Ulamuliro Wa Anthu Uyesedwa Pamiyeso

Gawo 6: Malaya Akuda ndi Maswastika

Fascism: Ili ndi boma lolamuliridwa mwankhalwe, lozindikiridwa ndi kupatiratu kwa Boma ulamuliro m’zachuma, kuika polekezera maseŵera a zamayanjano, ndi nthanthi ya kupititsa patsogolo utundu; Nazism: Uwu ndi ufumu wa “fascism” monga momwe unatsatiridwira ndi chipani cha National Socialist German Workers’ Party cha Hitler.

LIWU lakuti Fascism mwachisawawa limakumbutsa mmaganizo zithunzi za asilikali ankhondo Achiitaliya ovala malaya akuda, ndi asilikali owopsya Achijeremani ovala malaya ofirira ojambulidwapo chizindikiro cha swastika. Komatu maiko ena nawonso akhalapo ndi zokumana nazo zawo ndi ufumuwu wa Fascism.

Mkati mwa ma 1930, ufumu wa Fascism unatchuka kwambiri mu Hungary, Romania, ndi Japan. M’nthaŵi ya Nkhondo Yachiweniweni Yachispanya, chilikizo lopititsa patsogolo ufumu wa Fascism linathandiza Francisco Franco kupata ulamuliro wa Spanya, chinkana kuti akatswiri ambiri yakale ambiri samailingalira nkhalwe ya Franco (1939-75) kukhaladi ya ufumu wa Fascism. Kumbali ina, kulamulira kwankhalwe kwa ku Argentina kokhazikitsidwa ndi Juan D. Perón (1943-55), kunali kwa ufumuwu.

Kulambira Boma

Liwu lakuti “Fascism” limachokera ku liwu la Chitaliya lakuti fascio ndipo limasonya ku chizindikiro cha kulamulira kwa Roma. Chotchedwa fasces m’Chilatini, ichi chinali chithunzi chojambulidwa cha mtolo wa nkhuni wosomekedwamo nkhwangwa, chizindikiro chotengedwa cha kugwirizana kwa anthu olamulidwa ndi Boma lalikululo.

Chinkana kuti magwero ena a ufumu wa Fascism ngakalekale m’nthaŵi ya Niccolò Machiavelli, munali mu 1919 mokha, kapena zaka 450 pambuyo pa kubadwa kwake, pamene Benito Mussolini analigwiritsira ntchito liwulo kwanthaŵi yoyamba. Machiavelli akuti, kuvunda kwandale zamnthaŵi yake, kukanalakidwa ndi wolamulira yekha wa ufumu wa authoritarian, yemwe akadalamulira mwankhanza komatu mochenjera.

Boma lopititsa patsogolo ufumu wa Fascism limafunikiradi mtsogoleri wamphamvu, mwamatukutukuyu, ndi wodziwika kukhala ngwazi ngati uti ukhale wopindulitsa. Moyenerera, onse aŵiri Mussolini ndi Hitler anadziŵika kukhala “atsogoleri” basi—Il Duce ndi der Führer.

Ufumu wa Fascism umalitukula Boma pamwamba pa maulamuliro ena onse, ponse paŵiri chipembedzo ndi malamulo. Woneneza mlandu Wachifrench Jean Bodin wa m’zaka za zana la 16, wanthanthi Wachingelezi Thomas Hobbes wa m’zaka za zana la 17, limodzinso ndi anthanthi a m’zaka za zana la 18 ndi 19 Achijeremani otchedwa Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, ndi Heinrich von Treitschke, onsewa analemekeza Boma. Hegel anaphunzitsa kuti Boma ili mmalo aakulu ndikuti ntchito yaikulu ya munthu njakukhala kwake m’chilikizi wake wokhulupirika.

