Kodi Munthu ndi Chilombo Angakhale Pamtendere?

“Ndinamva ngati kuti ndinali pakhomo la paradaiso; munthu ndi chilombo m’chigwirizano chodalirana.” Joy Adamson anafotokoza motero chochitika m’mbali mwa Mtsinje wa Ura wa ku Kenya pamene ankapenyerera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame ndi nyama zikudza kudzamwa madzi. Mbali yosangalatsa yachochitikacho inali nyama yomwe inakhala mwamtendere kumbali kwake—mkango waukazi waukulu!

Kodi panali chinachake chachilendo ponena za mkango waukazi umenewu, wotchedwa Elsa, umene mamiliyoni ambiri anadzaudziŵa kupyolera m’bukhu lakuti Born Free, lolembedwa ndi Joy Adamson? Ayi, uwo unali mkango wamba waukazi. Kusiyana kokha kunali kwakuti udaphunzira kukhala mwamtendere ndi anthu.

Pambuyo pake, pamene kanema yotchedwa Born Free inapangidwa, mikango yaikazi ingapo yoŵetedwa inagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuchitira chitsanzo Elsa. Wina unatchedwa Mara. Unali wonyumwa poyamba, ndiyeno unali wononomera, wosalola mabwenzi ake aumunthu kuusiya. Kuti aukondweretse, George Adamson, mwamuna wa Joy, anasamutsira hema wake pafupi ndi khola la Mara. M’kupita kwanthaŵi, iye anasamutsira hema wake mkati mwa khola mwenimwenimo! “Kwamiyezi itatu yotsatira,” iye analemba motero m’bukhu lake lakuti Bwana Game, “uwo unagona mokhazikika mkati mwa [hema wanga], kaŵirikaŵiri unkagona pansi pambali pa kama wanga ndipo nthaŵi zina kugona pakamapo. . . . Sunandidetse nkhaŵa ponena za chisungiko changa chaumwini.”

A Adamson analemba kuti, “Ena amaseŵera athu okondeka anali akuti ine ndigone pansi nditabisala kumbuyo kwa chiputu cha udzu. Mara akandiŵenderera mochenjera kwambiri, mimba iri pansi pafupi ndi nthaka m’kachitidwe kenikeni ka mkango ndiyeno ankandithamangira mwaliŵiro zedi ndipo ankatera pa ine. Nthaŵi zonse iye anasamalira zikadabo zake zochititsa mantha ndipo sanandipwetekepo.”

Mkango wina waukazi womwe unachita mbali ya Elsa unatchedwa Girl. Pamene kanemayo inamalizidwa, Girl anabwezedwa kuthengo, kumene anakhala ndi bere naswa ana aŵiri. Mabwenzi aŵiri a Adamson analitulukira phangalo. Adamson analemba kuti: “Ndichidaliro chodabwitsa koposa ndi mkhalidwe wabwino, Girl anaŵalola amuna aŵiriwo, amene anadziika paupandu wokulirapo, kuyandikira pafupifupi [mamita oŵerengeka ndi malo] oswerapo . . . Kudzisungira kwa Girl kunali kodabwitsa koposa popeza [mmodzi wa amunawo] anali mlendo weniweni kwa iye.” Ponena za Adamson, Girl anamulola iye kukhudza ana ake, pamene kulikwakuti mikango ina inapitikitsidwa.

