Mmene Wailesi Yakanema Yasinthira Dziko

CHILIMWE chathachi, TV inasandutsa dziko kukhala bwalo lamaseŵera lapadziko lonse. Mu Roma, Italiya, m’makwalala munalibe anthu. Ataliyana okwanira 25 miliyoni ankawonerera maseŵera a mpira wachitanyu a Chikho Chadziko Lonse. Mu Buenos Aires, Argentina, makwalala anali opandanso anthu, ndipo kaamba ka chifukwa chimodzimodzicho. Mu Cameroon, Kumadzulo kwa Afirika, kuunika kobiriŵira motuŵira kunkachezima mosalekeza m’mazenera pamene mamiliyoni anachemerera mogwirizana. M’dziko lokanthidwa ndi nkhondo la Lebanon, asirikali anaika mawailesi awo akanema pamwamba pa akasinja awo ndikumawonerera. Pamene maseŵerawo anafika pachimake, chigawo chimodzi mwa zisanu cha chiŵerengero cha anthu adziko lonse ankawonerera, okokedwera ku bokosilo mofanana ndi njenjete ku moto, nkhope zawo zikuŵala ndi kuunikako.

Chochitika chachikulu cha pa TV chimenechi sichinali chapadera. Mu 1985 pafupifupi chigawo chimodzi mwa zitatu cha chiŵerengero cha anthu adziko lonse—pafupifupi anthu 1,600,000,000—anawonerera konsati ya rock yotchedwa Live Aid. Masetilaiti okwanira khumi ndi aŵiri anawunikira programuyo kumaiko 150, kuyambira ku Iceland mpaka ku Ghana.

TV—bokosi lowanda limeneli lakhala magwero a kusintha kwa zinthu. Luso lazopangapanga limeneli linakula kuchokera ku kosonyezerapo komayaka pang’ono ka m’ma 1920 ndi ma 1930 ndikufikira pakukhala zosonyezerapo zocholoŵanacholoŵana za lerolino, zokhala ndi mitundu yowonekera bwino lomwe, pakalipano yochititsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa dziko lonse. Mu 1950 panali mawailesi akanema ochepera pa mamiliyoni asanu padziko lonse. Lerolino, pali okwanira pafupifupi 750,000,000.

Zochitika zonga ngati maseŵera a mpira wachitanyu a Chikho Chadziko Lonse zimangofotokoza mwafanizo mphamvu ya TV yogwirizanitsa dziko lonse m’lukanelukane mmodzi wa chidziŵitso. TV yasintha njira imene anthu amadziŵira za dziko lowazinga. Yathandiza kufalitsa nkhani ndi malingaliro, ngakhale miyambo ndi mikhalidwe, kuchokera ku dziko limodzi kumka ku lina, mosavuta kusefukira kumapyola malire andale zadziko ndi a chilengedwe omwe kale anatsekereza kusefukira koteroko. TV yasintha dziko. Ena amati ikhoza kukusinthani.

Johannes Gutenberg akudziŵika mofala kukhala anasintha njira zolankhulirana zaunyinji pamene Baibulo loyamba linasindikizidwa pa makina ake osindikizira mu 1455. Tsopano uthenga umodzi mwadzidzidzi unkatha kufikira omvetsera ambirimbiri m’nyengo yochepa ya nthaŵi, pamtengo wotsika kwenikweni. Mwamsanga maboma anawona mphamvu ya kufalitsa nkhani ndipo anayesa kukulamulira ndi malamulo a msonkho. Koma nkhani zosindikizidwa zinafikira omvetsera ochulukirapo nthaŵi zonse. Kuchiyambi kwa ma 1800, wolemba mbiri Alexis de Tocqueville anathirira ndemanga kuti manyuzipepala ali ndi mphamvu yodabwitsa yakuika lingaliro limodzimodzi m’maganizo 10,000 m’tsiku limodzi.

Tsopano talingalirani wailesi yakanema. Iyo ikhoza kuika lingaliro limodzimodzi m’mamiliyoni mazanamazana a maganizo—onse panthaŵi imodzi! Ndipo mosiyana ndi tsamba losindikizidwa, iyo simafuna kuti openyerera ake achite kukhala ophunzira luso locholoŵana la kuŵerenga, kaya kuwafunikiritsa kuyerekezera zithunzithunzi zam’maganizo ndi mafanizo. Iyo imapereka uthenga wake mwa zithunzithunzi ndi mawu ndi zokopa zonse zomwe angatulutse.