Mkapangidwe kawo kenikeniko, maboma onse afunikira kuchita ulamuliro. Koma maboma opititsa patsogolo ufumu wa Fascism akonzedwera kuchita ulamuliro pa chirichonse, ndikufuna kuti chimvero chiperekedwe kwawo kokha. Polingalira anthu kukhala akapolo wamba a Boma, Treitschke anati: “Chirichonse chomwe mulingalira sichiri kanthu, malinga ngati mukhala womvera.” Kwenikweni, liwu lakuti Fascism linalowa mmalo kufuulidwa kwa mawu akuti “Ufulu, kufanana, ubale,” komvedwa m’nthaŵi ya Kusintha Zinthu m’Falansa kwa Chifrench, komwe kunali ndi mawu ofuulidwa mobwerezabwereza Achitaliya akuti, “Kukhulupirira, kumvera, kumenya nkhondo.”

Ufumu wa ‘Fascism’ Ulemekeza Nkhondo

Kumenya nkhondo? Inde! “Nkhondo payokha imafikitsa nyonga za anthu pa kupikitsana kwakukulu ndipo imatchukitsa anthu amene ali nako kulimba mtima kwa kuyang’anizana nayo,” anatero nthaŵi ina Mussolini, nawonjezera kuti: “Nkhondo kwa mwamuna ili monga mmene kukhala nakubala kuliri kwa mkazi.” Iye anati mtendere wokhalitsa “ngwotsendereza ndi wopondereza maubwino aakulu a anthu.” Powanena mawuwa, Mussolini ankangogogomezera chabe malingaliro a Treitschke, yemwe anati nkhondo inalidi chinthu chofunikira kukhala nacho ndikuti lingaliro la kulithetsa padziko, pambali pa kukhala loipa mwantheradi, “likaphatikizapo kuwononga magwero ambiri a moyo wa munthu ofunikira kwambiri ndi apamwamba.”

Pamfundo yakalekale iyi ya nkhondo ndi kulamulira kotsendereza, sitingadabwitsidwe kudziŵa kuti akatswiri a mbiri yakale ambiri amafufuza chiyambi cha ufumu wamakono wa Fascism kuti unayambidwa kumbuyoko kalekale ndi Napoléon I wa ku Falansa. Pokhala wotsendereza kuchiyambiyambi kwa ma 1800, mwiniyo momvekera sanali wopititsa patsogolo ufumu wa Fascism. Komabe, malamulo ake ambiri, monga ngati a kukhazikitsa dongosolo la apolisi achinsinsi ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mwaluso mawu ofuulidwa mobwerezabwereza ndi kufufuza ncholinga chakuti adziŵe nkhani zoti zifalitsidwe nziti, pambuyo pake ngomwe anadzatengedwanso ndi opititsa patsogolo maufumu a Fascism. Ndipo motsimikizirika kugamulapo kwake kubwezeretsa ulemerero wa Falansa nkofanana ndendende ndi chikhoterero cha kufuna ukulu wa dziko chimene atsogoleri opititsa patsogolo ufumu wa Fascism adziŵika nacho.

Podzafika mu 1922 opititsa patsogolo ufumu wa Fascism mu Italiya anali ndi mphamvu zokwanira kukhazikitsa Mussolini kukhala nduna yaikulu ya boma, uwu ndi udindo umene iye anugwiritsira ntchito mofulumira kukhala mwala wolumphira kunka pakukhala mfumu yotsendereza. Ponena za zonulirapo za malipiro, maola, ndi zopangidwa m’maindasitale osakhala aboma, izi zidalamulidwa thithithi ndi boma. Kwenikweni, makampani opatidwa ndi anthu analimbikitsidwa kukhalapo malinga ngati anatumikira zikondwerero za boma. Zipani za ndale zadziko zosakhala zopititsa patsogolo ufumu wa Fascism zinaletsedwa mwalamulo; ziungwe zoimira ogwira ntchito zinaletsedwa. Boma linalamulira mwaluso zoulutsira nkhani, nilitseka pakamwa otsutsa mwa kukufufuza ndikusankha nkhani zoti zifalitsidwe. Chisamaliro chapadera chinaperekedwa pamfundo ya kuphunzitsa malingalirowa kwa achichepere, ndipo ufulu wa munthu mwini unalandidwa zedi.