Kuŵeta Mkango Wolusa

Mikhalidwe ya mikango imasiyanasiyana. Pamene Joy Adamson ankalera Elsa, chakum’mwera kwambiri ku Northern Rhodesia (yotchedwa Zambia tsopano), wolonda nyama, Norman Carr, anali kuchita zofananazo ndi ana aamuna amikango aŵiri. Umodzi wa anawo, wotchedwa Big Boy, unali waubwenzi kwambiri. Winawo, wotchedwa Little Boy, unali wokwiyakwiya. Ponena za womalizirawu, Carr analemba zotsatirazi m’bukhu lake lakuti Return to the Wild:

“Pamene Little Boy ali mumkhalidwe wotero, ndimanjuta pambali pake, pamtunda wosakhoza kufikiridwa ndi mapazi ake amene ali wotsimikiza kugwiritsira ntchito kukoŵera molusa ndi zikadabo zotambasulidwa zotalika [masentimita asanu] zonga lumo pamene iye akundizazira. Modekha ndimayesa kumnyengerera mwakulankhula naye motonthoza pamene ndikuyandikira pang’onopang’ono; ndipo pamene ndimkhudza potsirizira pake iye adakali kundinyindira koma osati mwaukali kwenikweni. Pamene ndiika mkono wanga mozungulira mapeŵa ake onyankhalala ndi kusisita chifuŵa chake, iye adzapuma mowonekera monga ngati kuti minyewa yake yolimbitsidwa yaphwetsedwa. . . . Iye amaika mutu wake pamiyendo panga, kundiitanira kuti ndimkupatire.”

M’mawu oyambirira a bukhu la Carr, Nduna ya ku Dalhousie, yemwe anali bwanamkubwa wamkulu wadzikolo, akusimba chochitika chimene anachitira umboni pamene mikangoyo inali yoposa zaka ziŵiri zakubadwa ndipo inali kuyendayenda popanda woiyang’anira m’chidikha pafupi ndi msasa wa Carr. Carr anaimba likhweru, ndipo umu ndimmene Ndunayo inafotokozera mmene iyo inkachitira kuti: “Iyo inadza ikulumphalumpha pakumva likhweru la mbuye wawo ndikumkwechesa ndi mitu yawo yaikulu, panthaŵi imodzimodziyo kubangula moni wawo wokondwa koma wochititsa mantha. Chikondi chawo kaamba ka iye sichinazimiririkedi.”

Mikango iri ndi mantha achibadwa kwa munthu ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri imafuna kumpeŵa. Kachitidwe kobadwa nako kameneka kopezeka m’mikango ndi zilombo zina kafotokozedwa molondola m’Baibulo. (Genesis 9:2) Ikanakhala yopanda mantha amenewo munthu akanakhala mnkhole wokhweka koposa. Komabe, zilombo zina zimakhala zakudya anthu.

“Zopatuka ku Mkhalidwewo”

Roger Caras, yemwe ndikatswiri pankhaniyi, akufotokoza kuti: “Pakati pa pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya amphaka aakulu pakuwoneka kukhala zina zosiyana ndi chibadwa chawo zimene zimafunafuna munthu monga chakudya. Izo nzopatuka ku mkhalidwewo . . . Munthu mwachisawawa angakhale pamtendere weniweni ndi [amphaka aakulu].”

Nyama zambiri ziwonekera kusazindikira munthu pamene iye akhala wobisika m’galimoto. Mwanjirayi anthu ngokhoza kujambula zithunzithunzi zapafupi za mikango. Bukhu lakuti Maberly’s Mammals of Southern Africa, likuchenjeza kuti “Koma muitanira ngozi yaikulu ngati mutsegula chitseko chanu, kapena kuyesa kutuluka pafupi ndi mikangoyo, chifukwa imazindikira kukhalapo kwa munthu, ndipo kuwonekera kwanu kwabalamanthu kumawonjezera mantha amene mosavuta angasonkhezere kuukira kozichinjiriza. . . . Pali ngozi yocheperapo m’kukumana mwachindunji ndi mkango m’thengo koposa ndi kuwonekera mwabalamanthu kuchokera m’galimoto pamaso pake!”

Bwanji Ponena za Anyalugwe?

Anyalugwe amene amakhala akudya anthu nawonso ngopatuka ku mkhalidwewo. Jonathan Scott akufotokoza motere m’bukhu lake lakuti The Leopard’s Tale: “Ngati nyalugwe sanaputidwe ndipo ngwathanzi labwino, amakhala wamanyazi, cholengedwa chomabisala chosonyeza kuwopa munthu kowonekera. Ngati akumanizidwa iye kaŵirikaŵiri adzathaŵira pobisalira pafupi kwenikweni pomwe pangapezeke.”