Sizinawatengere nthaŵi andale zadziko kuwona mphamvu yaikulu ya wailesi yakanema. Mu United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower mochenjera anagwiritsira ntchito TV m’ndawala yake yofuna udindo wa upulezidenti mu 1952. Mogwirizana ndi bukhu la Tube of Plenty—The Evolution of American Television, Eisenhower anapambana masankhowo chifukwa chakuti anatsimikizira kukhala woyembekezera kusankhidwa “wokopa” kwambiri m’zofalitsidwa. Bukhulo limasonyeza kuti TV ingakhale inachita mbali yaikulu koposa m’ndawala imene John F. Kennedy anapambana Richard M. Nixon m’masankho a mu 1960. Pamene oyembekezera kusankhidwawo ankapikisana pa TV, Kennedy anakopa openyerera ambiri kuposa Nixon. Komabe, omvetsera omwe anamvetsera kupikisana kofananako pa wailesi wamba analingalira kuti onse aŵiriwo anafanana. Kodi nchifukwa ninji panali kusiyana? Nixon anawoneka wakhungu loyezuka ndi wokakala, pamene Kennedy anali wathupi lokongola ndi wobiriŵira bwino, akumapereka chidaliro ndi kuyenerera. Pambuyo pa masankho, Kennedy ananena motere ponena za wailesi yakanema: “Sitikanapambana popanda chiŵiya chija.”

“Chiŵiya chija” chinapitirizabe kuchititsa mphamvu yake kumvedwa padziko lonse. Ena anayamba kuchitcha ulamuliro wadziko wachitatu. Luso lazopangapanga la setilaiti linatheketsa oulutsa pamphepo kuunikira zizindikiro zawo kudutsa malire amaiko ndipo ngakhale nyanja zamchere. Atsogoleri adziko anagwiritsira ntchito TV monga bwalo losonkhanitsirapo chichirikizo cha mitundu yonse ndiponso ponyozera adani awo. Maboma ena ankaulutsira mauthenga a kunenerera kwawo m’maiko a adani awo. Ndipo monga momwe maboma anayesera kulamulira njira yotumbidwa ndi Gutenberg pamene anazindikira mphamvu yake, maboma ambiri analamulira mosamalitsa wailesi yakanema. Mu 1986 pafupifupi theka la mitundu yonse inali kuulutsa maprogramu oyendetsedwa ndi boma okha.

Komabe, luso lazopangapanga lapangitsa TV kukhala yovuta mowonjezerekawonjezereka kuilamulira. Masetilaiti amakono amatumiza zizindikiro zokhoza kugwidwa ngakhale pa nyumba zokhala ndi mbale za antenna zazing’ono ndi kulandira kuulutsidwako. Makamera a video ndi makaseti a video aang’ono onyamula, limodzi ndi unyinji wa anthu okhoza kujambula, atulutsa unyinji waukulu pafupifupi wosaletseka wa zithunzithunzi za pafupifupi chochitika chirichonse choyenera nyuzi.

Bungwe lina la nyuzi la ku United States, lotchedwa CNN (Cable News Network) la Turner Broadcasting, limasonkhanitsa malipoti anyuzi kuchokera ku maiko 80 ndi kuwaulutsa padziko lonse. Kuulutsa kwake kozungulira dziko lonse, tsiku lonse lathunthu kukhoza kupangitsa chochitika chirichonse kukhala nkhani yamitundu yonse pafupifupi panthaŵi imodzi.

Mowonjezereka, wailesi yakanema yasinthika kuchokera ku chonjambulira zochitika zapadziko kukhala chopanga zochitika zapadziko. TV inachita mbali yaikulu m’kusonkhezera kusintha kumene kunagwedeza Kum’mawa kwa Yuropu mu 1989. Makamu mu Prague, Chekosolovakiya, anaimba m’makwalala, akufuna “kuulutsidwa kowoneka” kwa pa TV. Ndipo pamene kuli kwakuti opititsa patsogolo kusintha kale ankakhetsa mwazi kuti apeze nyumba, malo, kapena malo otetezereka a apolisi, opititsa patsogolo kusintha a 1989 choyamba analimbanira kupeza njira ku masitesheni a wailesi yakanema. Kwenikweni, ulamuliro watsopano wa ku Romania unayamba kulamulira dziko kuchokera pa sitesheni ya wailesi yakanema! Chotero, kutcha TV kukhala ulamuliro wadziko wachitatu sikungakhale kusinjirira konse.

