la chuma lofika 90 peresenti lochokera m’nkhalango.”

Doug Daly, wa New York Botanical Garden, akufotokoza chifukwa chake akukhulupirira kuti kuleka kuwononga nkhalango ndi kuyamba kuigwiritsira ntchito kuli kwanzeru. Akuti: “Kumakondweretsa boma—amaona kuti nkhalango ya Amazon siikuchoka pamalonda aakulu. . . . Kungapereke moyo wabwinopo ndi ntchito kwa anthu, ndi kusunga nkhalango. Nkovuta kupeza choipa ponena za njira imeneyi.”—Wildlife Conservation.

Kusunga nkhalango kaamba ka mitengo kumawongolera mikhalidwe ya moyo ya okhala m’nkhalangomo. Mwachitsanzo, ofufuza m’Belém, kumpoto kwa Brazil, aŵerengera kuti kusintha hekitala imodzi ya nkhalango kukhala busa kumangopatsa phindu la $25 pachaka. Choncho kuti munthu apeze chabe malipiro otsika apamwezi a m’Brazil, afunikira kukhala ndi busa la mahekitala 48 ndi ng’ombe 16. Komabe, Veja ikunena kuti, munthu wofuna kukhala ndi famu ya ziŵeto angamapeze ndalama zambiri mwa kukolola za m’nkhalango. Ndipo zinthu za m’nkhalango zoyembekeza kukolola nzambiri, akutero katswiri wa biology Charles Clement. “Muli mbewu zamasamba makumi ambirimbiri, mbewu za zipatso, maliroliro, ndi mafuta mazanamazana zimene zingasamalidwe ndi kukololedwa,” anawonjezera motero Dr. Clement. “Koma vuto nlakuti munthu ayenera kudziŵa kuti nkhalango ndiyo magwero a chuma osati chopinga pa kulemera.”

Kupatsa Nthaka Yowonongedwa Mwaŵi Wina

Chitukuko cha zachuma ndi kuteteza malo zingayendere pamodzi, akutero João Ferraz, wofufuza wa ku Brazil. “Onani ukulu wa nkhalango imene yawonongedwa kale. Sitiyenera kuyesa kudulanso mitengo ina. M’malo mwake, tikhoza kubwezeretsanso ndi kugwiritsiranso ntchito malo odulidwa mitengo ndi owonongedwa.” Ndipo m’chigawo cha Amazon, muli nthaka yaikulu yowonongedwa imene ingabwezeretsedwe.

Kuyambira m’ma 1960, boma linapereka thandizo la ndalama zambiri pofuna kulimbikitsa amalonda kuti apange mabusa m’nkhalangoyo. Iwo anatero, koma Dr. Ferraz akufotokoza kuti, “mabusawo anawonongeka pambuyo pa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Pambuyo pake, pamene aliyense anazindikira kuti kunali kulakwa kwakukulu, eni mabusa amene anapambana anati: ‘Chabwino, ndalama zimene talandira ku boma zakwanira,’ ndipo anapita.” Chotsatirapo? “Malo amabusa osiyidwawo okwanira 200,000 sq km akungowonongeka.”

Komabe, lerolino ofufuza onga Ferraz akupeza njira zatsopano zogwiritsira ntchito nthaka yowonongeka imeneyi. Motani? Zaka zapitazo anaoka mitengo ya mtedza wa Amazonia yokwanira 320,000 pabusa losiyidwa la ng’ombe. Lerolino, mbewu zimenezo ndi mitengo yobala zipatso. Popeza kuti mitengo imeneyi imakula mofulumira ndipo ndi nkhuni yabwino, mbewu za mtedza wa Amazonia tsopano akuzioka m’nkhalango zodulidwa mitengo m’mbali zosiyanasiyana za chidikha cha Amazon. Kukolola zinthu za m’nkhalango, kuphunzitsa alimi kubzala mbewu za nyengo zonse, kuphunzira njira zotolera nkhuni popanda kuwononga nkhalango, ndi kubwezeretsa nthaka yowonongeka, zimenezi kwa akatswiri ndi njira zopita patsogolo zimene zingathandize kutetezera nkhalango.—Onani bokosi lakuti “Kulimbikira pa Kutetezera.”

Komabe, akuluakulu akunena kuti nkhalango sizimafuna chabe kusanduliza nthaka yowonongeka. Zimafunanso kusintha mkhalidwe wa munthu.

Kuwongolanso Chokhotakhota

Kuthetsa chisalungamo. Mkhalidwe wa munthu wa tsankho womana anthu zoyenera zawo kaŵirikaŵiri umachitika chifukwa cha umbombo. Ndipo, monga momwe wafilosofi wakale Seneca ananenera, “ngakhale chilengedwe chonse sichitha kukhutiritsa umbombo”—kuphatikizapo nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon.

Mosiyana ndi alimi osaukawo a m’Amazon, eni maindasitale ndi eni mafamu aakulu akupulula nkhalango kuti akundike mulu wa phindu. Akuluakulu akunena kuti maiko Akumadzulo alinso ndi liwongo pochirikiza kudula mitengo m’Amazon. Gulu la ofufuza a ku Germany linati: “Maiko otsungula olemera anakulitsiratu chiwonongeko cha malo chomwe chinalipo kale.” Bungwe la Commission on Development and Environment la Amazon likunena kuti kutetezera Amazon kumafuna “mkhalidwe watsopano wa dziko lonse, mkhalidwe umene udzapereka njira yatsopano ya chitukuko, yozikidwa pa kugwirizana kwa anthu ndi chilungamo.”

Komabe, mitambo ya utsi wosaleka pamwamba pa Amazon imakumbutsa wina kuti mosasamala kanthu za zoyesayesa za amuna ndi akazi padziko lonse ofuna kusunga nkhalango, kugwiritsira ntchito malingaliro atsopano achitukuko kukukhaladi kovuta mofanana ndi kugwira utsi. Chifukwa ninji?