Scott anakhala miyezi iŵiri mu Masai Mara Game Reserve ya ku Kenya akuphunzira mayendedwe a nyalugwe wamkazi yemwe anamtcha dzina lakuti Chui. Pang’onopang’ono Chui anazoloŵerana ndi galimoto la Scott, ndipo pachochitika china analola ana ake, otchedwa Dark ndi Light, kudza ku galimoto ndi kuifufuza. Scott akukhulupirira kuti kumbuyo kwa mawonekedwe anyalugwe achete kuli kwakukulukulu mkhalidwe waubwenzi.

Ena adziwonera okha mkhalidwe waubwenzi wa nyalugwe. Mwachitsanzo, Joy Adamson analera mwana wamasiye wanyalugwe yemwe anamutcha Penny. Pambuyo pakumasulidwa kupita kuthengo, Penny anakhala ndi bere naswa ana. Pamene mabwenzi ake aumunthu anali pafupi, Penny anadzivumbula nawaumiriza kuti apite kukawona ana ake atsopanowo. Kuphanga kuja, atakhala pafupi ndi mayi wonyadayo, Adamson anafotokoza chochitika chosangalatsacho motere: “Iye ananyambita manja athu pamene ana anafungatidwa pakati pa miyendo yake yakutsogolo, onse okondwera kwenikweni. Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti anyalugwe ndiowopsa koposa nyama zonse za mu Afirika, ndikuti anyalugwe aakazi okhala ndi ana ndiolunda kwenikweni.” Koma Adamson ananena kuti chokumana nacho chake ndi Penny chingatsimikize kuti “zambiri zimene anthu amazikhulupirira nzinyengo.”

Nyalugwe wina wamkazi “wosakwiya,” wotchedwa Harriet, anapereka chokumana nacho chodabwitsa kwambiri kwa Arjan Singh wa kum’mpoto kwa India. Singh analera Harriet kuchokera kuukhanda namphunzitsa kotero kuti iye akakhoza kudzifunira chakudya m’nkhalango yapafupi ndi famu yake. Monga mbali yakuphunzitsako, Singh nthaŵi zina ankalimbikitsa nyalugweyo kuti aukire. “Pamene ndinabwatama ndikumsakizira kuti andiukire,” iye akufotokoza motero m’bukhu lake lakuti Prince of Cats, “iye anadza mondilunjika . . . , koma pamene anandilumphira iye anatsikimiza kuti anapita pamwamba, kutera pamutu panga natererekera pansi kumsana kwanga, wosasiya bala nlimodzi lomwe pamapeŵa anga opanda malaya.”

Kaseŵeredwe ka nyalugwe ndi galu wa Singh wotchedwa Eelie kanalinso kodabwitsa. Singh akuthirira ndemanga kuti “kanema imasonyeza [nyalugweyo] akukhala pa miyendo yake yakumbuyo ndipo akuponya nkhonya pamene galu akumuwukira—koma iye sayesa kugwetsa pansi wowukirayo. Mapazi ake aakulu apita kumbali imodzi ya khosi la Eelie, pamutu pake ndipo kumbali ina mofeŵa monga nsalu zopukutira.”

Unansi waubwenzi umenewu pakati pa munthu, galu, ndi nyalugwe unapitirizabe Harriet atachoka panyumba kukakhala m’nkhalango yapafupi. “Wina atanena kuti anyalugwe sayenera kukhulupiridwa,” akugamula motero Singh, “ndimangofunikira kulingalira za nthaŵi zambiri zimene Harriet anadza ku [famu yanga] pakati pausiku ndi kundidzutsa mwakachetechete kuti tipatsane moni pamene ndinagona pabwalo.”