Ufumu wa Fascism, Njira ya Jeremani

“Mosasamala kanthu za kukumana mwamalunji kwa njira zawo zonkira paufumu,” likutero bukhu lakuti Fascism, lolembedwa ndi A. Cassels, “Ufumu wa Fascism ya ku Italiya ndi ufumu wa Nazism ya ku Jeremani unali wosiyana kwambiri mkapangidwe kawo ndi mkapenyedwe kawo ka mtsogolo.”

Pambali pa anthanthi Achijeremani omwe angotchulidwa kumenewo omwe anatumikira monga akalambula bwalo a malingaliro opititsa patsogolo ufumu wa Fascism, enanso, monga ngati wanthanthi wa ku Jeremani wa mzaka za zana la 19 Friedrich Nietzsche, anathandiza kupanga mtundu wapadera wa ufumu wa Fascism m’Jeremani. Ichi sichikutanthauza kuti Nietzsche mwiniyo anali wopititsa patsogolo ufumu wa Fascism, koma iye anaperekadi lingaliro lakuti pakhale kulamulira kwa apamwamba, fuko la anthu omveka. Komabe, pofuulira malingalirowa, iye analibe fuko kapena mtundu wakutiwakuti m’maganizo mwakemo wa Ajeremani onsewo, pakuti iye sanawakondenso. Koma malingaliro ake ena anali ofanana pang’ono ndi a akatswiri a nthanthi a National Socialist omwe analingaliridwa kukhala Achijeremani enieni. Chotero malingalirowa anapititsidwa patsogolo, pamene ena, osagwirizana ndi chiphunzitso cha Nazi, anathetsedwa.

Hitler anasonkhezeredwanso mwamphamvu ndi mkonzi Wachijeremani Richard Wagner. Pokhala wokonda utundu kwenikweni ndi kuwutchukitsa, Wagner analingalira kuti Jeremani idali paulendo wodzaza dziko lonse. “Kwa Hitler ndi akatswiri a Nazi nthanthi za Wagner adali ngwazi yopambana koposa,” ikutero Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. Iyo ikulongosola motere: “Mkonziyu anachitira chithunzi ukulu wa Jeremani. Mkulingalira kwa Hitler nyimbo za Wagner zinalungamitsa utundu wa Jeremani.”

Mkonzi wa nkhani William L. Shirer akuwonjezera motere: “Komabe, sizinali zinthu zake za ndale zadziko zolembedwa [za Wagner] komatu nyimbo zake zofotokoza mwa myaa, zokumbutsa mtima kwenikweni nthaŵi ya makedzana ya Jeremani ndi nthanthi zake zaungwazi, kumenyera kwake nkhondo milungu yakunja ndi ngwazi, ziwanda ndi njoka zake, mikangano yake yodzetsa imfa ndi malamulo akalekale a fuko, kulingalira mtsogolo mwake, kwa ulemerero wachikondi ndi kutchuka kwa imfa, kumene kunapititsa patsogolo nthanthi za Jeremani wamakono ndikulipatsa Weltanschauung [lingaliro ladziko] Yachijeremani limene Hitler ndi a Nazi, mwakudzilungamitsa, anazitenga kukhala zawo.”

Malingaliro a onse aŵiri Nietzsche ndi Wagner anakonzedwanso ndi Comte Joseph Arthur de Gobineau, kazembe Wachifrench ndi katswiri wa mafuko a anthu, amene, pakati pa 1853 ndi 1855, analemba Essai sur l’inégalité des races humaines (Nkhani Yofotokoza Kusiyana kwa Mafuko a Anthu). Iye anatsutsa naati kusanganizana mafuko kumatsimikizira choikidwiratu cha kutsungula. Iye anachenjeza kuti, kusanganiza zozindikiritsa mtundu wa chitaganya cha Aryan potsirizira pake kungatsogolere kukugwa kwawo.

Tsankho laufuko ndi kutsutsa Ayuda komwe kunayambika kuchokera m’malingalirowa nkomwe kunazindikiritsa mtundu waufumu wa Fascism ya Chijeremani. Malamulo onsewa anali osadziŵika nkomwe mu Italiya. Kwenikweni, umboni wotsutsa Ayuda mu Italiya unalingaliridwa ndi anthu ambiri a ku Italiya kukhala chisonyezero chakuti Hitler anali kulowa mmalo Mussolini kukhala magwero olamulira ufumu wa Fascism. Ndithudi, pamene nthaŵi inapita, chisonkhezero cha Hitler pamalamulo a ufumu wa Fascism ya ku Italiya chinakula.