Mizu ya mikhalidwe yoipa yonga umbombo njozikika kwambiri mwa anthu, njozama kwambiri kuposa ngakhale mizu ya mitengo ya m’nkhalango ya Amazon. Ngakhale kuti mmodzi ndi mmodzi wa ife ayenera kuchita zimene angathe poyesa kutetezera nkhalango, si kwanzeru kuyembekezera kuti anthu adzapambana ndi kuzula zochititsa kuwononga nkhalango zovuta ndi zozamazo, mosasamala kanthu za kuona mtima kumene angakhale nako. Zimene Mfumu Solomo, wanzeru wopenda chibadwa cha munthu ananena zaka ngati zikwi zitatu kalelo zidakali zoona. Mwa nyonga yake munthu, “chokhotakhota sichingawongokenso.” (Mlaliki 1:15) Mwambi wachipwitikizi ukunena zofanana, “O pau que nasce torto, morre torto” (Mtengo wobadwa wokhota, umafa wokhota). Komabe, nkhalango zamvula kuzungulira dziko lonse zili ndi mtsogolo. Chifukwa ninji?

Mtsogolo Moŵala

Zaka zana limodzi zapitazo, mlembi wa ku Brazil Euclides da Cunha anachita chidwi kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya zamoyo za m’tchire m’Amazon kwakuti analongosola nkhalangoyo kukhala “tsamba la Genesis losafalitsidwa ndi la panthaŵi ino.” Ndipo ngakhale kuti munthu wakhala akuipitsa ndi kung’amba “tsamba limenelo,” Amazon wotsalayo adakali “chizindikiro chenicheni cha dziko lapansi mmene linalili pa Chilengedwe,” likutero lipoti lotchedwa Amazonia Without Myths. Koma kodi adzakhala choncho kufikira liti?

Lingalirani izi: Nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon ndi nkhalango zina zamvula za padziko zikupereka umboni wa “luntha la munthu mmodzi,” malinga ndi kunena kwa Da Cunha. Kuchokera kumizu mpaka kumasamba ake, mitengo ya m’nkhalango imalengeza kuti ndi ntchito ya mmisiri wamkulu. Motero, kodi Mmisiri Wamkulu ameneyu adzalola umbombo wa munthu kufafaniza nkhalango zamvula ndi kuwononga dziko lapansi? Ulosi wa Baibulo umayankha funso limeneli kuti kutalitali! Umati kuŵerenga kwake: “Amitundu anakwiya, ndipo unadza mkwiyo wanu [Mulungu], ndi nthaŵi ya . . . kuwononga iwo akuwononga dziko.”—Chivumbulutso 11:18.

Komabe, onani kuti ulosiwu umatiuza kuti Mlengiyo sadzangozula muzu wa vutolo mwa kuchotsapo anthu aumbombo koma adzatero m’nthaŵi yathu. Kodi nchifukwa ninji tinganene zimenezi motsimikiza? Chabwino, ulosiwo umanena kuti Mulungu adzachitapo kanthu panthaŵi imene munthu ‘akuwononga’ dziko lapansi. Pamene mawuwo analembedwa pafupifupi zaka zikwi ziŵiri zapitazo, anthu anali ochepa ndipo analibe njira zochitira zimenezo. Koma mkhalidwe wasintha. Buku lakuti Protecting the Tropical Forests—A High-Priority International Task, limati: “Kwa nthaŵi yoyamba m’mbiri yawo, anthu lero ali okhoza kuwononga zofunika za moyo wawo osati m’zigawo zina kapena m’madera ena, koma dziko lonse.”

‘Nthaŵiyo’ pamene Mlengi adzawononga “iwo akuwononga dziko” ili pafupi. Nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon ndi malo ena padziko lapansi okhala pangozi ali ndi mtsogolo. Mlengiyo adzachita zimenezo—ndipo si nthano ayi, koma ndi zenizeni.

[Bokosi patsamba 20]

Kulimbikira pa Kutetezera

Malo aukulu wa 400,000 sq m a nkhalango imene inakulanso mumzinda wina chapakati pa Amazon wa Manaus ali ndi maofesi osiyanasiyana a National Institute for Research in the Amazon, kapena INPA. Bungwe limeneli lazaka 42, ndi madipatimenti osiyanasiyana 13 yoyang’anira kalikonse kuyambira pa malo ndi zokhalamo mpaka nkhalango mpakanso thanzi la munthu, ndilo bungwe lofufuza lalikulu kopambana m’chigawocho. Ilinso ndi mitundu yambiri kwambiri yosiyanasiyana yotengedwa m’nkhalango ya Amazon ya zomera, nsomba, nyama zokwaŵa, nyama zokhala m’madzi ndi kumtunda, nyama zoyamwitsa, mbalame, ndi tilombo. Ntchito ya ofufuza okwanira 280 a bungwelo ikuthandiza munthu kumvetsa maunansi ocholoŵana a za m’nkhalango ya Amazon. Alendo oyendera bungweli amabwerera ndi chidaliro chachikulu. Mosasamala kanthu za ziletso za akuluakulu a boma ndi zandale, asayansi a Brazil ndi akumaiko akunja atsimikiza mtima kulimbikira pa kutetezera chuma chapaderacho cha nkhalango zamvula za dziko—Amazon.

[Chithunzi patsamba 17]

Msewu wopita kokadula mitengo unang’amba nkhalango

[Zithunzi patsamba 18]

Zochokera m’nkhalango yamvula: zipatso, mtedza, mafuta, maliroliro, ndi zina zambiri

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

J. van Leeuwen, INPA-CPCA, Manaus, Brazil