M’kupita kwanthaŵi, Harriet anakhala ndi bere naswa ana aŵiri. Pamene phanga lake linawopsezedwa ndi kusefukira kwa madzi, nyalugweyo ananyamula anawo kukamwa kwake nawabweretsa mmodzimmodzi kunyumba ya Singh kaamba ka chisungiko. Pamene madziwo anaphwako, Harriet anakwera bwato la Singh, kumnyengerera iye kumuolotsera kutsidya lino ndi lija la mtsinje pamene ankapereka ana ake mmodzimmodzi kuphanga latsopano m’nkhalango.

Njobvu ya mu Afirika

Kwanenedwa kuti njobvu ya mu Afirika njowopsa kwakuti singaŵetedwe. Komabe, anthu ambiri atsimikiza kuti zenizeni nzosiyana. Chitsanzo china ndicho unansi wogwira mtima pakati pa njobvu zitatu za ku Afirika ndi munthu wa ku Amereka wotchedwa Randall Moore. Njobvuzo zinali mbali ya gulu la ana a njobvu ogwidwa mu Kruger National Park ya ku South Africa ndikutumizidwa ku United States. M’kupita kwanthaŵi izo zinaphunzitsidwa kaamba ka maseŵera a circus ndipo zinachita bwino. Pamene mwiniwake anamwalira, Moore anapatsidwa njobvu zitatuzo nazibwezera ku Afirika.

Zazikazi ziŵiri, zotchedwa Owalla ndi Durga, zinaperekedwa ku Pilanesberg Reserve ya ku Bophuthatswana mu 1982. Panthaŵiyo m’pakimo mudali chiŵerengero chachikulu cha ana a njobvu amasiye omwe anali mumkhalidwe woipa ndipo anafunikira kuyang’aniridwa ndi njobvu zazikazi zazikulu. Kodi Owalla ndi Durga zophunzitsidwa ku circus zikakhoza kusenza thayoli?

Pambuyo pa chaka chimodzi, Moore analandira malipoti akuti njobvu zake zidasunga ana onse amasiye 14 ndikuti ana amasiye owonjezereka akabweretsedwa m’pakimo. Pambuyo pakuchokapo kwa zaka zinayi, Moore anabwerera kukadziwonera yekha. Akuyembekezera kukazisaka kwanthaŵi yaitali mu Pilanesberg Mountains, atangofika, iye anadabwa, kuwona Owalla ndi Durga pakati pa nsambi yaikulu. Iye analemba motere m’bukhu lakuti Back to Africa: “Kulingalira kwanga koyamba, kopanda ukatswiri kunali kuzithamangira, kuzikupatira ndi kuzitamanda. Ndinasiya lingalirolo ndikutenga kafikidwe kena kodziletsa.”

Choyamba, Owalla ndi Durga adayenera kutsimikizadi kuti ndibwenzi lawo lakale limene labwera. Iwo anapenda dzanja lake lotambasulidwa ndi zitamba zawo. “Owalla,” akulemba motero Moore, “anaima njo kundiposa monga ngati kuti akuyembekezera lamulo lotsatira. Njobvu zotsalazo zinali chiriri mondizungulira. Ndinakakamizika kuufula. ‘Owalla . . . Nyamula M’MWAMBA chitamba ndi PHAZI! Pomwepo Owalla ananyamula phazi lake lakutsogolo m’mwamba napotolera chitamba chake kumwamba mumkhalidwe wakuseŵera kwaukatswiri kwa masiku akale a circus. Kodi ndani yemwe poyamba ananena kuti njobvu simaiŵala konse?”