Pokalamira kukwaniritsa ukulu wa dzikolo, ufumu wa Fascism ya ku Italiya ndi ufumu wa Fascism ya ku Jeremani unasiyana kwenikweni. Mkonzi A. Cassels akulongosola kuti “pamene kuli kwakuti Mussolini anachonderera nzika za mdziko mwake kutsanzira machitidwe a Aroma akalekale, lingaliro la kusintha kwa Nazi linakhoterera pa kusonkhezera Ajeremani, osati kuti achite kokha zimene zimphona zakutali za Teuton zidachita, komanso kuti akhale ngwazi za fuko limenelo mwa kudzabadwanso m’zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri.” Kufotokoza m’mawu ena, ufumu wa Fascism ya ku Italiya unafunafuna kuwupata ulemerero wa makedzana uja, kunena kwake titero, mwa kunka nayobe Italiya, dziko lomwe idali losatukuka m’zamaindasitale, kukaloŵa nayo m’zaka za zana la 20. Kumbali ina, Jeremani inafunafuna kupatanso ulemerero wa papitawo mwa kutembenukira ku mbiri yakale ya nthanthi.

Chomwe Chinautheketsa

Mmaiko ambiri, opititsa patsogolo ufumu wa Fascism akwera paufumu pambuyo pa tsoka la dzikolo, kugwa kwa chuma, kapena kugonjetsa kwa asilikali ankhondo. Ichi nchimene chinachitikira maiko onse aŵiriwo Italiya ndi Jeremani. Chinkana kuti adali otsutsana m’Nkhondo Yadziko ya I, onse aŵiriwo adangoupata pambuyo pa kumenyera koufooketsa kwenikweni. Kusakhutiritsidwa kwa nzika zadzikolo, m’gwedegwede wa zachuma, ndi kukulakula kwa nkhondo ya mafuko nzomwe zidakantha maiko aŵiri onsewa. Jeremani inayang’anizana ndi kusakhazikika kwa mtengo wa zinthu, ndipo anthu osalembedwa ntchito anachuluka kwambiri. Malamulo a demokrase adalinso ofooka, oponderezedwabe ndi mwambo wankhondo ndi waufumu wa authoritarian wa Prussia. Ndipo mantha owopa Soviet Bolshevism adagwera kulikonse.

Lingaliro la Charles Darwin la chisinthiko ndi kugawa magulu a zolengedwa inalinso mfundo yapadera ina yobukitsa ufumu wa Fascism. Bukhu lakuti The Columbia History of the World imafotokoza ponena za “kugalamutsanso kwa Chiphunzitso cha Zamayanjano cha Darwin m’nthanthi za opititsa patsogolo ufumu wa Fascism, wofotokozedwa ndi onse aŵiri Mussolini ndi Hitler.”

Encyclopedia of the Third Reich ikuvomerezana ndi zithokozozi, niilongosola kuti chiphunzitso cha Darwin cha zamayanjano nchomwe chidali “nthanthi yochititsa lamulo la Hitler kupha anthu a mum’badwo wake.” Mogwirizana ndi ziphunzitso za chisinthiko cha Darwin, “akatswiri a nthanthi a ku Jeremani anatsutsa naati boma lomwe lidalipolo, mmalo mwa kuwonogera nyonga yake kutetezera ofooka, lidayenera kuchitira mwano anthu ake odwalilira mokomera okhala nawo umoyo wabwino, ndi athanzi.” Iwo adatsutsa naati nkhondo njabwino kulimbanira nayo kupulumuka kwa oyenerera koposa, ndikuti “chipambano chimapatidwa ndi amphamvu, ndipo ofooka ayenera kuthetsedwa.”

Kodi Phunziro Laphunziridwa?

