‘Chizoloŵezi Choipachi Chakusuta Fodya’
‘WONYANSA kuwona, wonunkha moipa, wovulaza ubongo, waupandu kumapapu.’
Mawu amenewa olembedwa pafupifupi zaka mazana anayi zapitazo, ali ndemanga yomalizira ya buku lotsutsa kusuta fodya lokhala ndi mutu wakuti A Counterblaste to Tobacco, lofalitsidwa ndi mfumu yaikulu yaku Ingalande yotchedwa James I, imene inachirikiza matembenuzidwe a Baibulo a King James Version a 1611.
Kodi nchiyani chimene chinamsonkhezera kulemba zimenezi, ndipo ndiphunziro lotani limene tikutengapo?
Kugwiritsiridwa Ntchito monga Mankhwala ndi Ntchito Zina
Pamene Christopher Columbus anabwerera ku Ulaya pambuyo paulendo wake ku Amereka mu 1492, anabweretsa mbewu za chomera chokondedwa koposa ndi Amwenye aku Amereka chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zakuchiritsa. Pambuyo pake, Nicholas Monardes anatcha chomeracho tabaco (fodya) (kapena picielt, malinga ndi Amwenyewo). Aspanya ogonjetsawo anali atamva zaubwino wake wakuchiritsa zironda zimene ankadwala, ‘nafuna kuchiritsidwa nawo.’—Joyful News Out of the New Found World, matembenuzidwe Achingelezi a John Frampton, 1577.
Komabe, panali kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwina kwa chomera chimenechi kumene kwenikweni kunakopa mitima ya otulukira maiko. Monardes akufotokoza motere:
‘Chimodzi cha zozizwitsa za chomera chimenechi, chimene chikukhumbiridwa koposa, ndicho njira imene Ansembe Achimwenye anachigwiritsirira ntchito. Pamene Amwenyewo anali ndi chochitika china chapadera, chofunika koposa, m’chimene mafumu anafunikira kufunsira kwa ansembe awo, Mkulu wawo wansembe anatenga masamba a Tabaco ndikuwaponya pamoto, ndikulandira utsi wake mkamwa ndi m’mphuno zake kudzera m’bango, ndipo atakoka, anagwera pansi monga munthu wakufa, nakhala chigonere kwautali wodalira pakuchuluka kwa utsi umene anaukoka. Pamene masambawo anachita ntchito yake, iye anagalamuka nadzuka, ndikuwapatsa mayankho awo, mogwirizana ndi masomphenyawo ndi zizimezime zimene adaziwona. Mofananamo, Amwenye otsalawo, pocheza amakoka utsi wa Tabaco.’
Bwana Walter Raleigh anafunkha Virginia mu 1584. Pamene dzikolo lolamuliridwa ndi dziko lachilendo linakula, chizoloŵezi cha Amwenye chimenechi chakusuta fodya chinafalikiranso pakati pa atsamunda. Kale ku Ingalande, ‘anali Raleigh amene kwenikweni anayambitsa chizoloŵezi chimenechi ndi kuchipititsa patsogolo,’ akutero wolemba mbiri wotchedwa A. L. Rowse.
“Counterblaste”
Komabe, mfumu yakwawo James, inatsutsa chizoloŵezi chotulukiridwa chatsopanocho. Inalemba mochenjeza anthu ake zamaupandu akusuta fodya.
‘Kuti mupeŵe maupandu ambiri achizoloŵezi chimenechi chakugwiritsira ntchito Tobacco, nkoyenera kuti choyamba mulingalire ponse paŵiri magwero ake, ndi zifukwa zimene chinaloŵera m’dziko lino.’ Ikuyamba motero Counterblaste yotchukayo. Pambuyo pakupenda chizoloŵezi chimene mfumuyo inatcha ‘chonunkha ndi chonyansa’ cha kukoka utsi wa fodya kuchiritsira matenda, James akundandalitsa zigomeko zinayi zimene anthu anapereka kulungamitsa chizoloŵezi chawo kuti:
1. Ubongo wa munthu ngwozizira ndi wonyoŵa, ndipo motero, zinthu zonse zouma ndi zotentha (zonga utsi wafodya) ziyenera kukhala zoukomera.