Zaka zitatu pambuyo pake, mu October 1989, chikumbukiro cha Owalla chinayesedwanso. Panthaŵiyi Moore anasankha kuyesa kuchita kanthu kena komwe sanakachitepo kuyambira pamene anabweretsa njobvuzo ku paki zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri zapitazo. Owalla anagonjera kulamulo lake kuti agone pansi ndipo anamlola kukwera pamsana pake. Openyerera wailesi yakanema mu South Africa anasangalatsidwa kumuwona iye atakwera njobvuyo pakati pa njobvu zakuthengo 30. “Ndinatero,” anafotokoza motero Moore pofunsidwa ndi Galamukani!, “osati monga chiwonetsero chapoyera chofuna kutchuka koma chifukwa chakuti ndinali wofunitsitsa kudziŵa ukulu wa kugwirizana ndi luntha zothekera ndi njobvu.” Ana a njobvu amasiye a ku Pilanesberg anakula pansi pa chisamaliro chaluntha cha Owalla ndi Durga.

Zowonadi, zochitika za unansi pakati pa munthu ndi zilombo zolusa lerolino sindizo mkhalidwe wachibadwa; zimafunikiritsa kukulitsa maluso mosamalitsa. Kukakhala kopusa kwenikweni kwa munthu wamba kupita m’thengo ndi kukayesa kufikira mikango, anyalugwe, ndi njobvu. Koma pamene kulikwakuti unansi woterowo pakati pa zilombo zakuthengo ndi anthu siwowanda lerolino, bwanji ponena za mtsogolo? Kodi iwo udzakhala mkhalidwe?

[Bokosi patsamba 9]

Mikango Ingaŵetedwe!

“TABWERA nujambule zithunzithunzi zanga ndi mikango yanga,” anatero Jack Seale, woyang’anira Hartebeespoortdam Snake and Animal Park mu South Africa. Mwamantha, ndinamtsatira kukhola la mikango, ndikuyembekezera kuti akandilola kujambula zithunzithunzi ndiri kunja kwa mpanda wochinjiriza.

M’kholamo munali moyera, ndi mithunzi yambiri yamitengo yozungulira. Mikango isanu ndi inayi yathanzi labwino mofulumira inazindikira mphunzitsi wawo pamene analoŵa m’kholamo limodzi ndi wothandizira. Mikangoyo inabuma mwaubwenzi niyendayenda mokondwera.

“Tabwera mkati,” anatero Jack. Ndinachita ngati kuti sindinamve. “Tabwera mkati,” iye anabwereza mofuula. Zomwe anali nazo kuti adzichinjirize okha ku mikango zinali timitengo basi! Mtima wanga unagunda mofulumira pamene ndinali kulimbana ndi mantha, pomalizira pake nkuloŵa mkati. Mofulumira ndinayamba kujambula zithunzithunzi ndi kamera yanga pamene Jack anakupatira ziŵeto zake zazikuluzo. Ndimpumulo wotani nanga umene ndinamva pamene tonsefe tinali kunja mosungika! Koma sindinafunikire kuchita mantha.

Pambuyo pake Jack anafotokoza kuti: “Chifukwa chomwe timaloŵeramo ndi timitengo nchakuti mikango njaubwenzi ndipo imaluma moseŵera. Timatansa timitengoto kotero kuti iyo idzibubuda mmalo mwa mikono yathu.” Jack ndi nsambi yake adangobwera kumene kuchokera ku Etosha National Park ku Namibia. Kodi nchifukwa ninji adaitengera kuthengo lakutali motero? Iye akufotokoza kuti:

“Iyo inagwiritsiridwa ntchito kupanga kanema ya cholembedwa chonena za zimene asayansi afufuza kuti alamulire kuwonjezeka kwa chiŵerengero cha mikango m’thengo ku Namibia. Koma mikango yanga imafuna moyo womwe inazoloŵera kukula nawo kuno. Pamene inangowona galimoto yanga yaikulu ku Namibia, inabwera komweko. Panalibe vuto lirilonse poibwezeranso kuno kwawo.”—Yoperekedwa.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Courtesy Hartebeespoortdam Snake and Animal Park

[Chithunzi patsamba 9]

Randall Moore, limodzi ndi ziŵeto zake m’nkhalango za Afirika