Koma TV yachita zoposa kusonkhezera bwalo landale zadziko. Tsopano iyo ikusintha ngakhale miyambo ndi makhalidwe a dziko. United States kaŵirikaŵiri imalozedwa chala kaamba ka ‘kupondereza miyambo,’ ndiko kuti, kukakamiza miyambo yake padziko kupyolera mwa kuulutsa kwa pawailesi yakanema. Popeza kuti United States inali dziko loyamba kukundika maprogramu a malonda opeza mapindu, kumapeto kwa ma 1940 ndi m’ma 1950, opanga maprogramu a ku Amereka anakhoza kugulitsa maprogramu ku maiko ena pamtengo womwe kukawatengera kupanga zisonyezero zawozawo.

Kumapeto kwa ma 1980, Kenya inali kugula kunja kufikira pa 60 peresenti ya zisonyezero zake za TV; Australia, 46 peresenti; Ecuador, 70 peresenti; ndi Spanya, 35 peresenti. Zambiri za zogulidwa kunja zimenezi zinabwera kuchokera ku United States. Filimu ina ya ku Amereka, Little House on the Prairie, inaulutsidwa m’maiko 110. Filimu ya Dallas inawonekera m’maiko 96. Ena anadandaula kuti zinthu zokondeka za m’maiko awo zinkazimiririka pa wailesi yakanema padziko lonse, kuti mzimu wa ku Amereka wakutanganitsidwa ndi kugula zinthu zofunika ndi kukondetsa zinthu zakuthupi unkafalikira.

Maiko ambiri akufuula modandaula ndi ‘kuponderezedwa kwa mwambo.’ Mu Nigeria, oulutsa pamphepo adandaula kuti kuloŵerera kwa zisonyezero za kumaiko akunja kukukokolola mwambo wa mtunduwo; iwo akudera nkhaŵa kuti openyerera a ku Nigeria akuwoneka kukhala odziŵa zochuluka ponena za United States ndi Briteni kuposa zimene amadziŵa ponena za Nigeria. Anthu a ku Ulaya nawonso amalingalira mofananamo. Pamsonkhano waposachedwapa ku United States, woulutsa pamphepo wachuma Robert Maxwell anakwiya nati: “Palibe mtundu umene uyenera kulolera mwambo wake kuponderezedwa ndi wachilendo.” Monga chotulukapo, mitundu ina yayamba kuika malire pa chiŵerengero cha maprogramu osakhala a m’dzikomo amene nyumba za wailesi yakanema zingawaulutse.

‘Kuponderezedwa kwa mwambo’ kungawononge zoposa miyambo yokha. Kungavulaze ngakhale pulaneti. Mzimu wa chitaganya Chakumadzulo wofuna kukhala ndi zonse zofunika wachita mbali yaikulu m’kuipitsa mphepo, kuika paizoni m’madzi, kuwononga dziko lapansi kwachisawawa. Monga momwe wolemba nyuzipepala ya ku London yotchedwa The Independent akunenera kuti: “Wailesi yakanema yabweretsa padziko lapansi chiyembekezo chonyezimira cha kumasuka kwazinthu zakuthupi—kukhupuka Kwakumadzulo—kumene kuli kwachinyengo, popeza kuti kukhoza kupezedwa kokha pamtengo wakuwononga malo okhala achibadwa mosakhoza kukonzedwanso.”

Mwachiwonekere, wailesi yakanema ikusintha dziko lerolino, ndipo sinthaŵi zonse kuti imadzetsa zabwinopo. Koma ilinso ndi ziyambukiro zachindunji kwambiri pa anthu. Kodi ndinu mnkhole?

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 18]

Manyuzipepala akhoza kuika lingaliro limodzimodzi m’maganizo zikwi khumi m’tsiku limodzi

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 19]

Wailesi yakanema ikhoza kuika lingaliro limodzimodzi m’ma- ganizo mamiliyoni mazanamazana panthaŵi imodzi