2. Utsi umenewu, kupyolera mwakutentha kwake, nyonga, ndi mkhalidwe wake, uyenera kuchotsa chimfine m’mutu ndi kuchiritsa matenda am’mimba.
3. Anthu sakanakonda chizoloŵezi chimenechi kwambiri ngati akanapanda kudziwonera kuti chinali chowakomera.
4. Ambiri amachiritsidwa matenda awo ndikuti ndikalelonse palibe munthu amene anavulazidwa mwakusuta fodya.
Pounikiridwa ndi chidziŵitso cha sayansi yamakono inu, mosakaikira mudzavomerezana ndi zigomeko zotsutsa za James. Utsi wafodya suuli kokha wotentha ndi wouma, koma mmalo mwake, uli ndi ‘nsanganizo yakupha yogwirizanitsidwa ndi kutentha kwake.’ ‘Kusuta utsi woterowo kuti muchiritse chimfine nkofanana ndikudya nyama ndi kumwa zakumwa zokupweteketsani m’mimba kotero kuti muchiritse matenda antchofu!’ Anthu ena angadzinenere kuti akhala akusuta kwazaka zambiri popanda ziyambukiro zamatenda, koma kodi zimenezo zimapangitsa kusuta kukhala kopindulitsa?
James anatsutsa mwamphamvu kuti ‘ngakhale kuli kwakuti mahule okalamba anganene kuti akhala ndi moyo wautali mwamachitachita awo achisembwere, iwo amanyalanyaza chenicheni chakuti mahule ambiri amafa akadali aang’ono’ ndi matenda opatsirana mwakugonana amene amawatenga. Ndipo bwanji ponena za zidakwa zokalamba zokhulupirira kuti zatalikitsa masiku awo chifukwa ‘chakumwa kwauchigona m’bawa’ koma osalingalira konse kuti ndi ena angati amene amafa ndi ‘uchidakwa asanafike pakati pa moyo wawo’?
Machimo ndi Zachabe
Atapereka zigomeko zonse zotsutsa kusuta, James kenaka akutchula ‘machimo ndi zachabe’ zochitidwa ndi osutawo. Lalikulu pa amenewa, iye akutero, ndiro tchimo lachilakolako choipa. Posakhutira ndi kusuta utsi wafodya wochepekera, ambiri amalakalaka wowonjezereka. Ndithudi, kumwerekera ndi chikonga kwafikira kukhala chochitika chofala.
Ndipo bwanji ponena za ‘zachabe’? James akudzudzula wosuta fodya mwachigomeko chakuti: ‘Kodi sindiko ponse paŵiri kwachabe ndi uve kuti pathebulo, pamalo olemekezeka, mpamene ukhafulira utsi wonyansawo ndi wonunkha, ukumapuma utsiwo, kuipitsa mpweya, pamene enawo okhalapo anyansidwa ndi kachitidweko?’
Monga ngati kuti anadziŵa maupandu ambiri pathanzi la osuta, James akulingalira motere: ‘Ndithudi utsi umadetsa kitchini kuposa mmene chipinda chodyera chimadera, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri umapanganso kitchini mkati mwa matupi a anthu, kuwadetsa ndi kuwapatsa matenda, ndi mwaye wamafuta wakuda bi, monga momwe zapezedwera m’matupi a osuta Tobacco kwadzawoneni amene anang’ambidwa atafa.’
Pomaliza chigomeko chake, James akupitiriza kuti: ‘M’zimenezi simuli kokha kupanda pake kwakukulu komanso kunyozera kwakukulu mphatso zabwino za Mulungu, mwakuti mpweya wabwino wamunthu, umene ndiwo mphatso yabwino ya Mulungu, udetsedwa dala ndi utsi wonunkha umenewu!’
[Chithunzi patsamba 18]
King James I
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
[Chithunzi patsamba 18]
Sir Walter Raleigh
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
Courtesy of the Trustees of The British Museum