Masiku a asilikali ankhondo a ku Italiya ovala malaya akuda ndi asilikali ankhondo owopsya a ku Jeremani, ovala malaya ofiirira ojambulidwapo chizindikiro cha swastika adatha. Komabe, ngakhale mu 1990 muno, zizindikiro za ufumu wa Fascism zidakalipobe. Zaka ziŵiri zapitazo magazine ya Newsweek inachenjeza kuti kwenikweni mdziko lirilonse la Kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, “magulu ogalukira akutsimikiziranso kuti tsankho laufuko ndi kuchonderera utundu ndi mapindu aufumu wa authoritarian zophimbidwa chinyengo zingapezebe chilikizo lodabwitsa.” Mosakaikira gulu limodzi lamphamvu mwa magulu amenewa ndilo la Jean-Marie Le Pen lotchedwa National Front mu Falansa yokhala ndi uthenga “wofanana kwakukulukulu ndi wa National Socialism.”

Kodi nkwanzeru kukhulupirira m’magulu atsopanowa opititsa patsogolo ufumu wa Fascism? Kodi maziko aufumu wa Fascism—chisinthiko cha Darwin, tsankho laufuko, magulu ankhondo, ndi utundu—amapanga maziko abwino ozikapo maboma abwino? Kapena kodi simungavomereze kuti mofanana ndi mitundu ina yonse ya kulamulira kwa anthu, ufumu wa Fascism wayesedwa pamiyezo ndikupezedwa woperewera?

[Bokosi patsamba 24]

Fascism—Kodi Maziko Ake Ngabwino?

Chisinthiko cha Darwin: “Asayansi owonjezerekawonjezereka, makamaka achisinthiko owonjezerekawonjezereka . . . amatsutsa kuti nthanthi ya chisinthiko cha Darwin sinthanthi yeniyeni konse yausayansi.”—New Scientist, June 25, 1981, Michael Ruse.

Tsankho Laufuko: “Kusiyana kwa mafuko aanthu ndi anthuwo, kulikonse kumene amakhala, nkwamaganizo ndi mayanjano; sikwachibadwa!”—Genes and the Man, Profesa Bentley Glass.

“Anthu a mafuko onse . . . ndiwo mbadwa ya munthu mmodzimodzi woyamba uja.”—Heredity and Humans, Amram Scheinfeld wolemba zasayansi.

Nkhondo: “Maluso, ntchito, ndi chuma zounjikidwa pa . . . kupengaku zimadetsadi nkhaŵa. Mitundu ikadapanda kuphunzira nkhondo konse, palibe chinthu chimene anthu akadalephera kuchita.”—Mkonzi wankhani wa ku Amereka ndi Herman Wouk wopata mphotho ya Pulitzer.

Utundu: “Utundu umagawanitsa anthu kukhala magulumagu enieni opanda chipiriro. Monga chotulukapo, choyamba mmaganizo mwa anthu mumakhala mfundo yakuti ndiwo a ku Amereka, a ku Russia, a ku China, Aigupto kapena a ku Peru, ndipo pambuyo pa ichi nkudzaganizanso kuti onsewa ndi anthu—ngatitu angathe kuganiza nkuganiza komwe.”—Conflict and Cooperation Among Nations, Ivo Duchacek.

“Mavuto ambiri amene timayang’anizana nawo lerolino amachititsidwa, kapena kuti, ali chotulukapo cha machitidwe onyenga—ena a awa atengedwa popanda kudziŵa. Pakati pa awa pali chigomeko chomamatira kuutundu—‘ili ndi dziko lakwathu, kaya likhale lolondola kapena lolakwa.’”—Yemwe kale anali Mlembi Wamkulu wa UN, U Thant.

[Zithunzi patsamba 23]

Zizindikiro zakale zachipembedzo, monga ngati swastika, ndi mawu ofala akuti, “Mulungu Ali Nafe,” sizinapulumutse kulamulira kwa Hitler

Chithunzi cha chizindikiro cha mtolo wosomekedwamo nkhwangwa, cha Mussolini kaamba ufumu wa Fascism, chimapezedwa pa ndalama za U.S.